Kodi mkhalidwe? KUFOTOKOZERA zosiyana

N'zovuta mokwanira kuti mulongosole zimene mkhalidwe, monga kuti mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera ambiri Zotsutsana za chidziwitso - kuchokera masamu kuti logic ndi zilankhulo. mawu lachokera ku Latin praedicatum ndi anamasuliridwa kuti "kunena," ndiko kuti, limasonyeza kuti nkhani pa nthawiyo, iwo amati - zilibe kanthu ndi kukanidwa kapena kuvomerezedwa. Ambiri ntchito monga mkhalidwe yaitali zilankhulo, makamaka machitidwe terminological kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Chirasha imatchedwanso kuti mkhalidwe koteroko, koma ife m'malo akuti "mkhalidwe", ngakhale kuti si ndithu chinthu chomwecho.

maganizo

M'malo mfundo iliyonse pa nkhani tikhoza kunena kuti mawu akuti ichi. Pofuna kumvetsa mkhalidwe akhoza poyamba bwino, amene anapereka thereto amafuna zamalankhulidwe. Ngati musankhe chinthu khalidwe, ndi udindo wa izo, pamodzi ndi maganizo ndi zinthu zina, ndiye tikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amenewa. Nkosafuna chigogomeza kuli kapena kukhala m'njira wamba mawu sayankha funso kodi mkhalidwe, popeza palibe chiweruzo mmenemo. Mwachitsanzo: unicorns kulibeko; Izi chitumbuwa; amondi - osati mtedza. Mu malangizo onse awa pa zinthu palibe mkhalidwe.

Modern mfundo malangizo zambiri m'malo ndi mfundo mkhalidwe china, wotchedwa ntchito propositional, kumene mfundo zazikulu ndi actants - chinthu ndi nkhaniyi. chisokonezo Terminological sanathe kupewedwa m'magulu a kalembedwe ndi lomveka, koma linguistically wamba parlance, mawuwa kosaseŵenzesha patsogolo pathu. Mwachitsanzo, mawu monga predicates mkhalidwe zaikidwa mbali ofunda cha chiganizocho. Iwo akhoza kukhala mwadzina, mawu, ndi zina zotero. Ngakhale tanthauzo la mkhalidwe wa chimaoneka mu mbali methodological.

mitundu ya predicates

Pakati pa mitundu ya zamalankhulidwe taxonomic akutali, ubale Ziwerengero amakhala. Taxonomic imanena za kalasi chinthu. Mwachitsanzo: ankakonda nsapato - nsapato; wamkulu mtengo - mkungudza; watsopano filimu - zongopeka. Chiyanjano mkhalidwe - chosonyeza kufunika kwa njira yomwe chinthu chimodzi chikukhudza wina. Mwachitsanzo: mu bast bast amapita; mkungudza - banja paini; zongopeka - mtundu wanyimbo zopeka. Amakhala predicates kusonyeza makhalidwe a zinthu malo amodzi kapena zazikulu, chosakhalitsa kapena okhazikika. Mwachitsanzo: nsapato zakutha; mkungudza limakula; zongopeka akuyandikira.

chidwi ziperekedwe kwa mtundu wotchedwa mkhalidwe kuwunika. Mwachitsanzo: bast - nsapato Eco-wochezeka; Mkungudza ndiwe wokongola kwambiri; zongopeka kumiza kum'patsa mu nthano. Pali mawu, predicates a mtundu wa okhudza malo ndi wathupi kutanthauzira. Mwachitsanzo: m'madirowa bast; paini cones adzakhala September; zongopeka kuwerenga kunyumba. Kumbukirani kuti kudziwa mtundu wa mkhalidwe si mophweka ndi chifukwa osiyanasiyana chinenero iwo anapereka zambiri m'derali amalambira motsatira miyambo. Ndiko kuti, mneni wina tingasonyezere osati ubale wina wa zinthu wina ndi mzake, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ndi zinthu, ndi kutanthauzira.

gulu lina

N'zotheka m'kagulu mawu awa ndi malo ena. Lembani nkhani n'chofunikira zikuluzikulu: m'munsi-kuti predicates ndi mabungwe chuma, ndi apamwamba - amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chosaoneka ndi maso. Apa zikuchepa akusiyanitsa mitundu iwiri: wokhudza nkhani ndi kufotokoza mfundo zosasintha. Mwachitsanzo: chabe dzulo anang'amba nsapato - nsapato analekanitsidwa, koma dzulo - ndi wofooka kwambiri.

Komanso, monga gulu ili, m'pofunika kugawanitsa ndi nambala ya predicates actants. Single: bast - zosavuta; mkungudza - amphamvu; awiri: L Apti kuwala pa mapazi ake; mkungudza anaphimba dzuwa; patatu: nsapato savuta pa mapazi poyenda; mkungudza anaphimba dzuwa m'tchire. Njira ina akhoza kugawidwa mu predicates loyamba kuti (otumphukira - mkungudza waima); kuti chachiwiri (lachokera ku choyamba - kugonjetsedwa mkungudza); kuti chachitatu (wachiwiri zotumphukira), ndi zina zotero.

tanthauzo

Mu logic ndi zilankhulo mkhalidwe - ndi mkhalidwe wa chiweruzo, icho ndi chinthu chimene anasonyeza kukanidwa kapena movomerezedwa nkhaniyi. Mawu amenewa akusonyeza pamaso kapena kusapezeka ndi nkhani ya khalidwe ndi. Ku maganizo a zilankhulo, akunena za predicates zamalankhulidwe ndi syntactic. Last - mchitidwe kapangidwe pamwamba, ie, mkhalidwe, ndipo woyamba ndi maziko a kasinthidwe zamalankhulidwe, asayansi zinthu ndi chinenero, ndiye manenedwe ake nyukiliya.

Mu njira yomweyo mkhalidwe zamalankhulidwe ukufanizidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndipo pa mlingo wa dongosolo pamwamba. m'makalata pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya predicates si chifukwa aliyense wa iwo akhoza kuganizira zinthu zomwezo. Mwachitsanzo: ndinaika nsapato mu ngodya; Ndinaika nsapato mu ngodya; anafunsa mu ngodya bast. Pachikhalidwe, vuto alibe zilankhulo njira amatanthauza tanthauzo la mfundo mkhalidwe wa. A yankho zabwino zikanakhala n'kofunika kuti chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha - ndi zamalankhulidwe ndi syntactic, koma mkhalidwe sanabadwe analandira tanthauzo bwino.

lingaliro

Mu terminology akuti "mkhalidwe" maziko si, choncho m'pofunika kudziwa, kunena za syntactic chifaniziro kasinthidwe. Mkhalidwe chigawo ndi ambiri amene ali mneni gulu. Mwamwayi kulankhula, zonse zokhudzana ndi mitundu mneni ndi PANGANI naye limodzi malembedwe gulu ndi mkhalidwe chigawo.

Makamaka, kumaphatikizapo ndi zinthu wothandiza (chigawo wothandiza mneni). Mkhalidwe pamodzi ndi phunziro m'chiganizo kwathunthu exhausts akuphatikizapo syntactic. Ndipo aliyense mwa zigawo izi zikhoza segmented mu wosavuta. Mfundo imeneyi chimasiyanitsa milingo - pamwamba pachiyambi, koma pamaso pa mavuto adzakhala chabe.

kapangidwe

Choncho mkhalidwe dongosolo akhoza weniweni ndi gwero. Komabe, zikuchokera magulu syntactic susonyeza za mawu, palibe ina - chabe kapena mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo: thundu umakhalapo kwa zaka chikwi; zaka chikwi ikukula thundu; kukula thundu zaka chikwi. maganizo onsewa ndi zigawo zofanana mkhalidwe mu dongosolo pachiyambi.

Komabe, kapangidwe koyamba ndi moyandikana awo onse si nthawi zonse kugwirizana ndi nyumba padziko pazikhala kufanana zamalankhulidwe. mfundo mkhalidwe, osati nthawi iliyonse zikhoza kuchepetsedwa Kutanthauzira wina, ngakhale zigawo akukhudzana ndi ina. Mwachitsanzo:

• mitengo yatsopano mwakula mu munda yakale.
• M'munda akale anakulira mitengo yatsopano.

Si mu maunso pa anayendera pafupi, padera matanthauzo ambiri osiyana?

zamalankhulidwe kutanthauzira

pofuna kukwaniritsa chitsanzo ichi chimabwera mu kuchepa kusiyana pakati pamwamba ndi malingaliro koyamba m'sentensi. Pamene osiyana nyumba yoyamba ya mitundu onse udakali chabe adzakhala kutanthauziridwa mosiyana, ngakhale awiriawiri N'kutheka ndi semantically ofanana. Galamala wamangidwa kuti machitidwe maganizo ndi anapatula nyumba yonse syntactic ndi kusintha sikumangotikhudza zotsatira yomaliza analandira pamene chabe Baibulo ndi dongosolo pamwamba pa mawuwo.

Zangopezeka kuti chifaniziro syntactic malamulo kalembedwe akumasuliridwa manenedwe ulaliki, kukhazikitsa ubwenzi kapena ofanana, motero, nyumba pamwamba. Komanso, chiweruzo chomwecho mwina zamalankhulidwe kutanthauzira kwa mitundu ingapo ya mkhalidwe.

mkhalidwe mfundo

Mkhalidwe - mawu amene akuwonjezeka mfundo. Ngati-zidzaze mkangano umodzi - mkhalidwe adzasonyeza malo ake, ndipo ngati kwambiri - ndiye adzayandikira ubale pakati pa mfundo zonse. Mwachitsanzo: thundu - nkhuni; Oil - mtengo. Apa anasonyeza katundu - kukhala mtengo. Kotero, ili ukufanizidwa ndi mkhalidwe ndi wathundu, ndi spruce. Zotsatirazi: nsapato Bast walukidwa kuchokera ku makungwa. Mkhalidwe pano ndi mawu akuti "bast" ndi mfundo - mawu ena, chifukwa iwo kum'fotokozera ndi mwa iwo okha alibe kudziyimira pawokha chokwanira. Nsalu - nsapato. Bast - nsapato.

Propositional mfundo ndi yopapatiza kwambiri chinenero ena, motero loyenereradi maganizo a munthu, choncho anthu ntchito chinenero maganizo mkhalidwe, ndiye - chabe. Mwachitsanzo, mtsutso kuti n'zosatheka kufotokoza mfundo za ziganizo: Anthu onse ndi chivundi. Ine - munthu. Ine, nayenso, umafa. The chinenero maganizo propositional ndi kulemba mu zidutswa zitatu popanda alankhulane ndi mzake. A chilankhulo mkhalidwe yomweyo limatchula ziwiri zazikulu "achivundi" ndi "kukhala munthu". Kenako, mawu oyambirira a zithunzi wandiweyani nawo.

zigawo

Kapangidwe zamalankhulidwe chiganizo kuti ali m'gulu yake. Iwo predicates amene amapereka boma kapena kanthu makamaka, actants - nzika za zochita kapena zinthu za mtundu wina (mwachindunji, mosadziwika, rezultativen ndi zina zotero), sirkonstanty - osiyana monga munda wa zochita kuchita.

Mwachitsanzo: Usiku zenera anagogoda nthambi za mtengo. Kubowola pano, tikhoza kunena pazipita. Mkhalidwe kanthu yogwira adzakhala mawu "kumenyedwa". Kenako panabwera actants: nkhani - "mtengo", chinthu - "zenera", instrumentativ - "nthambi". Sirkonstantoy (kapena temporativom kapena zochitika za nthawi) amalankhula mawu "usiku". Koma angalandire chachiwiri, locative - "msewu", mwachitsanzo.

m'nyanjazi wa

Predicates ndi lopangidwa ndi mfundo zamalankhulidwe motero: pa predicates leni (mwachitsanzo - boma) ndi actants (chochitika gulu). Semantically Actants komanso ndi kugawikana mu mitundu:

• Phunziro (ayi - Agens) - mtundu wa nkhani actant kapena yogwira protagonist. Mwachitsanzo: mtengo wamango.
• Chinthu - ndi mulingo mmene mwachindunji kapena mozungulira, kapena palibe mwachindunji. Mwachitsanzo: mphaka limagwira mbewa.
• Instumentativ - chinthu chimene, akapanda ichi zinthu sizingasinthe chidzakwaniritsidwa. Mwachitsanzo: anadya msuzi.
• Zotsatira - chifukwa zoti zochita anachita. Mwachitsanzo: mu udzu masika wakula.

Komanso, musati yoperekera ndi sirkonstant - mavuto a kanthu. Iwo m'magulu. Awiri a zambiri ndi zazikulu - temporates ndi locative. Mwachitsanzo: kasupe osangalatsa. Mawu akuti "kasupe" - temporates. limamasula Lilac kulikonse. Mawu akuti "kulikonse" - locative.

Pomaliza

Kuti mudziwe molondola anapereka phunziro ndi mkhalidwe mu chiweruzo, ndipo n'chofunika kwambiri kulankhula awo, ndi zolondola kwambiri maganizo a wina ndi mzake - ayenera kukhala bwino kwambiri anamvetsa kuti phunziro la mawu amenewa, ndi amene akulankhula za makhalidwe ake.