Ndi Chaanthu, mbiri yake ndi phunziro la Kodi

Khama la sayansi iliyonse - Chaanthu, ndipo izi nazonso - zimayamba ndi tanthauzo la chinsinsi lofunika mfundo malamulo, magulu ndi njira. Dzina lokha - "umoyo" (anthu, chitaganya) ndi "Logos" (sayansi, chidziwitso) - tinganene kuti Chaanthu - nzeru za anthu. Koma momwe kuwasiyanitsa ndi zina sayansi chikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo, sayansi ndale, Social Psychology, ndi ena? Kodi zoona, ndiye Chaanthu? Tanthawuzo la sayansi wapatsidwa, mwa ena, Vebsterovskom dictionary: "Sociology - nzeru za mbiri ya chitukuko, malamulo a bungwe ndi moyo gulu mavuto a anthu monga mayunitsi ndi anthu, woimira magulu ena chikhalidwe ndi zachilungamo."

Koma pamaso tingayankhe funso, kodi Chaanthu, tiyenera kumvetsa bwino ndi gulu chikhalidwe ndi anthu ammudzi? Kodi gulu la anthu ndi chiyani? gulu Social anthu amachita chifukwa cha kuyanjana ndi gulu chifukwa cha ubwenzi mbiri khola. Si onse, situational, monga okwera pa chombo kapena mafilimu a kanema omvera, ndicho zisathe. gulu Social, kotero inu mukhoza kuitana banja, maphunziro kapena ntchito losonkhanitsidwa. Komanso angatchedwe mudzi ndi anthu amene mwachindunji ndi mzake mwina si bwino - magulu zaka, strata chikhalidwe ndi makalasi, mitundu, magulu achipembedzo, pamapeto, boma komanso dziko.

The tanthauzo la zimene Chaanthu, ndi ulemu kwa Ayuda amenewa ndi magulu akhoza yodziwika motere: sayansi kuphunzira malamulo a mapangidwe magulu awa, kugwira ntchito zawo pakumanga limagwirira boma ndi ubwenzi pakati pawo. Izi ndi nkhani za khalidwe la anthu. Kumene, Aristotle anaitana mwamuna "zoon politikon" - ie, "nyama zimene", koma Chaanthu sayansi ndi mwachilungamo wamng'ono. Iye anabadwa yekha m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Ndipo Chifukwa kuti "anawomba nsalu kutali" m'madera ena anakhala wodziimira Social Science.

The loyambirira kukhazikitsa mu ntchito sayansi mawu akuti "Chaanthu" anali Ogyust Kont mu 1842. Mu buku lake "Njira ya Zabwino Philosophy," iye anatero, ndiye Chaanthu, ndipo anafotokoza sayansi. Kukhala kutsatira za mfundo ya "bata ndi kutukuka", Comte kugubuduza pa anthu mfundo thupi la bwino ndi chosokonekera zinthu zonse structural a anthu. Choncho, Chaanthu, malinga Comte, ndi chidziwitso cha anthu monga mtundu wina wa thupi kandalama umene aliyense "molekyulu" akhoza kuphunzira pamaso pa zabwino anthu, ndi Chaanthu yokha Tingaone monga statics chikhalidwe ndi mphamvu chikhalidwe. Iye akufuna kufufuza njira chikhalidwe kutsatira chitsanzo cha sayansi zachilengedwe. Choncho, njira Comte amatchedwanso sayansi chikhalidwe.

Great mphatso za tanthauzo la zimene Chaanthu, Marx anapanga. Atalipenda chi anthu "mafakitale zisinthe" nthawi, Marx anayamba wanzeru koma potsutsa chiphunzitso cha formations umoyo ndi zachuma. Waukulu "kufala lamba" mu ndondomeko kusunthira anthu, iye wotchedwa zakuthupi ndiponso unansi zachuma. Mtengo wa Marx n'chakuti kuti kuthandauza kwa anthu dongosolo pompopompo osauka, amene ali mankhwala chitukuko mbiri.

Asayansi Maks Veber ndi Emil Dyurkgeym anayamba sociological chiphunzitso chawo anapanga maziko a nkhani za khalidwe la anthu. Kodi mtundu wa amajambulapo maluwa okongola kuti kuphatikiza osiyana luso ndi mlingo wa chitukuko cha anthu mu magulu omwewo chikhalidwe - iwo anafunsa funso. Weber - ndi kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo aliyense payekha chifukwa cha gulu la gulu lonse la anthu. Durkheim akuyankha funso limeneli mosiyana: kuchita njira zina, munthu akupanga "chikumbu-mtima chofanana" malamulo mwachitsanzo ndi malangizo anatengera anthu, ndi anthu, ndi m'dziko limene munthu uli.