Painting: Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Zilandiridwenso aluso Italy wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Kubadwa Kwatsopano - anawamasulira ku French amatanthauza "kubadwanso". Iwo otchedwa nyengo lonse, kusonyeza ozindikira ndipo luso maluwa a chikhalidwe European. Chitsitsimutso anabadwa mu Italy kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIV ndipo anafika pachimake m'zaka za m'ma XVI, ushering m'nyengo ya anayamba kuchepa kuchepa chikhalidwe stagnation (nyengo ya Ages Middle), zomwe zinali zochokera nkhanza ndi umbuli.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano wolemba mbiri yakale wa ku Italy chiyambi, zojambulajambula ndi wolemba mabuku za moyo aluso wotchuka, Osema ndi mapulani a Dzhordzho Vazari m'chiyambi cha m'ma XVI.

Poyamba, mawu akuti "Chitsitsimutso" kutanthauza nthawi zina (chiyambi cha m'ma XIV) mapangidwe yoweyula latsopano la chisunzo. Koma patapita nthawi, lingaliro ili amamuonera kumasulira timapangira ndipo anayamba kutanthauza ndi lothandiza lonse chitukuko ndi mapangidwe chikhalidwe, otsutsana feudalism.

nthawi Kubadwa Kwatsopano kumagwirizana ndi zikamera wa masitayilo atsopano ndi maluso a penti ku Italy. Pali chidwi zithunzi akale. Secularism ndi anthropocentrism ndi mbali yofunika, nadzaza chosema nthawi, ndiponso kupenta. Kubadwa Kwatsopano displaces austerity amakhala Zapakati. Zimakwaniritsidwa chidwi mu zinthu zonse zachidziko, chosefukira kukongola kwa chilengedwe ndipo, ndithudi, munthu. Kubadwa Kwatsopano ojambula zithunzi kufikako masomphenya a thupi kuchokera mfundo za sayansi view, ndikuyesera kuti ndichititse zonse ndendende. Zojambulazo zimathandizadi. Painting ladzala ndi kalembedwe wapadera. Iwo anakhazikitsa malamulo zofunika kukoma luso. Inafalitsidwa yachilendo nzeru za amatchedwa "umunthu", malinga ndi zimene munthu amaona kuti mtengo wapatali kwambiri.

Art chikhalidwe Kubadwa Kwatsopano

mzimu ukuyenda ali mawu waukulu zojambula za nthawi ndi akamasamalira wapadera matupi kupenta. Kubadwa Kwatsopano zikugwirizana chikhalidwe ndi sayansi. Ojambula zithunzi anayamba kuona luso monga nthambi ya chidziwitso, kuphunzira bwinobwino Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa munthu ndi dziko lonse. Ichi chidachitika kuti mosapita zambiri kusonyeza choonadi cha chilengedwe cha Mulungu ndi zochitika pa nsalu zokha ayi wake. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa chifanizo cha nkhani zachipembedzo amene anapeza zikomo zili padziko lapansi luso la geniuses monga Leonardo da Vinci.

Pali magawo asanu mu chitukuko cha luso Italy wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

International (khoti) Gothic

Amene anayambitsa pa chiyambi cha XIII m'ma bwalo Gothic (ducento) amakhala ndi kumwetsa nzeru, pomposity ndi pretentiousness. Mtundu waukulu wa zojambula ndi kakang'ono guwa ndi chithunzi cha nkhani. Ojambula zithunzi ntchito tempera utoto kulenga zojambula wake. The Kubadwa Kwatsopano wolemera anthu wotchuka a nthawi ino, mwachitsanzo, monga amisiri Italy Vittore Karpachcho ndi Sandro Bottichelli.

Pre-Kubadwa Kwatsopano nthawi (Protorenessans)

Siteji yotsatira, chimene amakhulupirira kuti mwachidwi, pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, wotchedwa Protorenessans (trecento) ndipo limapezeka pa mapeto a XIII - kumayambiriro kwa zaka XIV. Mogwirizana ndi kukula mofulumira dziko Mchitidwe ndinu nthawi mbiri imasonyeza dziko mumtima wa munthu, moyo wake, ali kwambiri maganizo tanthauzo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ali ndi dongosolo yosavuta kumva. zithunzi achipembedzo zokha mu chakumbuyo ndipo aboma akupita, ndipo monga khalidwe waukulu paima mwamuna ndi maganizo ake, nkhope ndi manja. Pali zithunzi loyamba la Italy Kubadwa Kwatsopano, nduna mafano. Wotchuka amisiri a nthawi ino - Giotto, Pietro Lorenzetti.

oyambirira Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIV akuyamba siteji ya oyambirira Kubadwa Kwatsopano (quattrocento), kufanizira ndi wotukuka wa penti ndi kupanda nkhani zachipembedzo. Faces pa zithunzi kukhala mitundu anthu ndi malo monga mtundu wanyimbo mu kupenta, ali ndi kagawo kakang'ono osiyana. Woyambitsa wa oyambirira Kubadwa Kwatsopano luso chikhalidwe Mozachcho amachita, zochokera lingaliro lake nzeru. zojambula wake ndi Kuzindikira mkulu. ambuye Great ankafufuza liniya ndi kaonedwe mlengalenga, thunthu ndi ntchito chidziwitso ntchito zawo, kumene inu mukhoza kuwona zolondola atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena danga. Oimira oyambirira Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi Sandro Botticelli, Piero Della Francesca, Pollaiuolo, Verrocchio.

High Kubadwa Kwatsopano kapena "Golden Age"

Popeza mapeto a XV m'ma anayamba gawo mkulu Kubadwa Kwatsopano (cinquecento) inatenga yochepa, isanafike XVI atumwi. Chinasanduka likulu la Venice ndi Rome. Ojambula zithunzi kukuza M'maso mwawo maganizo ndipo chidwi chilengedwe cha. Man limapezeka mu chifanizo cha ngwazi za, angwiro mwauzimu ndi mwakuthupi. Ziwerengero za nthawi imeneyi amaonedwa kukhala Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian Vecellio, Buonarrotti Michelangelo ndi ena. The zojambulajambula lalikulu la Italy Kubadwa Kwatsopano Leonardo da Vinci anali "konsekonse munthu" ndipo anali mu kufufuza zonse choonadi. Kugwira chosema, sewero, zosiyanasiyana umboni, iye anatha kupeza nthawi kupenta. Chilengedwe "Madonna m'matanthwe" zimaonetsa amasonyeza kwaiye kalembedwe zojambulajambula kuwala ndi mthunzi, mmene pawiri ndi kuwala ndi mthunzi amalenga zotsatira za voliyumu ndi wotchuka "Mona Lisa" wapangidwa ntchito njira ya "smuffato", polenga nkhambakamwa za Chifunga.

mochedwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano

M'nthawi ya malemu Kubadwa Kwatsopano, amene amapezeka pa chiyambi cha m'ma XVI, panali kulanda ndi looting mzinda wa Rome ndi asilikali a ku Germany. Chochitika ichi chinali chiyambi cha nyengo kutha. Roman Cultural Centre watha kukhala woyang'anira ndi zithunzi wotchuka kwambiri, ndipo iwo anali kukakamizidwa kumwazikana ku mizinda ina ya ku Ulaya. Chifukwa cha kuwuka kwa kusiyana pakati pa malingaliro a Chikristu ndi umunthu kumapeto kwa XV m'ma Mannerism amakhala osakhala kalembedwe uliri pachithunzipa. Kubadwa Kwatsopano pang'ono ndi pang'ono kokatha, chifukwa maziko a kalembedwe imeneyi akuti ndi m'njira okongola kuti zingasokoneze maganizo mogwirizana dziko, choonadi ndi mphamvuzonse la kuganiza. Zilandiridwenso amakhala ovuta ndiponso amapeza mbali ya kukumana kwa madera osiyana. ntchito wanzeru a ojambula odziwika monga Paolo Veronese Tinoretto Jacopo Pontormo (Karruchchi).

Italy anakhala pakati chikhalidwe kupenta nadzipereka dziko ojambula zithunzi wanzeru wa nthawi ino, amene zithunzi ndipo komabe zimabweretsa lokondwa maganizo.

Kuwonjezera Italy, kutukula luso ndi kupenta anali malo ofunika m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya. Ndi dzina lake chifukwa kumpoto Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Makamaka French kupenta nyumba ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, amene wakula pa nthaka yake. The nkhondo zaka mazana zinachititsa kuti kuzindikira kuchuluka anthu ndi chitukuko cha anthu. Mu French luso pali Kuzindikira, kulankhulana ndi chizindikiritso sayansi, anyamata zithunzi za masiku amakedzana. Onse mbali kumabweretsa naye Italy, koma pamaso pa zolemba oopsa zojambula ndi kusiyana kwambiri. Wotchuka ojambula zithunzi za Kubadwa Kwatsopano ku France - Angerran Sharonton, Nikola Fromana, Zhan Fuke, Zhan Klue Senior.