Russian matabwa mpingo. Kizhi: zipilala za matabwa zomangamanga Russia

Mu Russia, pomanga nkhuni kalekale nkhani wamba, ndi m'madera zosayamba ulamuliro nkhalango, mapulani wakale utakwaniritsa alidi zosaneneka pamwamba Luso limeneli. Anapulumuka umboni zambiri za talente mochititsa: wokongola, zogwirizana dongosolo, mfundo ofotokozedwa losema, chabwino ulusi - ndi zoona ntchito makamaka akalipentala nkhwangwa, izo sinafike kulenga zingwe zabwino zimene kawirikawiri chokongoletsedwa ndi nyumba wakale matabwa.

Beach nyumba matabwa

Kuti anapulumuka si zitsanzo zonse za zomangamanga akale. A nambala yaikulu mipingo matabwa anafa moto - moto kudya m'mizinda yonse, yosalekerera kanthu. m'masiku akale kutchula anamanga kapena kuwonongedwa nyumba odzitukumula chibwenzi kumbuyo kwa Ine m'ma AD. Atalingaliranso kulembamo, timawerenga kuti 1183 kuwotchedwa lonse la Vladimir (32 kuphatikizapo mipingo). Mu 1369th tsoka chomwecho anachitika Pskov, mu 1636-mamita - agulupa ya Angelo.

Komabe, mliri wa nyumba matabwa si chinthu nkhuni, ndi ubwino wake onse - yochepa yaitali zakuthupi. Kanyumba angaime za m'ma wina, mwambo (ndi kuisamalira) - 3-4.

anayamba kuchepa cholowa

Palinso nyumba atatu okha amene adamangidwa kwambiri m'zaka XIII-XIV (ndipo ngakhale ndiye si Ofufuza limatitsimikizira). Choncho, nthawi mpaka m'zaka XVI, kunayamba kachisi wa Woyera Kuukitsidwa kwa Lazaro - yaing'ono, anamanga wakale mpingo matabwa Murom obisika. Kizhi Reserve odoimennom pachilumbachi, mu 1960 n'kukhala chitetezo komaliza. Mosamala kubwezeretsedwa pansi ntchito ya mmisiri Opolovnikova, ndi mbali ya m'nyumbayi gawo eksopozitsii Russian Zaonezhye.

ena awiri Riznolozhenskaya ndi George, motero amanyadira Cyril Belozero kunyumba ndi Leningrad dera.

Ambiri zipilala zilipo a zomangamanga yamatabwa palibe kale XVIII atumwi, osachepera - XVI- XVII.

Pamene dziko la sayansi anali chidwi cha mtundu umenewu zomangamanga, ambiri zitsanzo ake kusochera. Afterthought ofufuza anazindikira kuti m'pofunika woyamba wa zonse kukonza zotsalira. "Ngakhale m'pofunika yekha kukwera, chojambulidwa, sewero ... izi kutha chaka chilichonse zinthu chosasimbika," - analemba 20 ntchentche wa wotchuka luso wotsutsa, wojambula ndi mphunzitsi, academician I. Grabar. Ndipo tinapita ndi kujambulidwa sketched ndi kupanga akuyesetsa kusunga funneling kwenikweni akhungu diso kukongola, ndi chinachake anapulumutsidwa, koma chinachake - kubwezeretsa zikalata osungidwa.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, anthu ndi boma anazindikira momwe wapatali mapulani chipilala ndi Russian matabwa mpingo. Kizhi (chimodzi cha zilumba za nyanja Onega) anali umboni wa malamulo kusanduka ndi wapoyera owonetsera zakale-otetezedwa. Today iye amasonyeza kuti alendo zake zodabwitsa chodabwitsa analengedwa ndi ambuye a m'mbuyomu.

kukongola kumpoto

Makamaka zabwino nyumba matabwa North la Russia - apa amisiri anasonyeza chodabwitsa talente, zilandiridwenso ndi lingaliro la kukongola kuti apaulendo adazizwa yekha. Nthawi zambiri ndi nsangala kwambiri ikunenedwa Kizhi, ndilo chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri wakhala wotchuka kuti ngakhale Mfumu Nicholas II anagula chithunzi ndi chifaniziro chake ( "kumpoto", chithunzicho - Shlutleyt).

Nyengo mu malo awa m'chipululumo. Chilimwe yochepa, yozizira ndi frosty. M'nyengo yozizira, kupatulapo ndege, sanathe anafika: Kizhi - chilumba kumakhaliro, koma pokhapokha? Nearby zidutswa za chotchedwa sushi kusonyeza khalidwe mofanana lakuthwa: m'nkhalango moti, mitsinje yozama. Ngakhale, anthu akukhala pano nthawi yaitali, zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo. Dzina la chilumba amachokera kwa Karelian "kizhat" (yomasulira - "kusangalala"). Akatswiri akulumikiza malo awa ndi maphwando akale acikunja zimene zinachitika apa mu nthawi makedzana.

otetezedwa

Mu 60s oyambirira a atumwi wotsiriza pa Kizhi Island (Karelia) anayamba kutuluka Reserve wotsegulira mu 1966. Kuyambira nthawi mipingo matabwa a Kizhi chilumba anayamba kuchulukana: anasunga nyumba SVEZA pano ambiri matabwa m'madera osiyanasiyana Karelia.

Yapafupi mudzi - Petrozavodsk (68 km), koma inu mukhoza kutenga ndi ku St. Petersburg, mu omasuka bwato masiku ano (ngati Kizhi - chilumba mungathe kufika yekha ndi madzi).

The Marina yosavuta asatambira anthu amene akufuna kulowa wokongola. Limatithandiza zodabwitsa: pamaso apaulendo mu ulemerero wake onse afika Chiwalitsiro mpingo - mwina wotchuka kwambiri mafano ambiri padziko pano mpingo matabwa. Kizhi monyadira kumapitiriza m'mphepete mwake akuchita motsutsana ndi lowala nyumba kumwamba kuti ooneka apaulendo kukongola yake yapadera.

Nthano ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa chisumbucho

Malinga ndi nthano ina, kalipentala wanzeru dzina lake Nestor kudula pansi nkhwangwa, amene pambuyo yomanga waponya mpaka nyanja, kotero kuti palibe amene anatha kubwereza ntchito yake. Palibe njira, chida ichi chinali matsenga - dongosolo matabwa n'zodabwitsa wabwino.

Apadera ntchito wakale Russian zomangamanga, Mpingo wa Chiwalitsiro mu Kizhi inamangidwa 1714. Lero ndi chidwi mogometsa limabweretsa zipilala wapatali osati Russia, UNESCO anazindikira ndi gulu loyimba kamangidwe ka Kizhi World Heritage.

Kumanganso nyumba akutsatiridwa zonse. Chikhazikitsireni maziko a mpingo ali pafupifupi palibe (ena mwa chikhalidwe chake nimuponye ngodya yekha ndi mmodzi wa nyumbayi), m'kupita kwa mpandawo monga mmene ndingathere mokoma kukwezedwa ndi thandizo zamakono.

Wotchuka mpingo wa chisumbucho

Kumanga zikuwoneka chachikulu 37 mita mkulu Church la Chiwalitsiro mu Kizhi mkulu ndi monyadira zikutipatsa mzikiti, lomwe wonyezimira siliva, analowa kukwera kumwamba. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, iwo chokongoletsedwa ndi chitsulo, koma lokonza anabwerera maonekedwe choyambirira cha kachisi. Zolimira (mbale matabwa, matabwa mzikiti kuti alitcha ake m'mbuyomu wokongola "wazikang'a" maonekedwe) anali, monga momwe anali kuyembekezera, opangidwa kuchokera Aspen (mtengo wake mchikakamizo cha mphepo, dzuwa ndi madzi amakhala wapadera silvery chowala).

Mpingo wa Chiwalitsiro mu Kizhi amatanthauza zosiyanasiyana mipingo tiered octagonal - bodza pa mtima wa zomangamanga octagonal chipika cabins anapereka pa wina ndi mzake. Pankhaniyi, iwo wodzilemekeza ndi prirub anayi akukumana ku North, South, East ndi West. Anthu ambiri molakwika amati odziwika bwino kwambiri mpingo (Kizhi) anamanga popanda misomali. Izi ndi zoona okha chipika, amisiri mwambo wa nthawi imeneyo. Koma misomali (kumene, osati chitsulo) ntchito polenga mzikiti, amene iwo sanataye.

Yomanga anakakamizika ku kumenya kwa mphezi anatenga kuyima pa malo a mpingo wachikale matabwa - Kizhi osati mupewe mavuto ambiri zonse kuopseza nyumba zakale. A wotsogolera wa nyumba ameneyu anali kachisi wa Virgin Woyera mu dera Vologda: kuzindikira kwambiri kugwa kwa domes (mpingo, mwatsoka, wanena sanapulumuke masiku ano - chifukwa cha upandu, losakhululukidwa chosasamala iye anali moto, koma kale mu 1963).

Chitetezero mpingo ndi belu nsanja

Ndi churchyard gulu loyimba likukhudza Kupemphera Mpingo: Kizhi, monga tanenera kale, ndi chitsanzo cha chikhalidwe yomanga achipembedzo a m'mbuyomu. yozizira (mkangano), kachisi anamangidwa (monga magwero ena, anabwezeretsedwa) mu 1764, kuchotsa nyumba dilapidated dilapidated.

Ndi ang'onoang'ono ndi zambiri wodzichepetsa mnansi wake waukulu mamita 10 pansipa ndi kumenya okwana domes naini - waukulu wa onse, likulu, atazunguliridwa ndi anthu asanu ndi atatu ang'onoang'ono.

Akachisi akalumikidzidwa ofanana ndi zachilendo pakati pa zipilala za zomangamanga matabwa North Russia, koma Mpingo wa Kupemphera kwa gulu loyimba wa Kizhi akutsutsana elongated, mizere kaso. Mpingo silhouette penapake asymmetric ndi choyambirira mzikiti, wokwera pa octagon matabwa, kupereka lonse kumanga lightness wokongola, kugonjetsa mitima. Ndithu zazikulu Kizhi - ndi chilumba kukongola silili kokha, komanso mosalekeza.

mbali inanso ya kapangidwe ndi chihema (ngati denga) belu nsanja. nyumba zilipo inamangidwa cha 1863 ku malo a nyumba dilapidated cha cholinga chomwecho. Kenako pansi limasinthira m'njira zomwe zasintha mbali chapamwamba, komanso ena zinthu zokongoletsera.

nyumba zonse zitatu mu masiku akale anali atazunguliridwa ndi zopekedwa anapanga mpanda, lero sikuti waliteteza. Iye anapezanso ake patapita nthawi yaitali, modalira miyambo yawo ya ukalipentala.

ochititsa chidwi chilumba

Kizhi churchyard, ndithudi, ndi pakatikati pa chionetserocho Komabe, pa chisumbu mutha kuona zina zomangamanga chodabwitsa (zinthu 89). M'njira yakeyake, wina wokongola matabwa mpingo. Kizhi - malo abwino kumene mukhoza kuona izi. The wamkulu wa iwo, anatchula pamwamba, inalembedwa kale m'ma XIV ndi nyumba wokongola wa yosavuta, akalumikidzidwa wopepuka. Korona kachisi ndi mzikiti chimodzi chokha (ndipo ngati iye sanali ndikuganiza kuti nyumba zachipembedzo, zingakhale mabvuto). Kuwonjezera mipingo, m'nyumbayi m'matchalitchi ambiri, m'mapiko m'malo kwabasi motero, ngati kuti atakula kuchokera pansi pano.

luso anthu ndi chilengedwe

Tikumbukenso kuti wakale Russian matabwa mpingo nthawi zonse ndi zogwirizana kwambiri mu malo ozungulira. Iwo amanena kuti m'misili akhala wokondedwa mtsogoleri kanthu, lomwe linalamula kumanga m'njira "ngati muyeso wa kukongola ndi kukhala mwamsanga." Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti iwo anakwanitsa mwangwiro. Nyumba anamangapo ndi chokongoletsedwa ndi zida zosavuta kwambiri kukhudza molimba kwenikweni mphamvu.

Ndithu wokwanira ulendo. ndi chithumwa onse a malo awa akhoza kupatsira ngakhale zithunzi ambiri apamwamba. Kizhi matabwa mipingo amene otchuka pa dziko lonse, a ku ngodya ya Russia, omwe ndi ofunika kuona ndi maso anga. Kulowelera pansi pa thambo kufungatira kumpoto, kusangalala ndi ulemerero wa chilengedwe kumva mpweya wa nthawi zakale, zimene zakutidwa ndi chilumba ndipo madzi a Nyanja Onega. ulendowu si chidwi chabe - izo kumalimbitsa zauzimu. Vravdu pano ndipo mungathe kumva ndi ndakatulo "n'kulowa Ages" kukhudza namatetule wa ojambula zithunzi anonymous amene anatha kulenga kukongola chogunda, sanabise, ndi complementing chikhalidwe.