Shorthand - ndichiyani? Chikhazikitso ndi zizindikiro shorthand

Ambiri mwa ife tamva kapena kuwona mu mabuku, zachinsinsi mawu - ". Shorthand" Ndi chiyani icho ndi chifukwa chake muyenera kudziwa pang'ono, ndipo anthu angapo kuyesera kuchidziwa. Ndipo likukhalira kuti chinthu kwambiri kwa munthu osati zakale, m'nthawi nekompyuterizirovannogo, koma masiku ano.

Shorthand - luso kulemba nkhani mofulumira ndi ntchito zilembo wapadera. M'mawu ena, ndi kujambula wa anthu kulankhula liwiro panthawi pa mawu ake. Mwachibadwa ukapezeka adzadabwitsa: chifukwa ali ndi luso zimenezi? Komabe, ophunzira, ndi ophunzira, zingakhale zothandiza kalasi, pamene mphunzitsi alibe kudziwa ngati anthuwo ali nthawi kulemba zonse muyenera pansi.

Maonekedwe a shorthand

zizindikiro Shorthand chimene tinganene kuti woyamba kapena pakati woyamba, anapezeka pakati pa zipilala za kuteteza Egypt. Aiguputo anatulukira shorthand wake. Mothandizidwa ndi mawu olembedwa opatulika a Farao. Shorthand (monga njira yachidule kujambula) tcheru ku mitundu ina wakale. Choncho, Agiriki ndi Aroma, chidwi kwambiri ndi kufuna ulemerero komanso mwachangu ntchito zilembo lapadera kwa fixation mofulumira nzeru yofunika kwambiri. Iyo inali nthawi ya Roma ndi Greece amati ndi wotukuka wa shorthand. Malinga ndi mbiri yakale, akale shorthand Roma analenga Tyrone, wachiwiri kwa wogwira kwambiri Cicero.

Roma shorthand zizindikiro zimene totaled pafupifupi 5,000 mayunitsi, kunali kovuta kuti adziwe. Ngati amakono shorthand - weniweni, ie, wina chizindikiro akuimira kalata ena, dongosolo lakale anali ngati kuti ndi chizindikiro limasonyeza mawu alionse. Choncho, kuphunzira kunali kovuta.

Kubadwa boma cha kalata kuti anali ndafunsira December 5, 63 BC. e. - ntchito Tyrone pa dongosolo lake zizindikiro.

Chidwi mbiri ya shorthand

Chifukwa njira shorthand zolembedwazi ife tsopano ndi mwayi kuwerenga ntchito za William Shakespeare. Mpikisano wa zisudzo wa wotchuka ndi wopambana Wolemba wina kale kutumiza cholinga kukhala anagonjera transcribers, kotero kuti amene ali ndafunsira sewero pa nthawi ya kugonjera. Ndipo, ziribe kanthu momwe anatsutsa wolemba ntchito kwambiri, analembedwa, ndipo chifukwa cha izo zafika ife. Pa nthawiyo anali adakali shorthand mawu mzere.

Koma alifabeti shorthand anaonekera pambuyo zochitika mu "Globes". Dzhon Uills analenga dongosolo alifabeti, imene khalidwe lililonse shorthand womangidwa kusaina zilembo. Kuyambira nthawi yomwe inayamba nyengo yatsopano ya shorthand, ndi zambiri yosavuta kophweka.

A odziwika bwino wasayansi-katswiri Alfred Brehm analemba ntchito mfundo Shorthand m'buku lake "Moyo wa nyama". Kuphunzira nyama malo awo achilengedwe, iye analibe zinthu zonse kulemba yachibadwa. M'munda, panjira, mwachitsanzo, atakwera pa kavalo, iye anagwiritsa ntchito shorthand kwa journaling. Pamene anasonkhanitsa mfundo zokwanira Brehm anaika tsikulo kwa mkazi wake, ndipo iye kuwerenga timva ndi waikamo kusindikiza. Chitsanzo tikhoza kuona kuti shorthand thandizo anthu kangapo manotsi mu zinthu zinafika poipa kwambiri.

Shorthand ku Russia

Pa maonekedwe mu kalembedwe ka Russian monga lathunthu zochitika za galamafoniyo kulibe. M'zaka 15 kalembedwe ka olembedwa wowerengeka veche mu Pskov ndi Novgorod. Mu 17 m'ma shorthand ankagwiritsa ntchito pa mafumu woyamba Romanov. Petro zambiri agwiritsa ntchito thandizo la stenographers.

The kwambiri olemba Russian anazindikira ukulu kulemba liwilo kwa ophweka. Pakati pawo FB Dostoevsky ndi L. N. Tolstoy. kuzindikira Full anali ndi asayansi Russian N. E. Zhukovskogo ndi D. I. Mendeleeva. Ntchito ya akulu awa anali analemba ku nkhani shorthand olembedwa.

Mu masiku a tsarist Russia wagawo akanadziwa kokha shorthand. akatswiri amenewa ali makamaka m'mizinda ikuluikulu - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Minsk.

Nthawi Soviet zinaperekedwa chifukwa chakuti gulu laling'ono la stenographers ntchito pa zochitika m'mbiri olembedwa October, zimene analandiranso kukondweretsa kanjedza odziwika. Komanso, izi akafuna kulemba wakhala wotchuka kwambiri kuyambira zinaonekeratu kuti mothandizidwa ndi ntchito cholembedwa chilichonse umakhala waphindu pa nthawi. Pakuti sayansi, anali thandizo lamtengo wapatali.

mitundu shorthand

dongosolo ndafunsira alipo pa nthawiyo, agawanika pa malo angapo: pa makhalidwe zithunzi zizindikiro chizindikiro ndi kutengera mtundu wa wagawo kulankhula akuimira dongosolo lina chizindikiro (mawu, morpheme, phokoso). Malinga ndi limodzi la kachitidwe a zazing'ono kapena geometralnym, morphological kapena phonetic - kwa chinthu china.

Zogona ndi geometralnye dongosolo

M'magulu geometralnyh mawonekedwe shorthand mosiyanasiyana zojambula: bwalo ndi theka-mabwalo, madontho ndi molunjika. kachitidwe Zogona zilemba anapanga ku mbali ya zilembo ochiritsira a zilembo zomwe amakonda lamanja ndi kukhala kwenikweni chowulungika. Zizindikiro Zogona imatengedwa kukhala aesthetically zokondweretsa ndi zosavuta kuti afotokoze.

Zizindikiro mu kachitidwe kalembedwe ka geometralnyh ndiponso osiyanasiyana mu mawu akuti: mizere wowonda, Makhalidwe zochepa ndi pamwamba osiyana, kukula, ndingaliro. Choncho, makaseti yotentha ndi madongosolo otero, wokoma ndi zosavuta kuwerenga.

Morphological ndi phonetic dongosolo

Morphological khalidwe la dongosolo la mayiko a azungu, chifukwa m'chinenero chawo dongosolo maziko a mawu, motero, gawo chosiyana cha maganizo ndi malo zosasintha. Chirasha amapereka zazikulu, kotero dongosolo morphological wa shorthand mulibe anapeza kutchuka. M'malo zosayenera chinenero mbali ya dongosolo anali akufuna njira ina otchedwa fonostenografiey.

Fonostenografiya (phonetic dongosolo) umaimiridwa ndi dongosolo shorthand Ternes-Alexandrova. Ndi njira yachidule kulemba kulankhula zinenero zosiyanasiyana, pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro izi wapadera. dongosolo m'pamene mawonekedwe frazgraf - chizindikiro kusonyeza chilango lonse.

Zilembo Patkanovoy-Alexandrova sozherzhit 40 otchulidwa, lomwe n'zotheka kuti kuganizira polemba smyslorazlichiteli amapereka kaya chinenero yomwe zonse. kachitidwe ziwiri izi suona achidule. Mbali imeneyi zimathandiza kukhala frazgrafiyu msanga - mmodzi wa kachitidwe, zomwe zikuphatikizapo shorthand. Zizindikiro za machitidwe phonetic ambiri mosavuta pa chitukuko cha luso.

zikuchitika masiku ano

Shorthand, amene masewero sikawirikawiri monga chinenero mwachizolowezi, komanso zilankhulo zonse za machitidwe a dziko lapansi amamuchititsa wosalira zambiri, kuthandiza owerenga ntchito n'kuyamba. Mbidzi kuphatikiza machitidwe onse pamodzi pa maziko a tiganizira zomveka. Cholinga cha kusinthika ndi chitukuko cha kalembedwe ka - mgwirizano wa machitidwe onse kukwaniritsa conciseness, kugwirizana ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana.

Pamene shorthand kafukufuku lero ntchito njira za sayansi ndi kulankhulana ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi, makamaka ndi kufufuza kwa mbali thupi la kulankhula kwa anthu. Poyamba, kalelo, ndiAmene machitidwe ndafunsira unathandizira pa nzeru zake, izo tsopano ndi zaluso anayambitsa kulola ntchito chilankhulidwe cha anthu. Kwambiri ndi chimene pamene kusuntha dongosolo kalembedwe ka chinenero wina ndi mzake, pali kufunika kwa kusintha. Izi complicates kwambiri chilengedwe cha dongosolo chilengedwe.

Pa zizindikiro za shorthand

Taphunzira kale kuti shorthand kuti ndi osiyana kalembedwe ka dongosolo. Anawachotsa ndipo kusiyana kwambiri. Koma zizindikiro shorthand Chirasha ali zochititsa chidwi.

M'mawonekedwe, iwo ndi zigawo za alifabeti yathu bwino. Iwo mosavuta komanso mochititsa kaso pamodzi. Ngakhale mofulumira imelo stenographer Nkofunika kukumbukira kuti zizindikiro sayenera molakwika.

Iwo amasonyeza za mawu ndi consonant zilembo, koma kulemba ndi omveka bwino. Pakati pa zilembo mavawelo sanalembedwe, ndipo anayikidwa kokha pa mapeto, pa chiyambi cha mawu kapena payekhapayekha. Zilembo amalowana mukulumikizidwa pamodzi ndi malamulo apadera, ndipo malingana iwo akhoza kuwerenga kapena kuwerenga.

Kulemba zizindikiro shorthand

m'njira zachilendo amapezeka otchulidwa kulemba ndafunsira kulemekeza kwa mzere. Pali magulu atatu a analemba kuti: mu mzere, pamwamba ndi pansi pa mzere. Akukwera m'malo malinga ndi mmene olumikiza zizindikiro. The mankhwala okha nthawi zonse lalifupi, chifukwa chinthu chofunika kwambiri kalembedwe ka - kuphweka chifukwa cha liwiro kujambula. Komanso, chifukwa kugwirizana lalifupi mbiri analandira yaying'ono, komanso zofunika kwambiri.

Tsopano, pamene pali mfundo zokwanira za dongosolo chizindikiro, monga shorthand, icho chiri ndi mmene ali kusanduka pa nthawi yaitali - tikuimira. Komanso kukhala ndi maganizo a mmene kale. Koma tsopano nyengo ndi osiyana kwambiri kuposa pamene shorthand anali ofala. Kumene ntchito masiku ano dongosolo la shorthand?

Shorthand mu nthawi yathu

Kufunika kwa transcribing zambiri amasungidwa nthawi yathu. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kulankhula kwa anthu ndi kasanu mofulumira kuposa ankatha kulemba dzanja lake, ndipo munthu akhoza kulemba za 20 Mawu pamphindi ndi kuti ananena za 100-120.

Kupeza kudya kulemba luso lero kubwera imathandiza mu ntchito ya wothandizira utsogoleri, ophunzira, ophunzira akusekondale, atolankhani amakonda pamanja kulemba - anthu onse amene akukumana ndi kufunika chinachake kulemba mwamsanga ndiponso molondola, monga nkhani semina, misonkhano atolankhani ndi maonekedwe ena. Ophunzira transcriptions wa tingayambe ndi ntchito ina yofunika kwambiri - kulemba cribs. Iwo amatenga yaying'ono ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa kwa anthu ena, ngakhale popezedwa, cribs akhoza kungoyankha sakudziwika ngati zimenezi.

Ubwino odziwa shorthand si mayiko kudya mawu fixation. Phunzirani mmene shorthand amapulumutsa nthawi ndi khama, bwino khalidwe la ntchito. Komanso, imatsimikizirika kuti shorthand akufotokozera woganiza, luso bwino ndi momveka athandize maganizo awo.

Kodi kuphunzira shorthand

Lero, palibe zovuta za kulanda luso zothandiza, amene amapereka shorthand. Education zimatenga zochepa monga masabata ochepa. Ngati n'kotheka, mukhoza kulemba kwa maphunziro apadera. Apa stenographers katswiri uti timathandiza kuti ndizosowa shorthand ndi kuphunzitsa amadziwa kuchita.

Kupezeka njira shorthand sayenera kuphunzitsidwa mwapadera. Chinthu chokha chimene inu adzafuna - kudza wofunitsitsa kuphunzira ndi zinthu pishushih (kope, cholembera). Pamene osaya kuphunzira shorthand, mungaphunzire mmene kulemba mawu 60-70 mphindi (mmalo mwa mawu 20 m'chilankhulo tsiku ndi tsiku), ndipo ngati inu kutenga maphunziro kwambiri, ndipo mawu 100-120 pa mphindi. Zotsatira Great sadzakhalanso kotero zogwirizana, chifukwa anthu pafupifupi salankhula ndi liwiro lalikulu.

Shorthand zikuwoneka zachilendo newcomer. Kumayambiriro a maphunziro nthawi zonse kovuta kuti ntchito mfundo yatsopano ya kalata, koma pambuyo nambala inayake ya maola mchitidwewu azolowere izi bwinobwino.

Kuipa ndafunsira makalata

Ndi zinthu zonse zabwino shorthand si wangwiro. Ndi kujambula kudya kwambiri nthawi zonse chiopsezo kulemba zivumbulutso kuti mukumvetsa iwo ndiye kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri.

A drawback zina zazikulu kulemba kalembedwe ka ndi kuti pafupifupi osati ankalemekeza malamulo kalembedwe. Chitsanzo losavuta - ndi kulemba mu manambala oyambirira ankakhala "" mmalo mwa "pa" chifukwa chakuti kugwirizana ndi "a" chosavuta. Pakuti abstracts ndafunsira ntchito zawo si n'zongochedwetsana. Komabe, mukhoza azolowere mfundo ya kulemba zomwe zimapitirira ndipo chitani zomwezo pamene muyenera kulemba mawu osavuta. Pajatu si kalembedwe zimafika.

malangizo latsopano

Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu anali zizipezeka chakale, pamanja ntchito shorthand. Nchiyani, taphunzira mwatsatanetsatane. Koma tsopano ali ndi maonekedwe atsopano. ndi kompyuta shorthand chomwe chinalengedwa, ngati umisiri wamakono njira zina zambiri kujambula kudya mawu chiyani?

Choyamba, dongosolo adza kwa chitetezo zambiri. Kwa nthawi yaitali Atapeza malowa izo sizinali anayamba yunifolomu terminology. Tinatsegula mfundo zosiyanasiyana, ndipo kenako kudziwa kusiyana zazikulu cryptography: ngati yotsirizira kumafuna deta kubisa, mobisalamo mfundo za kufala ake - vuto ndi kuthetsa shorthand. Mapulogalamu a osiyanasiyana Kuvuta anapangidwa kwa cholinga ichi. Easy ndi angakwanitse mawu a ntchito, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo free, - Fox Chinsinsi 1,00. Mukhoza ntchito kubisa mfundo akamagwiritsa otchuka a m'lemba, zithunzi ndi kutulutsa mawu. Chifukwa, wosuta amalandira chidebe ndi mfundo chobisika. Wapamwamba umene udabisika, mwachibadwa kumawonjezera kukula. Kuyambira mfundo chidebe ndi yotsatira ntchito achinsinsi.

anapezazo

Shorthand - njira mofulumira kulemba mfundo, yomwe yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri. Iwo kusanduka ndipo akusinthika nthawi yathu isanafike, dongosolo umu asanalengedwe, chimene chingalowe zosoŵa za zinenero zambiri, komanso kukhala yaying'ono ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Mu chitukuko ichi cha shorthand, monga chinenero ena onse, sanasiye, kuyambira kwambiri chatsala kuti chichitike kuti apange nazo kwambiri mosalekeza. Ndi kuti izi amakonda stenographers masiku athu onse.

Titamvetsa mfundo zazikulu, womwenso shorthand, icho chiri ndi chifukwa chiyani ife tikusowa mu moyo, kuphunzira za machitidwe ndafunsira classifications, maonekedwe a khalidwe lawo ndi kugwirizana.

Tsopano tili ndi lingaliro za zachilendo kwa ife kulemba dongosolo, amatha kulemera mikangano yonse kutsata chitukuko. Tikukhulupirira kuti nkhani athu akhala nkhani kwa inu ndi zothandiza.