Njira yaikulu ya kusintha ndalama

Ngati kuphwanya dongosolo bata chuma m'dziko ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za kusintha kwa ndalama. Transformation Cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa kwakukulu ziwonongeke kuti chikanachitika mu izo. Boma akupanga kusintha kugwiritsa ntchito wagawo zisathe ndalama, omwe amakhala ndi khola kugula mphamvu. Izi zipangitsa kuti chitukuko ubale wa chibadidwe chuma msika.

Kenaka ganizirani njira zofunika ntchito kukonza chuma.

mwachidule

Njira kusintha ndalama, makhalidwe awo atsimikiziridwa m'malamulo lolunjika pa wosasunthika pa chuma. Mu ndondomeko ya kusintha chakhungu banknotes ndi kudzipatula, ndi m'malo chikalata atsopano.

Monga mbali ya kusintha unit ndalama zikhoza kusintha kapena wokhutira golide, kusintha kwa wina ndi njira zina ndalama. Pamene kusintha chimakhudza ndalama ndipo makope si ndalama. Pakali pano, palibe njira imodzi kusintha chuma sikubweretsa kuteteza mtendere wa chida latsopano chuma m'tsogolo.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, pambuyo kusintha zofunika kuzitsatira miyeso yeniyeni thandizo. A mbali yofunika kwambiri mu ndondomeko izi ankaimba ndi mfundo zachuma ndi ngongole. Izo ziyenera wolungama ndi umalimbana malamulo dera la ndalama ndi zolowa cashless.

Gawo

njira monga njira ya kusintha ndalama zomwe amakhala osiyana, zimakhudza boma la zachuma. Mu sayansi, pali njira zingapo ziziyenda. Makamaka, pali njira zotsatirazi kusintha ndalama:

1. Osiyana. Ndi malamulo a boma ndi mabanki, lolunjika pa lamulo la kuwombola yachilendo malo kapangidwe. Zimenezi ikuchitika polumikiza zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ndalama malipiro mayiko ndi kutetezedwa zomvetsa. Kawirikawiri, chochitika ikukhudza kukhazikitsa zinthu zosalimba ndi kugula mosamala kwambiri.
2. Nullification. Njira imeneyi amapereka kulengeza kulipira ya kuwonongeka mayunitsi chuma ndi kuyambitsa kwa chida yatsopano m'malo.
3. Devaluation. Ndi kusintha kwa ndalama dziko ndi lachilendo la limodzi ndi kuchepa mphamvu ya unit ndalama kugula.
4. Chipembedzo. Njira imeneyi kuchititsa kusintha ndalama kumaphatikizapo kusintha mtengo mwadzina chipangizo ndalama. Kawirikawiri imagwiridwa pansi mkhalidwe wa mayunitsi kale m'malo chiŵerengero zina ndi athandizira lapansi.
5. Revaluation. Zimatengera kubwezeretsa okhutira golide wa unit nkhani analipo kale.

Pali njira zina za kusintha kwa ndalama. Deflation Mwachitsanzo, amapereka achire ku makope yambiri banknotes. Izi kumachepetsa ndalama kupezeka.

Mwatsatanetsatane kusinthika

Kukula kwa gawo la ndalama za dziko limasonyeza kusintha ndalama za preconditions awo, zolinga ndi zotsatira. Ntchito chifungulo cha kusinthika ndi streamline anathetsera zida chuma ndi kulimbitsa dongosolo lonse.

Njira kusintha ndalama anasankha malingana zinthu zosiyanasiyana:

• ndondomeko kupanga;
• ndi kulunjika dongosolo la ndale;
• malo a magulu osiyana pakati pa anthu;
• boma ambiri a zachuma mu boma.

njira imene ilipo ya kusintha ndalama zikukhudza kuchotsa zonse kapena kuchuluka zina zosonyeza pepala, m'malo mwa latsopano, kukhazikitsanso lonse dera chuma ndi ngongole, kusintha mlingo kuwombola ndi zina zotero.

nullification

Dzina njira ali mizu Latin. Imachokera mawu nullus - "sanali sakupezeka", "ayi" ndi facio - "Ine ndikutero." Kusintha ndalama monga njira kulimbana kufufuma ntchito ndi boma, monga ulamuliro, pokha pokha kwambiri. nullification A ikuchitika vuto la sagwirizana zachuma.

Izo zikhoza kukhala chifukwa kufunika achire wa banknotes chimenechi chinathetsa mphamvu zake yovomerezeka mawerengedwe chida. Zimenezi zikachitika, kawirikawiri pamene kusintha mphamvu zandale. Mu zina, nullification chikugwirizana ndi devaluation lapansi. Pankhaniyi, nzeru chitsanzo akale zizindikiro watsopano mkhutu pa mlingo yafupika.

Njira ya kusintha ndalama zogwirizana milandu kumene mavuto azachuma zafika muyeso ngati umene mtengo wa pepala unit wa nkhani ndi pafupifupi kusanduka ziro.

chipembedzo

Dzina limeneli komanso amachokera ku Latin mawu nominatio, kutanthauza "dzina".

The njira ya kusintha ndalama zikuphatikizapo amayesetsa kusintha mwadzina mtengo mawerengedwe zipangizo ndi nzeru wakale zizindikiro latsopano mu chiŵerengero yeniyeni. Mu chiwerengero chomwecho ndi recalculation wa tariffs, mitengo, malipiro ake, ndi zina zotero.

chipembedzo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa olimba ndalama ndi kufufuma. Komabe, njira imeneyi chingathandize ndi zinthu zochepa dongosolo malipiro. Ndipotu, chipembedzo ndi njira kulimbikitsa ndalama boma.

Kuphatikiza ya mtengo lonse kumachitika mwa ziro strikethrough. The devaluation mu Russia unachitikira August 17, 1998 kuphatikiza kwachitika mu nkhani iyi ndi pafupifupi 4 - m'malo 6.1 rubles. US $ 1. 24 rubles unakhazikitsidwa.

Features terminology

Malingaliro ntchito mu mapangidwe a unit kusintha nkhani si milandu onse limakupatsani molondola amapenda akamanena za miyeso. Mwachitsanzo, chipembedzo zambiri amatanthauza kuchepa mawu mwadzina la zida chikalata ndalama. khalidwe ichi n'cholandirika yoganizira za kusintha zomwe zachitika mu Russia.

Makamaka, mawuwa amanena za chipembedzo mu 1922 linatulutsidwa m'chaka cha 1000 ndi ruble m'malo mwa zizindikiro, anapereka kale. Similar makhalidwe a chipembedzo lokhudza kusintha kwa 1923. Mu chaka chino anamasulidwa zizindikiro Calculated chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi mayunitsi wosindikiza mu 1922 1: 100.

Mu 1961, m'malo watsopano wakhala anachita. Kale anamasulidwa ine ndalama zatsopano chiŵerengero cha 10 1 wagawo inakhazikitsa mu 1961 muyeso imeneyi anali kusintha mtengo mwadzina la aziwerenga chida. Zinali zofunika makamaka zolowa ndalama mkati boma. Nthawiyi, pamodzi ndi Calculated chipembedzo zili golide wagawo anachepetsedwa ndi nthawi 4.5. Izi muyeso Akuti ngati palokha ndipo anali pachibale makamaka wotuluka ndi kumayiko ena.

Si molondola dzina chipembedzo mu Watsimikiza Pulezidenti anavomereza 04/08/1997 Ndi njira "strikethrough ziro". Mu 1998, chipembedzo mu dziko zinachitikadi mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 1000. Malinga Watsimikiza amapereka kwa kusinthidwa mtengo mwadzina zizindikiro, koma osati unit ndalama. Pa chipembedzo chomwecho, kwenikweni wake, si ndalama, komanso pa zida ndalama ntchito wotuluka cashless.

zotsatira

Mu zinthu zovuta 2009 ndi depreciation mwapang'onopang'ono ruble chifukwa kuwuka mu mtengo wa $ 1. Ndi kusintha pali mavuto. Makamaka:

1. Kuwonjezeka chidwi kuwonjezeka zogulitsa kunja. Ichi ndi chifukwa wambirimbiri ruble akhoza kuwapeza pa botolo la zasungidwa kuwombola yachilendo.
2. Kuwonjezera pa mtengo wa mankhwala m'misika zoweta. Izi makamaka noticeable poyerekezera ndi katundu kunja. Zimenezi, ali kungasokoneze za chuma cha anthu.
3. The kuchepa mtengo wa ndalama ruble.
4. Zikuipiraipirabe a kapezedwe zida yachilendo.

Onse zotsatira ayenera n'komwe ndi boma, kusankha njira ya kusintha ndalama. Monga mbali ya kusintha kofunika kupereka miyezo kuthetsa mavuto a kusinthitsa ndalama ruble ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero ndi mabizinesi.

devaluation

Dzina limeneli likuchokera ku devalvatio Latin. M'mawu awa ndi manambala oyambirira de A zikutanthauza kusuntha pansi, ndipo valeo - "kuyima", "ndi kuti".

The njira ya kusintha ndalama zikuphatikizapo mulinso kutsitsa mtengo nduna ya gulu la nkhani. Iye anali limodzi ndi kusintha kwa zachuma mu nthawi ya ntchito zizindikiro zitsulo. devaluation The zinachitikadi nthawi yomweyo ndi kuchepetsa zili golide wa unit malamulo ndalama kapena kuchepetsa mlingo wa banknotes wachibale ndalama zakunja kapena golide.

Mu zikhalidwe yamakono ya ntchito njira zimenezi zimasonyeza ndalama mavuto madera dziko kapena depreciation yokulirapo ya ndalama (mosalekeza) panopa kuchepekedwa nkhani.

Pamene devaluation analimbikitsa wolowa koma ichi kumawonjezera kukula kwa ngongole kunja boma, kuchuluka mtengo wa katundu kunja. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kulimbikitsa andale ndi azachuma zotsutsana alipo mu dongosolo la zachuma.

revaluation

Imodzi mwa njira kusintha ndalama ndi kuchepetsa inflow likulu yachilendo zongopeka mu dziko. Revaluation (kubwezeretsa) limakupatsani kusunga kuwonjezeka okwanira ndalama ndipo m'mbuyo kuwuka mu mitengo zoweta.

Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo World Choyamba ku England, mu zaka 1925-1928 boma wabwezeretsedwa zili golide wa libisi, omwe analipo kale nkhondo. Revaluation zinachitikadi mwa kuukitsa boma kusinthitsa ndalama ya ndalama dziko ndi dola.

Kusinthika mu Russia 1895-1997 gg.

Nthawi imeneyi, ndalama imene kusintha S. Yu. Vitte. Masinthidwe ankayambitsa ndi:

1. Kusakhazikika kwa zachuma.
2. Underdevelopment ubale kunja ndi mkati zachuma.
3. Chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. Chifukwa lamulo anatengera mu dziko panali anthu ambiri kwaulere.
4. Ang'onoang'ono backwardness ya boma motsutsa likhale chitukuko capitalist a ku Ulaya.
5. Kupanda kuvomera likulu lina.

Kusintha ndalama Witte zinachitikadi ndi devaluation lapansi. Okhutira golide wa unit nkhani zochepa ndi 1/3. chizindikiro timbewu ankaona ruble golide. Bank State ndalama wakhala kwaiye, omwe analipo rubles biliyoni 1,095 .. Pa nthawi yomweyo wotchedwa bungwe ndalama ndi mwayi apereke banknotes. Uwerenge anali kukhala biliyoni 1,121 rubles .. ndi kupereka kwaiye ndalama golide. Chifukwa cha kusinthika:

1. zida ndalama makope dongosolo zasintha kwambiri kwa bwino.
2. Ruble anakwanitsa kutenga udindo woyamba mwa ndalama zonse mwaulele mpandadenga. Pa nthawi yomweyo, anapeza dola US ndi mapaundi chabwino.
3. Dziko analandira ndalama zakunja.
4. Russia wakhala anazindikira monga bwenzi odalirika zachuma ndi zosungunulira, ndipo anayamba mizere capitalist.

Chofunikanso

Tikumbukenso kuti mtengo wa zinthu pa kusintha ndalama mosiyana. Nthawi zambiri yekha pamaso pa zinthu zonse zofunikira kusinthika komwe angathe. Pankhani ya kusintha Witte preconditions zofunikira zili mwa mawonekedwe a kukula kupanga ndi pafupifupi moyenera bajeti. Koma popeza kusintha envisaged kusintha kwa kuwombola ufulu wa banknotes golide, tanthauzo lapadera anali kufunika kupanga malo kake. Pofuna kukwaniritsa izi, mawu akuti "osati kumaliza, koma kutenga" anali asankha. Ndipo chifukwa katundu wakhala anasonkhanitsa likulu kutero.

Kutembenuka kwa 1922-1924.

kukonzanso uku kunali kuthetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha Civil nkhondo ndi First World nkhondo. Ntchito n'kumene kuchotsa mofulumira depreciating unit wa nkhani ya mankhwala. Mu 1922-1924 gg. palibe prerequisites kusintha, koma panali zinthu zimene chofunika kusintha.

mfundozi m'gulu chakuti kulemera kwa ndalama zakunja kupezeka anayamba kugonjetsa kuchuluka kwa kuthetsa zizindikiro dziko. Transformation anayamba ndi kutulutsidwa zidutswa golide. Popeza zinthu zofunika kusintha inatha yekha mu 1924

Tisaiwale kufunika kokula yopanga. Makamaka adakula gawo la ulimi. Chinthu Zimenezi zimakhala zolimbikitsa kwambiri pa njira ya kusintha. Mu kutaya boma linali lalikulu nkhokwe za golide wokwanira, koma kunalinso chidwi kuchepekedwa bajeti. Zinali kufunika kuthetsa bwanji nthawi ya kusintha kwa.

Zofunika General

Zinachitikira m'mbiri ya dziko kukhazikitsa kusintha ndalama zimathandiza kudziwa zinthu zitatu za kupambana kwawo:

1. Zotsimikizira kukula. Imakhala kuwonjezeka mu buku la okwanira ndi kuletsa Kukwera kwa mitengo ya mankhwala. Pokhalabe mtendere wa unit nkhani ya zinthu izi ndi zofunika kwambiri.
2. The pakalibe kuchepekedwa bajeti. Iwo zimathandiza kuti ntchito ndalama nkhani osati kukopa chuma ngongole kuphimba ndalama. Chifukwa ichi kugula mphamvu zochepa ndi imakhudzira ayenera kuchuluka mtengo.
3. Kapezekedwe ka nkhokwe zokwanira. Iwo amalola kuti tikhale olimba ya ndalama ya dziko, ngati n'koyenera, kupereka malangizo a mankhwala ndi kuonjezera kotunga ake mu msika.

mafunso mayeso

Mu kuphunzira njira mbiri ya Russia, mwapadera linaperekedwa kwa mavuto ndi boma Zimene kuti kuchoka kwa iwo. Kuti timvetse bwino internalized mudziwe anapatsidwa pamwamba, mukhoza podziyesa poyankha mafunso otsatirawa:

1. Kodi njira ya kusintha ndalama.
2. Kodi prerequisites alipo kukhazikitsa ndi bwino kusintha?
3. zotsatira zoipa angayambe pamene kuchepetsa ruble kusinthitsa ndalama?
4. Kodi wapadera za kusintha mu zaka 1895-1997.?
5. Perekani ikulongosola za kusintha ndalama za 1922-1924? ndi chifukwa nthawi yake chiyani?

Zedi, tsopano mmene chuma chikuyendera ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi amene kale. Komabe, kupanga miyeso ofunika tiyenera kuganizira zimene zinachitikira zaka zapitazi.