Private mayiko malamulo nkhani.

Mu masiku ano Russian ndi Western sayansi akadali kulibe yankho lomveka bwino ndi mosapita m'mbali kuti funso, kodi wapadera mayiko malamulo nkhani (MPP). Kuwonjezera pa kusowa kwa tanthauzo lenileni la mawu akuti, palinso anthu ambiri kwa kapangidwe ndi gulu la lingaliro ili zovuta ndi Mipikisano chigawo. Izi mwina chifukwa chakuti lamulo payekha mayiko wakhalapo kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma XIX ndipo kuyambira lasintha ambiri ndi kusinthika, ndipo ali wolemera mbiri zakale.

Kutulukira akuti molondola perekani woweruza United States Supreme Court, Professor pa Harvard Dzh.Stori, amene ankakhala mu zoyambirira za m'ma XIX ndipo lectured Chilamulo Private International. Masiku amenewo, mu US mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi wina lingaliro kuleza analipo a "nkhondo ya malamulo". Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX, mawu akuti wasamuka kuchoka ku jurisprudence American ndi m'mayiko Old World. Komabe, mu Sukulu European mfundo imeneyi anali anamasulira penapake mosiyana: monga ya malamulo nkhondo, zokhudzana ndi kukhalapo kwa bwino pakati pa anthu a States osiyana, ndipo amagwira ntchito pamene mtundu wina wa anthu ubale monga otchedwa mchitidwe wachilendo. Chotero kutanthauzira ndi maganizo paokha nkhani mayiko malamulo anasunga mu sayansi ku Ulaya lero.

Asayansi American R.Deyvis ndi M.Garrison kuganizira mawu "nkhondo ya malamulo" ndi "malamulo payekha mayiko" zokhudzana ndi ofanana kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Onse mfundo izi, mu maganizo awo, monga ya malamulo malamulo amene ali oyenera zomwe zikukhudza zinthu za interethnic mogwirizana chigawo chimodzi, monga khoti ya Boma, amene ayenera kuthetsa mkangano malamulo ndi ufulu wa boma, amene ayenera kukhala Pankhaniyi ntchito.

Mu dziko lathu, nkhani malamulo payekha mayiko Palinso m'zaka za m'ma XIX. A chopereka kwambiri chitukuko cha mbali iyi jurisprudence anayambitsa luso Russian wasayansi FF Martens. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX, anafalitsa ntchito yake yodziŵika "chilamulo Modern mayiko a mitundu yotukuka." Izi nzeru mwamtheradi, wofuna kwambiri kwa nthawi, buku ali ndi gawo lonse wodzipereka kwa lamulo payekha lonse. Martens anasankha zizindikiro ziwiri zofunika za MCHP: chikhalidwe chake boma ndi wosasintha mchitidwe lonse.

Monga otchedwa chilli ubwenzi angakhale Mwachitsanzo, aliyense payekha, yokhala ndi nzika ya dziko lina (a wakunja, wa othawa kwawo, munthu stateless, m'mayiko wapawiri), ndi gulu yachilendo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi malangizo a boma ndi mabungwe omwe si aboma, ndi dziko ngakhale lonse yachilendo.

Nthawi zina, nthambi ya malamulo adziko lonse lapansi polimbana ndi mavuto oterewa, pamene bungwe lalamulo ili kunja. Izi akhoza Mwachitsanzo, malo, perehodimoe tinatengera, amene ali kunja. Kodi kufikako Pankhaniyi Tikaona malamulo zimatengera, ndithudi, amene oimira mayiko awiri nawo nkhani imeneyi. Koma zolimbana mbali iyi ankaimba ndi malamulo a malamulo adziko lonse payekha, zomwe zimathandiza kuthana ndi mavuto pa mlingo mkulu mu mawu a yamtunduwu malamulo.

Ndithu pafupipafupi komanso milandu komwe kapena ena mfundo malamulo kapena ubwenzi malamulo malamulo kuti si dera la State mu funso, ndi kupitirira. Mwachitsanzo, nzika ya Russia, pamene kunja nawo ulendo zoyendera msewu ndipo kenako analandira kuvulala iliyonse. Pankhaniyi basi fanizo wangwiro wa dera womwenso malamulo ndi ikufotokoza mmene ntchito sayansi nkhani mu malamulo adziko lonse payekha.