Nchito ndi mitundu ya minofu (Biology)

Thupi la zamoyo ambiri wapangidwa zimakhala. Kuchotserapo onse unicellular ndi multicellular, ena Mwachitsanzo, m'munsi zomera, monga algae, ndi lichens. M'nkhaniyi tiona mitundu ya nsalu. Biology imaphunzira nkhani, ndicho gawo ake - histology. Dzina la munda anachokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "nsalu" ndi "kudziwa zinthu." Pali mitundu ambiri nsalu. Biology maphunziro, ndi zomera ndi nyama. Ali kusiyana kwambiri. Minofu, mitundu minofu zamoyo maphunziro kwa nthawi yaitali. Iwo anafotokoza kwa nthawi yoyamba, ngakhale akatswiri akale aja monga Aristotle ndi Avicenna. Minofu, mitundu minofu zamoyo akupitiriza kufufuza zina - m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, iwo ankafufuza asayansi amenewa wodziwika bwino Moldengauer, Mirbel, Hartig ndi ena. Ndi chotenga mbali, mitundu yatsopano ya anthu selo anaphunzira ntchito awo poyera.

Mitundu ya nsalu - Biology

Choyamba, tisaiwale kuti zimakhala kuti ndi chibadidwe zomera, sizionekaoneka nyama. Choncho mitundu ya minofu zamoyo zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: zomera ndi nyama. Onse kuphatikiza ambiri mitundu. Izi ife idzaturuka kukambirana.

Mitundu ya zimakhala nyama

Kuyamba ndi kuyamba, ndi kuyandikira kwa ife. Popeza kuti ndife a nyama, thupi lathu imakhala yeniyeni ya minofu, amene mitundu adzakhala anafotokoza. Mitundu Animal minofu akhoza m'magulu magulu anayi akuluakulu: zaminyewa, minofu, connective ndi mantha. Mfundo zitatu zoyambirira anawagawa mitundumitundu. Only gulu lomaliza ukufanizidwa ndi mtundu umodzi wokha. Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane mitundu yonse ya nsalu, kapangidwe ndi ntchito zimene zili khalidwe la iwo mu dongosolo.

minofu mantha

Popeza mtundu umodzi okha, kuyamba naye. Maselo a minofu otchedwa manyuroni. Aliyense wa iwo tichipeza thupi, ndi axon ndi dendrites. Otsiriza - izo njira imene ndi kugula zamagetsi imafalikira selo iliyonse. The axon wa minyewa mu umodzi - ndi ndondomeko yaitali, dendrites angapo, iwo ali ang'onoang'ono kwambiri kuposa poyamba. Thupi selo ndi pakati. Komanso, mu cytoplasm ndi ili wotchedwa Nissl maselo - analogue endoplasmic retikulluma, mitochondria yotulutsa mphamvu, ndi neyrotrubochki kuti nawo conduction wa kugula ndi selo imodzi ndi mzake. Malinga ntchito zawo, manyuroni anawagawa mitundu yambiri. Yoyamba - kwenikweni, kapena afferent. Mboniwa zikhumbo ku ziwalo zomveka ubongo. Mtundu wachiwiri wa minyewa - associative, kapena kusinthitsa. Aunika zimene timaphunzira ku mphamvu ndi kupanga kubwerera zimachitika. Mitundu koteroko manyuroni zopezeka mu ubongo ndi msana. Yotsirizira zosiyanasiyana - galimoto kapena afferent. Iwo amanyamula zimachitika ku ubongo associative ziwalo. Komanso mu minofu mantha ndi intercellular mankhwala. Iwo anachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri, monga lili malo amodzi mu danga la manyuroni ndi kulowerera kuchotsa maselo kwa zinthu osafunika.

zaminyewa

Awa ndi mitundu ya zimakhala amene maselo kwambiri pafupi wina ndi mnzake. Iwo akhoza kukhala akalumikidzidwa osiyana, koma nthawi zonse ali pafupi. mitundu yonse yosiyana ya nsalu ya gulu ofanana ndi kuti chinthu intercellular mwa iwo si kokwanira. Iwo makamaka akuimira mu mawonekedwe a madzi, zina izo zikhoza kukhala. Izi mitundu ya zimakhala thupi, amene amateteza, ndiponso ntchito secretory ntchito. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo mitundu angapo. Ndi mosabisa, cylindrical, kiyubiki, kukhudza, ciliated ndi glandular epithelium. Dzina la aliyense angathe kumvetsa zimene mawonekedwe iwo wapangidwa maselo. losiyanasiyana zimakhala zaminyewa zosiyana ndi malo ake mu thupi. Choncho mizere lathyathyathya M'mimbamo wa kapepalako chapamwamba m'mimba - m'kamwa ndi kum'mero. Columnar epithelium m'mimba ndipo matumbo. Kiyubiki angapezeke mu tubules ndi aimpso. Kukhudza mizere M'mimbamo m'mphuno, pa iwo pali wapadera villi, kupereka maganizo ndi zofukiza. Ciliated maselo epithelium, monga momwe tikuonera bwino udindo wake, adzalandira cytoplasmic cilia. Mtundu uwu wa minofu kumalumikiza Airways kuti ali pansipa m'mphuno. The cilia, amene ali mukachipinda kuchita kuyeretsa ntchito - iwo ali penapake osasankhidwa mpweya umene umadutsa matupi m'mapiko mfundo zimenezi epithelium. Mitundu otsiriza minofu gulu - glandular epithelium. maselo ake kuchita ntchito secretory. Zikupezeka zopangitsa, komanso monga M'mimbamo ziwalo zina monga m'mimba. Maselo a mtundu umenewu epithelium kupanga mahomoni, earwax, madzi chapamimba, mkaka, sebum, ndi zinthu zina zambiri.

minofu minofu

gulu lagawidwa mitundu itatu. minofu ndi yosalala, striated ndi mtima. Onse minofu minofu ofanana ndi amene wapangidwa ndi maselo yaitali - CHIKWANGWANI, iwo ali ndi ochuluka zedi mitochondria, monga iwo ayenera kwambiri mphamvu ndi kayendedwe. Yosalala minofu minofu mizere M'mimbamo ziwalo mkati. Kuchepetsa minofu sitingathe kulamulira okha, monga iwo innervated ndi mantha dongosolo autonomic. Maselo striated zimakhala minofu yodziwika kuti iwo ali mitochondria kuposa choyamba. Ichi ndi chifukwa iwo ayenera mphamvu zambiri. Striated minofu amatha kuchepa kwambiri mofulumira kuposa yosalala. Amakhala ndi minofu chigoba. Iwo innervated ndi mantha dongosolo somatic, kotero kuti ife tikhoza bwino nazo. Minofu mtima minofu Chili makhalidwe ena a choyamba awiri. Iwo amatha kukhala mwachangu ndipo mofulumira amakana monga striated, koma innervated mwa dongosolo autonomic mantha, komanso yosalala.

Mitundu kugwirizana nsalu ndi ntchito zawo

nsalu zonse za gulu ili yodziwika ndi ambiri mankhwala intercellular. Nthawi zina, zikuoneka m'chigawo madzi, ena - mu madzi, ndi zina - mu mawonekedwe a misa amorphous. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo mitundu isanu ndi iwiri. Ndi wandiweyani ndi kumasura CHIKWANGWANI, fupa, chichereŵechereŵe, reticular, adipose, magazi. Mu kusintha loyamba CHIKWANGWANI chogwidwa. Malowa ali pamtunda kuzungulira ziwalo mkati. Ntchito yake kuwapatsa kusinthasintha ndi chitetezo. Lotayirira fibrous minofu amorphous misa chimapambana pa ndi ulusi. Kwathunthu amadzadza mipata pakati pa ziwalo mkati, pamene mitundu wandiweyani fibrous yekha mtundu wa chipolopolo padziko otsiriza. Komanso n'chofunikira zozitetezera. Bone ndi chichereŵechereŵe minofu kupanga mafupa. Iye anachita thupi la ntchito thandizo ndi gawo zozitetezera. Maselo ndi thunthu intercellular amachuluka fupa zinthu zochita kupanga, makamaka mankhwala kashiamu ndi phosphates. Data kuwombola zinthu pakati pa mafupa ndi magazi zonse mahomoni monga calcitonin ndi paratireotropin. Origin amathandiza fupa yachibadwa kuchita mu kutembenuka kwa phosphorous ndi calcium ayoni mu mpanda wa organic, awasungira mu mafupa a. wachiwiri, Tikawonetsetsa ndi akusowa wa ayoni izi mu magazi amakwiya kupeza iwo kuchokera zimakhala chigoba.

magazi lili kwambiri zinthu madzi intercellular, iwo akutchedwa plasma. maselo ake m'malo svoebrazny. Iwo agawidwa mu mitundu itatu: maselo othandiza magazi kuundana, maselo ofiira ndi maselo oyera. Woyamba ndi udindo clotting magazi. Pa ndondomeko izi, izo anapanga thrombus ang'ono amene kumathandiza zina magazi otayika. maselo ofiira ndi udindo kwa zoyendera mpweya thupi lonse ndi kuwapatsa ndi zimakhala onse ndi ziwalo. Iwo akhoza kukhala aglyutinogeny kuti pali mitundu iwiri - A ndi B. The madzi a m'magazi mwina aglyutininov zili Alpha kapena beta. Iwo odana ndi aglyutinogenam. Pakuti zinthu izi, ndipo anatsimikiza gulu magazi. Gulu loyamba ndi maselo ofiira ndi mwaonapo aglyutinogenov ndi madzi a m'magazi mitundu iwiri aglyutininy yomweyo. Gulu lachiwiri lili aglyutinogenom aglyutininom A ndi beta. Chachitatu - B, ndi Alpha. Mu plasma, wachinayi palibe aglyutininov, koma maselo ofiira ndi aglyutinogeny onse A ndi B. Ngati A opezeka mu Alpha kapena beta, pali otchedwa agglutination anachita, chifukwa maselo ofiira kufa ndi kuundana mawonekedwe. Izi zingachitike ngati magazi nonconforming gulu. Popeza kuti magazi ntchito erythrocytes yekha (plasma likuchotsedwa limodzi la magawo processing magazi), munthu magazi ake okha akhoza magazi kwa gulu loyamba ndi gulu ndi wachiwiri - Magazi woyamba ndi gulu lachiwiri, wachitatu - magulu loyamba ndi wachitatu, wachinayi - a gulu lililonse.

Komanso pa maselo ofiira angakhale antigens D, amene ndiyo RH chinthu, ngati alipo, yotsirizira ndi zabwino, ngati palibe - palibe. Lymphocytes ali ndi udindo chitetezo chokwanira. Iwo agawidwa m'magulu awiri chachikulu: lymphocytes B ndipo T lymphocytes. Choyamba opangidwa mu mafupa, wachiwiri - mu thymus (a England imakhala kuseri breastbone a). T-lymphocytes anawagawira mu T-inducers, T-athandizi ndi T-suppressors. Reticular connective minofu lopangidwa ambiri extracellular masanjidwewo ndi tsinde maselo. Awa, kupanga maselo magazi. nsalu maziko a mafupa ndi ziwalo zina hematopoietic. Palinso minofu adipose, maselo a amene ali lipids. Iwo amachita kubwerera, ndipo nthawizina matenthedwe kutchinjiriza ntchito zoteteza.

Kodi zomera?

Tizilombo timeneti, monga nyama, ndi lopangidwa aggregates maselo intercellular mankhwala. Mitundu ya chomera minofu ife kufotokoza lotsatira. Onse m'magulu angapo lalikulu. Ichi ndi maphunziro, ❖ kuyanika, conductive, makina ndi zofunika. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu zimakhala, kuyambira adzaupereka kwa ochepa kuti gulu lirilonse.

yophunzitsa

Zikuphatikizapo apical, lateral, ndi bala intercalary. Ntchito yawo yaikulu - kuonetsetsa kukula kwa mbewu. Iwo amakhala ndi maselo ang'onoang'ono kuti zikukangalika kugawa, kenako kusiyanitsa kupanga mtundu uliwonse wa minofu. Apical ali pa nsonga umatheka ndi mizu, ndi lateral - mkati tsinde, pansi pa chindwi, ndi Kulowetsa - mu zapansi interstices, bala - pa malo kuvulazidwa.

Kubisa

Iwo yodziwika ndi maselo makoma wandiweyani wapangidwa ndi mapadi. Iwo amagwira nawo ntchito yoteteza. Pali mitundu itatu: ndi khungu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhata Bay. Woyamba chimakwirira mbali zonse za mbewu. Iye angafune zoteteza waxy ❖ kuyanika, monga tsitsi lake, stomata, cuticle pores. Nkhata Bay ndi osiyana mu sipanatenge, makhalidwe ena onse, ndi yofanana ndi khungu. Pakamwapo - coverslips ali zimakhala akufa kuti apange makungwa.

conductive

nsalu imeneyi mitundu iwiri: xylem ndi phloem. Ntchito yawo - zoyendera zinthu kusungunuka m'madzi kuyambira kumizu ziwalo zina ndi mosemphanitsa. Xylem aumbike mwa nsupa popangidwa ndi maselo akufa ndi zipolopolo okhwima ndi webs yopingasa. Iwo kusamutsira oposa madzimadzi. Phloem - sieve machubu - maselo amoyo, amene alibe mtima. nembanemba Cross ndi pores zikuluzikulu. Ndi mitundu ya mbewu zimakhala zinthu kusungunuka m'madzi, ali kusamutsidwa downwards.

mawotchi

Iwonso angadze ku mitundu iwiri: za collenchyma ndi sclerenchyma. ntchito yaikulu - kuonetsetsa mphamvu ziwalo zonse. Collenchyma umaimiridwa ndi maselo ndi zipolopolo zake zimakhala mwamphamvu pafupi wina ndi mnzake. Sclerenchyma wapangidwa ndi maselo elongated akufa ndi zipolopolo zovuta.

waukulu

Monga momwe tikuonera bwino dzina lawo, iwo ndi maziko a ziwalo zonse mbewu. Iwo kuloŵerera ndi m'malo. Loyamba ndilochokera pa gawo wobiriwira masamba ndi tsinde. Maselo amenewa ndi chloroplasts, amene ali ndi udindo kwa dzuwa. Yosungiramo zimakhala kudziunjikira organic nthawi zambiri wowuma izi.