Naturalism zaluso ndi chiyani?

Funso lakuti "kodi naturalism" - mmodzi wa sayansi ovuta kwambiri, chifukwa nthawi zambiri umenewu kusokonezedwa ndi Kuzindikira pa luso ambiri ndi kujambula makamaka. Choncho, muyenera kukhala bwino za kusiyana mafunde awa awiri ndi bwino kusiyanitsa pakati pawo, chifukwa kumakhudzanso kumvetsetsa za chitukuko cha chikhalidwe mu theka lachiwiri la zana la 19. Chinthu choyamba kukumbukira za mmene zinthu zilili komanso wachiweruzo kuwuka kwa malingaliro atsopano zokhudza mavuto a chithunzicho, wolemba ndi wotsogolera.

Terms of yatsoka

Kumvetsa bwino zimene naturalism N'zosatheka amaganizira zinthu zokhudza theka lachiwiri la zana lino. Pa nthawi zinthu zasintha ofunika sayansi, imene kwambiri ndi anzeru kulenga ku ulaya ndi America. Panthawi imeneyi, kachitidwe lalikulu anali positivism, imene imakhudza kuphunzira chikhalidwe ndi anthu sayendera zomangamanga umboni maganizo, koma ndi mfundo konkire. Choncho, asayansi ambiri anakana maphunziro ongolankhula kupita ku kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane za zochitika zenizeni. Mfundo imeneyi msanga anatola ndi angapo ojambula zithunzi, makamaka, iwo anayamba mwakhama ntchito zake, wotchuka wolemba Emile Zola. Mu yachilendo, chithunzicho tsopano anali yosonyeza chowonadi monga momwe ziyenera, popanda anakopekanso ikuluikulu kutsatira malamulo a oyera, zabwino, sayansi experimental.

nzika

Kuphunzira vuto la "Kodi naturalism" ayenera kupitiriza kusanthula maganizo atsopano amene anachitika mwa oimira atengera latsopano. Iwo anayamba kufotokoza ndi kumufotokozera za kuwerenga maganizo a anthu ndi peculiarities wa Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ake, mtundu, ndi zinthu kunja kukhalako. Kuwulura dziko lauzimu wa munthu, chikhalidwe chake zovuta ndiponso zotsutsana, kusakasaka makhalidwe saperekanso otsatira atsopano azimuth. kuli iwo anali chidwi kudwala anthu, mikangano chikhalidwe, akhakula kulimbana kupulumuka. Kwa nthawi yaitali, malingaliro awa akhala otsogolera mu zojambula ndi mabuku. Naturalism ndi chizindikiro cha moyo wokhutira ndi safuna kusintha chilichonse. Ngati romanticism amafunsira zothetsera mavuto mu ndege kuchokera ku chenicheni, Kuzindikira amapereka zambiri kapena zochepa miyeso konkire kusintha dera la munthu, mtundu wanyimbo watsopano oyima pa chimafotokoza zimene sangathe ake. Komabe, olemba imachitika naturalists ankaganiza kuti ndi zolakwa zawo zonse, dziko likadali kwambiri kapena zochepa khola, choncho, zonse ali woyenera, ngakhale mbali yonyansa.

Features

Kumvetsetsa zimene naturalism, tiyenera kukumbukira zinthu nthawi yomwe anauka. Romanticism ndi Kuzindikira saperekanso mu anzeru kulenga, amene anali kufunafuna njira yatsopano ya mawu maganizo awo. Zisinthe, mavuto chikhalidwe, nkhondo, kusiyana ndi makamaka ankhanza amene amalembedwa theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19, sanathe koma bwanji moyo wauzimu wa anthu. The oimira atengera latsopano kupereka misonkhano yonse, nthawi zambiri zithunzi zochitika pa moyo akhakula. Mbali khalidwe la malangizo anakhala deestetizatsiya luso. Ojambula zithunzi ndi olemba tafotokozeramu ndi chinaonekeranso zoyipa za moyo wa munthu, kukhulupirira kuti m'njira imeneyi zimasonyeza zenizeni cholinga. Mwatsoka, chizolowezi kawirikawiri zinachititsa kuti maonekedwe a malonda amene ali ovuta kunena kuti munda wa luso, monga iwo kusiyana ndi makamaka mwano ndi unsightly zochitikazo ndipo mosiyanasiyana. zofunika kwambiri linali lofika fano la munthu mu dziko lenileni. Ojambula zithunzi kulabadira maonekedwe ake, ndi olemba - pa Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi achibadwidwe.

maziko maganizo

A azimuth latsopano luso ndi chikhalidwe sanali kutuluka balamanthu. Iye anali nzeru zake, zomwe anauziridwa gulu lake. Zimasonyeza chakuti mawonetseredwe chake choyamba chibwenzi ku akale, pamene ena anzeru kufotokoza zochitika zonse za chowonadi, kuphatikizapo umunthu kwambiri, pamalo zachilengedwe (Epicurus, oimira Stoicism). Masiku ano, mfundo imeneyi anayamba kupanga ntchito akatswiri angapo ndipo olemba maphunziro mabuku. Iwo ananena kuti akamanena za naturalism yafupika kuchotsa zinthu zonse za mfundo zenizeni za chilengedwe. Anthu ena olemba anayesa kuganizira mfundo koyenela mu kuwala kwa kulimbana munthu kuti Mulungu alipo. anzeru awa anatchula za achibadwidwe chilengedwe cha anthu amavutika kuti apulumuke.

mu prose

Naturalism amaponya chinthu m'mabuku anthu khalidwe fano mogwirizana ndi malongosoledwe a banja ndi chuma zikhalidwe za kukhalako. Writers anali okonda kufotokoza khalidwe la umunthu cha chibadwa chake ndi makhalidwe thupi. Amadziwika zilandiridwenso ena olemba anali kutsanzira njira za sayansi, yomwe, mwatsoka, zinachititsa kuti impoverishment maofesi a luso ndi mwayi. sangathe wina polemba chinenero chimenechi chinali kusowa kwa mfundo ndi maganizo yovuta kwa mtundu uliwonse mfundo m'njira ina iliyonse kuti amadziwika kupanga maziko a romanticism ndi Kuzindikira.

Naturalism mabuku amagwirizana kwenikweni ndi dzina la French wolemba Zola. Nkhani yaikulu ntchito yake anali chifanizo cha matenda moyo pakati kalasi. Anaganizira mbali ogula kuli akatswiri awo. Komabe, ntchito yake, ngakhale roughness mwina zithunzi ndi nkhani, pali nzeru, amene amasiyanitsa wolemba mwa amzathu.

Zitsanzo mu mabuku

Oimira naturalism anapanga zopereka kwambiri mabuku dziko. GI De Mopassan anali kuimira otchuka kukuchititsa zimenezi. Iye anali katswiri wa lalifupi prose ndi mlengi wa mndandanda wa mabuku ena otchuka. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti wolemba anakana naturalism wangwiro, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, iye anayesetsa kukwaniritsa pafupifupi zopelekedwa olondola mu chifanizo cha zochitika. Adapereka kusanthula kuwerenga maganizo a anthu ndi kumangidwanso yekha kuti mfundo zimenezi m'miyoyo ya m'nkhaniyi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye ankasiyana anamvetsera kwambiri zonse momuzungulira, kumene munthu amasonyeza mwa ntchito zake, umene yotsirizira anapeza kutchuka poto-European.

ndi chithunzi

Mu 1870 izo inkayenda mu masomphenya luso Naturalism. Photography ngati kuti chitsanzo amisiri amene wakwanitsa molondola kwambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iwo amayesetsa kunyalanyaza chinthu akuonetsedwa ndipo anayesetsa kupewa kufala kwa mtima, amene kumene, sikuti ntchito. Malo amisiri ndi portraitists anayesa monga bwinobwino ngati n'kotheka kusonyeza wowerenga za chinthu chinachake chodabwitsa popanda anakopekanso ndi misonkhano zokongoletsa. Imodzi mwa oimira otchuka chojambula malangizo atsopano anali French zojambulajambula Manet.

Amaona kuti kukhala tate wa Impressionism, amene mwamsanga kuposa malangizo pansi mwachikondi chikhalidwe, koma anayamba ndi, ndi Zithunzi molondola chinaonekeranso fano chinthu. Imodzi mwa zojambula wotchuka kwambiri, chimene chimafotokoza wantchito wa mowa, ndi kukwapula mu mfundo zake ndiponso mwatsatanetsatane.

Izo zinali ndendende zimene ankafuna naturalism. Photography wakhala otsatira ake ntchito imeneyi muyezo.

nthumwi zina

Chimodzi mwa zovuta za malangizo pansi kulingalira anali chosowa generalizations luso ndi maganizo. Ziwembu sali pansi kusinkhasinkha ndi akatswiri kuwunika yovuta, ndiponso chithandizo, chomwe chinali ankaikira Kuzindikira. Komabe, khalidwe lomwe watsopano wakhala angapo ubwino: kubalana okhulupirika a chowonadi, yolinganizika ndi mwatsatanetsatane.

Kuwonjezera wojambula izi mu kalembedwe Degas ntchito. zojambula zake zinapatsira mosavuta ndiponso mogwirizana chimene chimasiyanitsa zojambula za mlembi wa anthu amene adalipo yosonyeza lachidule kuchokera akhakula moyo wosalira zambiri. Degas ankakonda ntchito ndi pastels, zimene anaima m'mibadwo yake. Features naturalism makamaka zimaonekera pa ntchito za Lautrec.

zithunzi wake ndi zojambula zina eccentric ndipo ngakhale akuyitanira nthawi ufulu wake.

Pa mafilimu a kanema a

The naturalism cha m'ma 19 mukopedwe chilengedwe mafilimu. Kale otsogolera woyamba wa mafilimu a kanema kunayambika yekha anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira wake mu ntchito yake. Imodzi mwa zojambula zimenezi inali anatengera loyamba Romana Zolya "munthu chirombo". Mafilimu amakono kaŵirikaŵiri akhoza kukumana ndi zinthu za kalembedwe izi, makamaka mafilimu kanthu ndi mafilimu mantha. Mwachitsanzo, kanema "Limba Club", limene ambiri zithunzi zachiwawa ndi nkhanza. akamaionetsa koyamba posachedwapa akusonyeza kuti azimuth ichi ndi chidwi atsogoleri.

Mwachitsanzo, posachedwapa anamasulidwa m'mabwalo nkhondo filimu "usilikali" zonse zochitika zachiwawa. Choncho mutu wa zotsatira kwambiri anthu amaziona m'mafilimu dziko.

Kuyerekezera ndi malangizo yapita

Funso la zimene ndicho kusiyana naturalism Kuzindikira zambiri amayambitsa mavuto aakulu ana kusukulu, monga ikuyenda koyamba, ndi ofanana m'njira zambiri. Cholinga chawo - kubereka zotsatira za moyo motsimikiza cholinga ndi cholondola. Otsatira malangizo akuyesera kupereka chithunzi chenicheni cha chowonadi ozungulira, koma anakwaniritsa cholinga chake m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Moyenera anafuna mu zinthu zina zojambulidwa zikusonyeza makhalidwe amene iwo comprehended, mwachidule ndi kuperekedwa m'njira yakeyake. Naturalists komanso poyamba anafunsa cholinga cha kukopera chodabwitsa anati mwadala anakana nzeru. Mwina, iyi ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa naturalism Kuzindikira.

Kusiyana nkhani

malangizo onse akufuna mokhulupirika kubala zochitika zenizeni chikhalidwe. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iwo akhoza kusiyana ndi romanticism, amene, mosiyana ndi zimenezi, amatenga owerenga ku dziko lokongola la maloto ndi kukhumbira. Komabe, kumbali ya mumaganiza onse mu chikhalidwe cha anaona osiyana iyi yakuti chomwecho. Moyenera mu analalikira za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku pa mfundo dziko lauzimu, iwo anali chidwi umunthu kulimbana ndi pakati kalasi njira ya moyo. Iwo ankaganizira kwambiri anthu mavuto apitiriza wauzimu. Naturalists, Komano, kungofuna Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, amene maganizo awo, anatsimikiza kuti kuli munthu. Chifukwa kusiyana kumeneku, Kuzindikira ndi naturalism ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za luso la zojambulajambula. Anthu amene otsatira Inde choyamba, ntchito zosiyanasiyana njira mu reconstructing zinthu chidwi, pamene anthu a azimuth zatsopano asagwiritse okha linguistically, kupewa mafanizo, achipongwe, chifukwa iwo ankakhulupirira kuti iwo zimalepheretsa owerenga ku mfundo zenizeni.

zatsopano

Pankhani kodi naturalism ovuta malingaliro kawirikawiri amabwera fanizo Kuzindikira. Vuto limeneli sikuti anafuna authentically akamachita zenizeni, komanso kutsutsa zolakwa zake. Olemba amafunsa nkhani pachimake chikhalidwe zokhudza panopa mitu ano. Pankhaniyi, nthawi zambiri kunyoza makhalidwe oipa a anthu, pogwiritsa ntchito maluso a Zotengera. N'chimodzimodzinso anati kwa naturalism. Komabe, ngati olemba-moyenera ayesetsa kumvetsa zimayambitsa mavuto ndi zachuma ndi anapereka njira, Olemba omwe okha lonena zotsatirazi chinthu zovuta Mwachidule mfundo zenizeni, amene, ndithudi, si nthawi zonse zokwanira chithunzi zonse ndi cholinga chiwembu . Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti naturalism - malangizo amene sanafotokoze kusinkhasinkha ndi akatswiri generalization. Iye yekha Zithunzi, pafupifupi zopelekedwa mwatsatanetsatane imabereka chabe chidwi. Mwina ndiye chifukwa chake malowa ndi chimodzi mwa maganizo kwambiri m'chikhalidwe sizinakhalitse kwambiri.

Mu luso zoweta

Mu dziko lathu tadutsa mu magawo womwewo wa chitukuko cha romanticism, Kuzindikira. Naturalism M'malo mwake, sanalandire yogawa lonse mu Russia. Ena olemba amanena izi kwa peculiarities chikhalidwe Russian ndi maganizo, akuloza m'mudzi ndi digiri yapamwamba ya uzimu. Komabe, ena mbali ya otaya ankaona akadali zimaonekera angapo ntchito mabuku ndi zina mafilimu. Choncho, buku wolemba D. N. Mamina-Sibiryak olembedwa mchikakamizo zoonekeratu kalembedwe imeneyi. wolemba anasonyeza kuti moyo wa anthu Urals wa ananena mmene kusintha kwa nyengo kwachititsa kusintha chikumbumtima chikhalidwe, kuphwanya mfundo mwachizolowezi ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Wolemba wina - PD Bobrykin - inaonekera copycat zilandiridwenso Zola. Mu imodzi mwa ntchito wotchuka kwambiri, iye mwatsatanetsatane pafupifupi sayansi kubereka za moyo wamalonda moyo wa olemekezeka a, anafotokoza nyumba zawo. Mu Soviet Union, naturalism ankaona kuti Zotsutsana za Kuzindikira, kotero ofufuza ambiri kukhala ndi maganizo oyipa ndi njira ndi njira nthumwi zake. Maganizo awo, olemba akhala lolunjika pa kumbali yamdima ya moyo wa munthu, pamene mabodza Soviet nakulitsa lingaliro la ntchito zaphindu anthu pomanga chikominisi.

Koma, ngakhale kuti maganizo ofooketsa kwa naturalism, ankaona malangizo kumaonekera mafilimu a kanema Soviet. Mwachitsanzo, chithunzi epic A. Konchalovsky "Sibiriada" anajambula pansi mphamvu ya naturalism. tepi iyi yakhala anazindikira mu West. Mu filimuyi, wotsogolera wasonyeza osati priglyadnye mbali ya moyo mu kutali kutali Siberia m'mudzi kumapeto kwa nyengo ya.

mtengo

Naturalism zaluso anachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa chikhalidwe mu theka lachiwiri la 19 - m'ma 20. Chiyembekezo cha olemba ndi amisiri kusamuka kwa anthu misonkhano yokhala ndi malamulo, pamodzi ndi kufufuza mphamvu kwa mitundu yatsopano ya mawu maganizo ndi chilakolako kubereka molondola mmene chodabwitsa cha chowonadi, zinachititsa njira yatsopano choyambirira pa luso kulankhula ndi wophiphiritsa. Ena oimira panopa zidakali ena nzeru ndi ntchito yake, zomwe, pamodzi ndi kufotokoza kuyenera ya moyo wa anthu wamba walola kuti alenge ntchito wosaiwalika wa mabuku zithunzi ndi mafilimu a kanema.