South Aral Nyanja: chifukwa cha imfa, mbiri, zithunzi

Nkhaniyi itithandiza kulankhula za mmodzi wa m'mphambano za dziko lapansi kusanduka chipululu chamchenga chouma chifukwa cha khalidwe loipa la anthu a ntchito za ulimi.

zambiri

Poyamba, kukula kwa Nyanja ake Aral anali thupi chachinayi cha madzi pa dziko lonse lapansi. Imfa ya Nyanja Aral anali chifukwa cha abstraction kwambiri madzi ulimi wothirira wa lalikulu m'mayiko ulimi mu Kazakhstan ndi Uzbekistan. Zonse zimene Nyanja Aral - ndi unrecoverable zachilengedwe tsoka.

A pang'ono pa izi ndi zinthu zina zambiri zokhudza thupi ili chilengedwe cha madzi, nkhani zotsatirazi nkhani.

Ngakhale wowopsa kuyerekeza, koma m'dera Aral Nyanja ndi buku la lero ali, motero, kotala ndi pafupifupi 10% ya mtengo pachiyambi.

Mtengo wa mayina nyanja

Pa mosungiramo zachilengedwezi ili ambiri ndithu zilumba. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ena amati ndi Aral. mawu amene anawamasulira kuti "m'zilumba" Ndi chiyankhulo cha anthu zakwawoko malo awa.

The Aral Nyanja lero: makhalidwe ambiri, malo

Ndipotu, lero ndi endorheic, mchere, relict nyanja. Location izo - Central Asia, kumalire a Uzbekistan ndi Kazakhstan. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mafunde Syrdarya ndi Amudarya, kudyetsa nyanja, pakati pa zana la 20 panali imfa yaikulu ya buku madzi ndi kuchepa lolingana mu pamwamba, n'kuchititsa tsoka zachilengedwe za tinthu sangaganize.

Back mu 1960, South Aral Nyanja anali kwenikweni choncho. Pamwamba madzi pamwamba pamwamba pa nyanja ndi mamita 53, ndipo malo okwana makilomita lalikulu 68.000. Tambasula zinali za 435 Km from kumpoto chakum'mwera ndi 290 Km kuchokera kummawa mpaka kumadzulo. mozama pa avareji mamita 16, ndi malo ovuta - mamita 69.

The Aral Nyanja lero - ndi kuyanika nyanja, omwe anali yafupika kukula kwake. Iwo anatenga makilomita 100 kuchokera mwanyanja zake zakale (mwachitsanzo, mu mzinda Chiuzibeki wa Muinak).

nyengo

Pakuti gawo la Nyanja Aral amakhala ndi chokhala m'chipululu nyengo, ndi kusintha mkulu matalikidwe a kutentha, ndi yotentha kwambiri ndi nyengo ndi ozizira.

Kupanda mvula (100 mamilimita pa chaka) counterbalances ndi evaporation pang'ono. Zinthu kudziŵa madzi bwino - madzi mtsinje m'mitsinje alipo ndipo evaporation, amene anali kukhala pafupi mofanana.

Chifukwa kutha kwa Nyanja Aral

Ndipotu imfa ya Nyanja Aral kwachitika pa zaka 50 zapitazi. Mozungulira kuyambira 1960, mlingo wa pamadzi ake anayamba mofulumira ndi mwadongosolo kutha. Mwa ichi zinachititsa yokumba kudzifutukula wa Syr Darya ndi Amu Darya mitsinje zolinga ulimi wothirira minda m'deralo. boma la Soviet adayamba kutembenuza m'madera ambiri bwinja lokhalokha ku Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan ndi Turkmenistan m'minda wokongola nalo.

Mogwirizana ndi amenewa ntchito yaikulu lonse, kuchuluka kwa madzi akubwera mu thupi la chibadwidwe wa madzi, pang'ono ndi pang'ono ikuchepa. Kale mu 1980s, ndi M'miyezi ya chilimwe, mitsinje uwiri auma, osati dotekaya kunyanja, ndi wopanda makhwawa a posungira anayamba kutha. The mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni wa Nyanja Aral lero (chithunzi m'munsimu limasonyeza izi).

nyanja mwachibadwa mbali 2. Izi amalenga Madamu madzi ziwiri: kum'mwera kwa South Aral Nyanja (Large Aral Sea); kumpoto - Small Aral. Amenewa Motero kuchuluka 3 khola poyerekeza ndi 50 ntchentche.

Malinga ndi deta ya 1992, malo okwana malo awiri utachepa kuti 33,8 zikwi sq. M. Km, ndi kuchepetsedwa mlingo wa padziko madzi mamita 15.

Kumene kunali zoyesayesa za maboma a ku Central Asia kukonza ndondomeko vodoekonomnogo ulimi kuti ziziyenda mlingo wa Sea Aral chifukwa amasulidwe mabuku a madzi mtsinje. Komabe, mavuto Kutsata zochita pakati ku Asia kukhale kovuta kubweretsa ntchito pa nkhaniyi mpaka kumapeto.

Choncho anagawa Aral Sea. kuya kwake zambiri yafupika. Pa nthawi, anapanga pafupifupi 3 osiyana nyanja yaing'ono: Large Aral Nyanja (kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kwa nyanja) ndi Aral Small.

Malinga ndi mfundo za asayansi, mpaka 2020 chikuyembekezeka kutha, ndipo mbali ya kum'mwera ya posungira.

zotsatira

Adzauma Aral Nyanja ndi mapeto a 80s wataya kuposa 1/2 voliyumu yake. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zikuchepa chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha salt ndi mchere, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kutha kwa olemera Kale m'dera zomera, makamaka mitundu ya nsomba.

Mukhozanso madoko (Aralsk kumpoto ndi kum'mwera Muinak) lero ali makilomita ambiri akutali ku gombe mzere wa nyanza. Motero, owonongedwa m'chigawochi.

Mu 1960, kukaweza ambiri wafika 40 chikwi. Matani, ndi m'ma 80s nsomba malonda m'dera asiya kulibe. Choncho, anataya 60 chikwi. Jobs.

Ambiri okhala nyanja anali fulonda Black Sea, ndinazolowera moyo mu madzi mchere (kunja kunali mu 1970 ndi). Iye anasowa ya Big Aral Nyanja mu 2003, ngati amenewa a madzi anayamba kufika mfundo pa 70 g / L, zimene pafupifupi nthawi 4 kuposa m'nyanjamo, anazolowera kuti nsomba zimenezi.

chikhalidwe imene amakhala ndi Aral Nyanja lero, zinachititsa chakuti panali amphamvu kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kukwera kwa kutentha matalikidwe.

Ndipo kutumiza ali anasiya chifukwa cha mthunzi wa madzi makilomita ambiri ku doko waukulu Nyanja Aral.

Mu ndondomeko ya kutsitsa madzi mu malo onse wagwa, motero, ndipo msinkhu pansi, ndipo ichi, nayenso, inapita patsogolo ndondomeko mosalephera chipululu cha m'dera.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano chilumba

Phunziro mwapadera ndi kusamalira mu 90s mochedwa anakhala pafupi. Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Masiku amenewo, 10 okha Km. madzi analekanitsa chilumba ku Chile. Kupezeka chikuwonjezereka Chilumbachi chakhala ndi vuto linalake, monga masiku a Cold nkhondo, malo zakhala likulu la maphunziro osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi zida zotere Union.

Komanso, kupatula maphunziro amenewa anachita adalira nazo matani mazana oopsa tizilombo ta matenda mabakiteriya. Nsautso asayansi akhala zogwirizana chakuti njira m'madera anthu amene akhoza kamodzinso kufalitsa tizilombo ta matenda. Mu 2001, pafupifupi. Kubadwa Kwatsopano kale limodzi ndi South mbali ku Chile.

Aral Nyanja (chithunzi mosungiramo ano pamwamba) ali mu mkhalidwe N'zachisoni osauka. Inde ndi moyo akhala poipa kwambiri m'deralo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a Karakalpakstan avutika kwambiri, kukhala m'madera ili kum'mwera kwa Nyanja Aral.

Ambiri a pansi lotseguka la nyanja chifukwa cha mkuntho zambiri fumbi, onyamula nawo m'madera fumbi poizoni ndi mchere ndi mankhwala. Mogwirizana ndi zochitika izi anthu okhala kumeneko, kumene otchedwa South Aral Nyanja anayamba kuoneka matenda aakulu, makamaka kwambiri milandu, khansa ya m'phuno, matenda a impso ndi magazi m'thupi. Ndipo mlingo wa imfa khanda mu dera - apamwamba mu dziko.

Za zomera ndi nyama dziko

Kale cha mma 1990 (pakati) m'malo obiriwira greenery a mitengo, masamba ndi zitsamba mu mwa nyanja kale zazikulu akhoza amangoona tufts yosowa ya zomera (xerophytes ndi halophytes), mwanjira ndinazolowera nthaka youma ndi saline.

Watetezanso kokha 1/2 mitundu mbadwa ya mbalame ndi nyama poyerekezera ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, mkati 100 kuchokera ku gombe mzere wa pachiyambi (kusintha lalikulu kutentha ndi chinyezi).

Pomaliza

Zoopsa zachilengedwe boma, yomwe ndi tsiku kale anali kani chachikulu South Aral Nyanja, umabweretsa mavuto ndi zigawo lakutali.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti fumbi kuchokera ku zigawo Aral Nyanja napeza pa madzi oundana Antarctica. Ndipo umenewu ndi umboni wakuti kutha kwa madzi kwambiri ndi topezeka padziko lonse. Muyenera kuganizira mfundo yakuti anthu ayenera kugwira ntchito zake yofunika kuganizira, popanda kuchititsa ngati zoopsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, amene amapereka moyo kwa zamoyo zonse.