Nyukiliya kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka ndi zotsatira zake

activism anthu nthawi limakhudza anthu dziko lonse zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe zopanda moyo. Kukula mofulumira mafakitale ulimi kwambiri, mavuto kasamalidwe zinyalala - zonsezi kwambiri ukhoza kuwononga zachilengedwe za padziko lapansi. Ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu nyukiliya ndi bwino zida za nyukiliya pali wina vuto - kuipitsidwa kwa dothi, madzi, mpweya.

KUFOTOKOZERA vuto

Nyukiliya kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka - kuposa izo woipa radionuclide zizindikiro za pazipita mlingo kololeka chifukwa zochita za anthu.

m'madera zakhudzana yodziwika ndi Mlingo kwambiri owonjezera kukhudzana kunja ndi mkati. Pofotokoza malamulo a ionizing kuchiza Commission la International cheza Protection (ICRP), wapachaka mlingo pafupifupi cheza polima kuti dothi ndi miyala ya microsieverts 0.25-0.5 pa chaka (mSv / Y). Muyezo amasonyeza kuchuluka cheza ndi otetezeka kwa anthu thanzi ndipo nthawi zambiri poyerekeza zomwe kungachititse imfa ya zamoyo kwa zina masiku 30.

zifukwa

Kodi kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka? Magwero a kuipitsa - Magulu awiri a radionuclides:

• opangidwa;
• achilengedwe.

Amadziwika kuti nthaka lili radionuclides achilengedwe. Komabe, maganizo awo ali kwambiri kuchuluka chifukwa kupanga yosungirako zipangizo zachilengedwe yaiwisi, processing, umuna, kupanga awo, malasha kuyaka kuwuluka ntchito phulusa ngati zomera feteleza kapena kupanga zida zomangira, etc.

Chifukwa kupanga mofulumira ndi ntchito feteleza chaka chilichonse kuchuluka kwa radioactively zakhudzana dothi ukuwonjezeka. Mwachitsanzo, bwino anamvetsa nkhani za kuwonjezeka ndende ya radionuclides m'nthaka chifukwa ntchito potashi ndi mankwala feteleza.

radionuclides yokumba lalikulu zedi kugwera mu zigawo za m'dziko lathuli chifukwa mabomba a nyukiliya.

Choncho zifukwa zikuluzikulu kuchititsa kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka:

• tima chitukuko cha m'mayiko zaulimi;
• makampani adalemeradi;
• migodi kwa zachilengedwe;
• zinyalala za nyukiliya;
• mpweya ku cheza nyukiliya;
• mayeso nyukiliya.

Nyukiliya kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka: zotsatira kuipitsidwa

Pali zambiri mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa nthaka:

• mwachindunji zoipa zimakhudza zinthu nyukiliya pa nyama, zomera ndi anthu;
• kwambiri malire a kuthekera ntchito chuma nthaka zolinga za ulimi. Pambuyo mankhwala onse amene analandira ku chiwembu ndiyo pamwamba kambiri ndende zipangizo nyukiliya chifukwa kuipitsidwa kwa malo poyera ndi pansi, nthaka kutsukidwa kwa mankhwala kumene zoipa. kuipitsidwa aakulu kungachititse kuti kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito madzi abwino osati kokha kwa kumwa ndi kuphika, komanso pa desoldering ziweto kapena ulimi wa zaulimi.

Akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa chilengedwe cheza a sing'anga kumayambitsa malizitsani imfa ya biogeotsionozov ndi anthu. Izi zimachitika pamene mpweya wambiri wa kuipitsidwa. malo oterowo kuliika pafupi ndi malo waukulu kumene kunali kumasulidwa cheza ndi, chifukwa, kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka. Chernobyl - zoni kupatulana pambuyo ngozi. Kenako mazana mahekitala alandira mlingo wamphamvu wa poizoni chifukwa cha zomwe iwo anali kwathunthu kuchotsedwa ntchito anthu.

njira zakuya

Nthaka kungolandira osiyanasiyana zovuta zinthu nyukiliya. Komanso, zimasunga kwa nthawi yaitali.

Radionuclides m'nthaka yodziwika ndi:

• katundu mitundu mankhwala yogwira;
• katundu ndi zikuchokera nthaka yeniyeniyo;
• katundu wa radionuclides fallout;
• magawo nyengo;
• mbali ya Edene.

Radionuclides kudyetsedwa kuyenda pamwamba nthaka zikuchokera aerosols, mchere, particulate mafuta, etc. Mbali pazipita tuzigawo twa awo sungunuka mu fallout padziko lonse wa 30-90%. Chithunzi apamwamba ochokera cesium ndi strontium. Kodi khalidwe radionuclides m'tsogolo - palibe aliyense akudziwa. Mphamvu mgwirizano kumawonjezera ndi kucheperachepera solubility wa depositions awo. Nthaka sungunuka organic zinthu ndi acidification wapadera wa chilengedwe zimakhudza Kusamuka kwa radionuclides kuti ntchito kwa cholinga cha kuyeretsedwa kwake kuwonjezeka.

The sayenda cha kudetsedwa nyukiliya zimadalira:

• mineralogical zikuchokera;
• kupezeka mu zopinga nthaka geochemical;
• tinthu kukula yogawa ;
• katundu humus;
• anachita sing'anga.

Cham'mbali kusokonekera kwa radionuclides

Kulosera zotsatira zotheka cha kudetsedwa nthaka Nkofunika kudziwa makhalidwe a Kusamuka kwa radionuclides.

kusokonekera kwa radionuclides mu nthaka amapezeka mbali yopingasa ndi ofukula mwachibadwa ndi chifukwa cha zochita za anthu.

Cham'mbali akusamukira kwina chifukwa:

• zoyendera aeolian (dzina likuchokera ku dzina la mulungu Aeolus mphepo);
• litulukira Madzi osefukira kuti kukuchititsa zambiri tima kuipitsidwa nisin ndi madambo;
• nyama zinyalala (, nyongolotsi, nguluwe, timadontho-timadontho ndi ena "kukumba");
• magalimoto;
• kukolola chakudya wobiriwira pa meadows zakhudzana;
• nkhalango moto, amene ali wamphamvu kwambiri isotopes kusamutsa china.

Osachepera yopingasa kusamuka anati mu coenoses nkhalango, ndi pazipita - mu agrocenoses ndi dothi kuwala. Cham'mbali kusokonekera, pa dzanja limodzi, kuchepetsa mlingo wa kuipitsidwa nthaka ndi nuclides nyukiliya, pa zina - kuwonjezera dera yogawa awo.

owongoka kusamuka

Koma kusokonekera umodzi, kenaka mu zonse mitundu nthaka, ndi mwapang'onopang'ono. Liniya liwiro la ndondomeko ndi ku magawo angapo masentimita awiri pa chaka. Nthaka Pankhaniyi amachita ngati chotchinga biogeochemical. Studies in Chernobyl zone anasonyeza kuti ambiri mwa radionuclides mu zotsalira mkati pamwamba wosanjikiza dothi (10 cm) kwa nthawi yaitali. Ndi matabwa a zone ichi zinthu nyukiliya atasunga zinyalala (masamba, masingano) ndi wosanjikiza kunsi kwa nthaka (za 1-2 cm).

Ofukula Kusamuka kwa radionuclides zimadalira zinthu:

• chiphala kuphulika;
• mvula, chinyezi kutengerapo paulimi ndi evaporation;
• kulanda machitidwe chomera mizu;
• zochita za anthu - kulima ulimi.

Madera ambiri tizilombo toyambitsa matenda dziko

Pa dziko, pali mazana a m'madera radioactively zakhudzana. A ngozi ndi hanford malo m'chigawo cha Washington, USA. Apa chimphona zovuta tithe yoyamba padziko lonse chitukuko nyukiliya inamangidwa mu zaka za m'ma lomaliza. Chifukwa cha zochita zake mu zakhudzana mamita lalikulu m'dera 518. Km.

Ntaka ku Somalia akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito monga kotaya oletsedwa zinyalala nyukiliya. Semipalatnsky malo mu Kazakhstan komwe mayesero nyukiliya kunachitika, ndi imodzi mwa madera ambiri cheza-woopsawo mu dziko. M'tawuni ya Maili-Suu, Kyrgyzstan, migodi ureniamu wakhala kusintha mu Union lonse, chifukwa mu woipa kwambiri mkulu wa isotopes nyukiliya ku migodi chigawo.

The odziwika bwino Chernobyl zone - woyendera nthambi akufa, kumene ambiri mazana makilomita cha kudetsedwa nthaka chinachitika. Chernobyl - si dziko okha nyukiliya opangira magetsi, kumene kunali tsoka nyukiliya ya padziko lonse. Similar chinachitika mu Fukushima, Japan. Apa, chivomezi ndi tsunami mu March 2011 anachititsa ngozi pa chomera, amene anavutika chifukwa cha gawo yaikulu.

Industrial zovuta "Mayak" mu Russia mu mzinda chinsinsi "Chelyabinsk 40" pafupi ndi tauni ya Kyshtym anakhudzidwa ndi ngozi mu 1957. zotsatira zake anakhala kuipitsidwa nyukiliya ya mahekitala 25 000 olimapo. Zoterezi zoopsa padziko OJSC Siberia Chemical Phatikizani mu Tomsk Oblast, Russia.

Features wa ntchito m'madera zakhudzana

M'nthaka makamaka kudziunjikira radionuclides ndi yaitali theka kuwola: promethium 147, Cerro 144, cesium 137, Ruthenium-106 ndi 103, strontium-90. The owopsa kwa zamoyo ndi strontium-90. Choncho, minda ndi kachilombo poizoni khalidwe agrochemical, agro-luso ndi ntchito zina, okhoza kuchepetsa kusintha kosangalatsa mankhwala woopsawo wochokera ku dothi zomera. Chifukwa chaichi komanso kudula topsoil ndi kuyikidwa.

An muyeso ogwira mtima ndi mbewu ya ena mitundu ya zomera ndi zamoyo, zomwe yodziwika ndi mlingo osachepera kudzikundikira radionuclide. Aliyense akudziwa kuti kudzinenepetsa nyama, ntchito kokha chakudya woyera. Sorbents ntchito monga zina zapadera zimene ziletsa Ndime ya zinthu nyukiliya mu mkaka.

Reclamation ntchito umalimbana kuchepetsa kadyedwe wa radionuclides zomera. Kuchita izi sorbents nthaka, monga vermiculite, zeolite, mchere ndi organic zina, laimu. Mu ulimi kuchepa kudzikundikira zomera amapezeka kupyolera mwa machitachita radionuclides ulimi. Muzicheza plantage kulima, ndi mapangidwe zolowa. Izi njira kulima akutitsogolera kuti kuzama kwa asaipitsidwe nyukiliya. Chifukwa kudzikundikira ichi zinthu zomera yafupika ndi maulendo 24. Mu ulimi, ayenera kusintha kapangidwe ka kasinthasintha mbewu. Ndi bwino kuyamba kukula mbewu mafakitale kuti sizigwiritsidwa ntchito chakudya.

Njira zina za ntchito m'dera zakhudzana ndi kuchotsa zotsatira zina zilizonse. Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kulenga nkhokwe wapadera. Mu Amowabu maziko cheza pa malo a matenda anabzala nkhalango, makamaka paini.

kukhwimitsa chitetezo

kukhwimitsa chitetezo m'madera pali kuipitsidwa nyukiliya wa nthaka, akuuzidwa pa kuchepetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kuwala kwa magetsi. Ikuchitika zimenezi:

• strategy chitukuko ntchito mankhwala m'dera la mlingo waukulu kapena mayiko, malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa ndi chiopsezo angathe kuipitsidwa m'madera ozungulira;
• reclamation, mitsuko agro-luso;
• mankhwala disinfection;
• ntchito sorbents;
• kuletsa zochita za anthu;
• kuwadziwitsa anthu za kuopsa angakwanitsire;
• kuchepetsa katundu ndi mankhwala ena alionse m'deralo oopsa.

Nthawi ya zotuluka pa malamulo zimatengera makamaka osalimba a kuipitsidwa. Komanso, kulabadira padzuwa mlingo wa poizoni. Nthawiyi ukhoza kwa masabata angapo makumi angapo. Choncho ecologists kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka ndi zotsatira zake.