Udmurt Religion: Christianity, chikunja ndipo Islam. Culture wa Udmurtia

lachiwiri ku nambala m'gulu la Finno-Ugric Udmurt anthu zatenga. Malinga ndi zomwe boma ku Russia, iwo ali kunyumba oposa theka miliyoni - mu Republic Udmurt ndi madera oyandikana nawo. Chikhalidwe cha anthu awa kusanduka patapita zaka zambiri, mu dera la kumpoto Udmurtia Russian kutsogozedwa, ndi kumwera - Turkic.

Monga funso zimene chipembedzo cha Udmurts, ndiye apa ndi nthambi ochepa, anthu ambiri amati chikhulupiriro Orthodox, koma pali anthu amene amati Islam. Komanso, muyenera tcheru kuti pali nthawi mokwanira yaitali waperekedwa chikunja.

Chikunja mu Udmurtia

Udmurtia, komanso ena Finno-Ugric Republic, anali predisposed kwa chikunja. Chikhristu anayamba kudutsa mu zaka za m'ma XIII mu kumpoto kwa Udmurtia. Komabe, sizinali mpaka mapeto kulandiridwa ndi anthu akuderalo chifukwa iwo sanamvetse ubatizo mwambo, kuwerenga mapemphero m'malo yaitali ndi yovuta, posadziwa chinenero kulambira. Choncho, ambiri mwa anthu nthawi yaitali moti nthawi anali achikunja. Koma zonsezi zinali mu gawo kumpoto, kumene kunali chikoka cha Russia.

The kum'mwera kwa Republic Udmurt kwa nthawi yaitali anali wotanganidwa Turkic, mpaka kugonjetsa wa Kazan Khanate. kuthamanga makamaka pa chipembedzo anamvera Udmurts amene anali gawo la Volga Bulgaria, ndipo kenaka anali mbali ya Golden gulu. Koma Udmurts anali odzipereka kwa chikunja kuti ngakhale pansi pa chipsinjo amphamvu Islam, ambiri a anthu sanasinthe chikhulupiriro.

Kukula kwa Chikhristu

Nkhani yoyamba otsimikizira kubwera kwa Khristu Udmurtia anailemba 1557 chaka. Ngakhale 17 zokha Udmurtia mabanja anabatizidwa ndipo anakhala Orthodox, poyankha zimenezi, Tsar Ivan Grozny tawabweretsera maudindo ena.

Ndiye, patapita zaka zoposa 100, m'dera la Udmurtia ankafuna kuchita misa ya anthu Orthodoxy. Boma la nthawi abverana kuti amange nambala mokwanira lalikulu la mipingo Orthodox mu Udmurtia. Ndi kuthetsa akutumiza amishonale, amene ankachita kukwezedwa ndi kumanga mipingo osati kokha, komanso m'sukulu.

Koma Dziwani kuti zipembedzo zonse achikunja a Udmurts mwamphamvu munakhala mu magazi, ndipo kwa zaka zingapo zambiri zachikunja za anthu zinachitikadi miyeso lolimba. anthu ambiri amene ankalambira yazychnichestvu, anazunzidwa, manda awo ndi kuwononga minda, ndi ndondomeko Chikristu chinali chosavuta kwambiri, wodekha kwambiri.

Orthodoxy mu zaka XVIII-XIX

Mu 1818, kwa nthawi yoyamba pano Committee m'Baibulo, kumene osati ntchito ansembe Russia linali lotsegula, koma anali m'zochitika za ansembe Udmurt. Pa zaka zisanu izo anagwira ntchito yaikulu, zomwe zinachititsa kumasulira Mauthenga Abwino anayi.

Dziwani kuti anthu Udmurt ndi kukana nkhanza ziphunzitso, monga izo zinali mu Mordovia. Koma ambiri achikunjabe, koma kulimbikira anali chabe ndi kutsekedwa.

M'zaka panali pang'onopang'ono zachikunja popanda zovuta kwambiri ndi kulimba kwa anthu. Komabe, malinga ndi mbiri yakale, mu Udmurtia izo opareshoni awiri madera kutsutsana ndi Akhristu.

Otsutsana ndi ziphunzitso

Mu XIX atumwi ku Republic panali awiri monga kayendedwe, ndi lingaliro lalikulu amene anali kukhazikitsa anthu wamba kwa Chikhristu. Mmodzi wa iwo anali ndi kagulu - "Vylepyrisi". Atsogoleri a mmudzi anali ansembe ndi amatsenga, iwo ankachita mwamantha ya anthu ndi kumuneneza analimbikitsa onse kuti agwirizane nawo. Ngati iwo satero, ndiye kuti miyoyo yawo ikadzawadzera wakuda lamizeremizere, mavuto ambiri.

chipembedzo latsopanoli linali mdani wa zonse Udmurt Russian, ndi zonse zinachitika m'dera analetsedwa zovala wofiira Komanso, n'zosatheka kucheza ndi Russian.

Mu pakati pa XIX atumwi panali wina mpatuko - "Lipopoklonniki", umene unali ndi zipembedzo zina zonse, kuphatikizapo chikunja ndi otchuka mu fuko. Malo amenewa alibe kuzindikira chilichonse kupatula kudya kumyshki (vodika fuko) ndi mowa pafupi zopatulika linden mtengo, ndipo analinso loletsa okwana pa kulankhulana ndi anthu a zipembedzo zina.

Inasintha achipembedzo

Chifukwa cha "Multan mlandu" chikunja mu Udmurtia anayamba kutha. Mu 1892, achinyamata ambiri anali kunenedwa kuchita nsembe anthu. Ndi pamene anthu ambiri sazindikira kuti mtundu uwu wa kulambira achikale.

anthu ambiri mumakhutira ndi akukhulupirirabe kuti Pankhaniyi anali falsified ndi boma la nthawi am'deralo ku mapeto chikale kwathunthu. Koma anthu ambiri asintha maganizo awo pa chikhulupiriro, ndipo ena anali odzipereka mu zikhulupiriro zawo.

Mu 1917 pa dera la Udmurtia ano ankakhala nambala ndithu lalikulu mwa anthu osamukira Russian. Zimenezi anthu kwambiri amene anali Akhristu pakati pa anthu Udmurt. wotchuka chithunzi panthawi imeneyo anali Gregory Vereshchagin - Udmurt wansembe. Kulambira nthawi ntchito pa Chirasha ndi Udmurt.

Dziwani kuti mbali yaikulu ya anthu pa nthawi imene anali kukhulupirira wapawiri. Ndiko kuti, kutchalitchi, koma pa nthawi yomweyo amaphatikizidwa ndi mfundo zachikunja ndi Orthodox. mafani woona wa chikunja nthawi sakanathanso kwambiri. Koma amene anali wofooka Staley ndi kufalitsa zikhulupiriro zawo mwa anthu akuderalo.

Chipembedzo cha XX atumwi Udmurtia

Mu 20s Mu zaka zapitazo analenga Udmurt Autonomous Republic. Mu malo awa pali zokwanira anthu ophunzira ndi otchedwa luntha. Onse amene ali okhulupirika kwa akunja, osati kunyozera, ndipo palibe kuthamanga pa iwo ndi apolisi. Komabe, pambuyo pa zaka 10 m'dera lino kachiwiri anayamba kuzunza ndi chionongeko kwa anzeru m'deralo. Ansembe mwadzidzidzi anadwala adani a anthu, ndi onse amene anabwera m'manja mwa maulamuliro, anali anazunzidwa.

Izo zinali zoletsedwa bungwe mapemphero m'mudzimo ndi tiakachisi banja inawonongedwa, kudula mizati yopatulika wopatulika. Pa kuzunzidwa kwa boma la Republic zinali chabe zoopsa. Panali anati kanjedza m'patali cha uchidakwa mwa am'deralo, mlingo kubadwa anali poyerekeza ndi Russian. M'mizinda, kuyesetsa anapangidwa kukhala Russified, ndi Udmurts zamakolo anali akatswiri wotsika ndithu-aluso.

kuponderezedwa zinachitika zaka 50, ndipo kokha mkubwela kwa 80s ndi ambiri kayendedwe chikhalidwe limapezeka mu dziko, amene akufuna kubwezeretsa mtundu wawo. Kubwereranso kwa dziko ndi chipembedzo akufunafuna, kwa zaka zingapo mderali m'dziko ali ndi njakata, koma ndi isanayambike 1989 pali yoweyula akuyamba Orthodoxy.

mabishopu Republic

Ngakhale kubwera kwa m'dera la Bishopu wamkulu wa Palladius, amene anayamba kubwezeretsa cha Orthodox, koma sipanatenge wokangalika nkhani yovuta. zaka 4 Patapita m'dera lolamuliridwa ndi Bishop Nicholas, yemwe kwa zaka zingapo lakwaniritsa bwino kwambiri.

M'zaka zitatu zokha chiwerengero cha chipembedzowo chawonjezeka exponentially, anayamba kuoneka anthu ophunzira kwambiri, komanso pamene convents atatu adatseguka, ndipo ntchito lero. Komanso, Sande Sukulu linayambika ndipo anayamba nkhani loyamba la nyuzipepala "Orthodox Udmurtia". Alikibishopu Nicholas unakhazikitsidwa mogwirizana ndi makonsolo ndipo ambiri anzeru a. chipembedzo Orthodox a Udmurts pa nthawi anali kudutsa nthawi yake yabwino.

Culture wa Udmurtia

Monga lipoti kale, chikhalidwe cha anthu anapanga mchikakamizo cha zinthu ziwiri zosiyana. Chifukwa ichi, dera ali ndi zovala zapadera, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo.

zovala national

Ngakhale 100 zapitazo, zovala mtundu wa anthu anali opangidwa kunyumba kuchokera ku zipangizo monga nkhosa ndi nsalu. Udmurtka m'chigawo cha kumpoto ankavala woyera nsalu malaya ndi nsalu yapamtima yopeta (chinachake chonga malaya a). Iwo anali kuvala malaya lalikulu ndi lamba.

Kum'mwera ya kavalidwe ndi mabwalo a fuko ndi osiyana. Palinso alipo nsalu shati, koma iye kuvala malaya jekete kapena malaya. Shirt ayenera ankavala pansi mathalauza. zovala zonse ayenera kukhala mtundu, loyera anali kokha pa phwando. Izo zikhoza kukongoletsa yopeta pa manja ndi m'chifuwa.

mipango

zipewa akazi yodziwika ndi kuchuluka kwawo. Diresi, mukhoza kudziwa zambiri za mwini: zaka, banja, udindo.

Akazi okwatirana, ndi kukhala "yyrkerttet" - mutu ndi adagulung'undisa malekezero thaulo. Chinthu chapadera mwa chovala kumutu ichi - malekezero a chopukutira ayenera kupita pansi pa nsana wake. Komanso anakwatira mkulu birch makungwa kuvala chipewa ndi chophimba, iye ayenera sheathe chinsalu ndi ndalama mokongoletsedwa.

Atsikana chomanga pamphumi - "ukotug" kapena chinsalu chipewa (izo ziyenera kukula zing'onozing'ono).

khitchini Udmurtia

The chakudya ambiri mu mtundu uwu ndi mkate, soups ndi porridges. Mu zaka nyama ndi mkaka mbale ankaona yozizira chakudya ndi kukonzekera kokha m'dzinja ndi yozizira. Panalinso zosiyanasiyana masamba otchuka anawagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse: yaiwisi, yophika, anaphika, stewed.

Ngati anali holide, izo chinali pa uchi tebulo, wowawasa kirimu ndi mazira. Mwa njira, mmodzi wa mbale yotchuka kwambiri ya Udmurtia, amene anafika mpaka nthawi ino - dumplings.

Dziwani kuti chifukwa Eurovision ndi zisudzo "Buranovskiye grandmothers" mu dziko kakusintha maphikidwe angapo mitundu, monga perepechi, amene poyamba kuzenga yekha mu Udmurtia.

The chakumwa mtundu wa anthu anali mkate ndi Beet kvass, mowa ndi mead. Kumene mtundu uliwonse ali ndi mitundu yake yachakumwa, mu Udmurt - kumyshka (tirigu Brew).

Chipembedzo ndi miyambo ya Udmurt

Dziwani kuti Udmurt - Republic, yomwe panali ambiri a amitundu zinalili mu nthawi anakumana ndi mazunzo ndi kupondereza anthu, koma osagonja. Panopa, chipembedzo cha Udmurts - chikale koma m'midzi, iwe ukhoza kupeza ambiri a anthu, omwe lero ndi Amafano.

Anthu ndi chikhulupiriro chotero kuchititsa zochita zosiyanasiyana miyambo. Mwachitsanzo, pamaso pa dongosolo banja "Kuala" anali pabwalo. anthu Local ankakhulupirira kuti moyo vorshud - mzimu woteteza mtundu. banja onse anam'bweretsera nsembe zakudya zosiyanasiyana.

The maholide ansembe Cuale ankalambira zosiyanasiyana za kulambira milungu, iwonso nawo ndi banja. Kudzera miyambo awo, ansembe anapempha milungu nyengo yabwino, dzinthu, thanzi, chuma, ndi zambiri. Patatha izi, ndi kukatentha ankakonza miyambo phala, amene ali woyamba kupereka nsembe kwa milungu, ndiye kudya ophunzira onse zokometsera. Zimenezi chotchuka kwambiri Udmurtia, ndipo akukhulupirira kuti banja lililonse tiyenera kupempha umoyo wa mizimu ndi kuwabweretsa iwo kwa nsembe ya mphatso zosiyanasiyana.

Ine ndikutsimikiza m'mudzi uliwonse anali ndi munda wopatulika, kumene kangapo mu chaka angathe kuchitidwa miyambo yosiyanasiyana ndi mapemphero. Pitani izo zinali zotheka mu masiku mwapadera anasankha kukamuzula ndi zipatso ndi zipatso zina anali kutiletsa. Amagwiritsidwanso saloledwa mu munda lopatulika msipu ng'ombe, ambiri, kukaona malo awa sikuloledwa kwa aliyense, kokha kuchita miyambo ina mwapadera, zosungika kufikira tsiku.

Pa malo a malo awa pali mtengo, umene mizu anakwiriridwa mphatso zosiyanasiyana kudzipereka kwawo kwa mizimu moyo mobisa. Nthaŵi zambiri amene anali ndi mbalame kapena nyama. Dziwani kuti midzi ina, ndipo masiku pemphero unachitikira m'nkhalango wopatulika lero.

Pomaliza

Udmurt - Republic, limene kwa nthawi yaitali kukhala Orthodox. Komabe, mutu wa Republic Udmurt (tsopano positi kanthawi dzina lake Aleksandr Brechalov) ananena kuti zisakuyenda kachiwiri nakhalanso chikunja, malingana ndi kuwerengera, panopa 7% ya anthu anali wachikunja.

Choncho, mpingo ukuyesera kuti asataye zimene anafuna kwa zaka zambiri, akuyesetsa kuteteza achinyamata a lero zikhulupiriro zakale. Komanso mutu wa Republic Udmurt inanena kuti m'mizinda ya Vuto limeneli silinali kusungidwa, ndi chikunja nakhalanso yekha m'midzi yaing'ono.