Moscow, malo azachuma padziko lonse. Ndalama za Padziko Lonse

Sizobisika kuti zambiri zamalonda padziko lapansi zimapangidwa chifukwa cha mabanki apadera ndi mabungwe ena amalonda. Ndi kupyolera mwazimene zimadutsa ndalama zambiri, kuonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa dziko osati lonse, koma makamaka za anthu makamaka. Malo alionse amakono a zachuma padziko lapansi ndi malo omwe kugulitsana kumachitika kwa mabiliyoni. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane zizindikiro zonse za "mitsempha ya golide".

Tanthauzo

Choyamba, tikuwonetsa kuti malo a zachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndi malo osungiramo mabanki osiyanasiyana, mabungwe azachuma ndi ngongole zomwe zimapanga ndalama zamitundu yonse, ngongole, ndalama zogwirira ntchito, komanso zimagwira ntchito ndi golidi ndi zotetezedwa.

Nkhondo Yoyamba Yoyamba isanayambe, London inali malo olemera kwambiri azachuma, omwe panthawiyo anali Mecca wa European capitalism. Komabe, nkhondo itatha, United States of America inagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, ndipo kuyambira m'ma 1960, malo a US akufooka kwambiri, popeza malo atsopano apangidwa ku Japan ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya.

Zina mwadzidzidzi

Pakatikatikati ya zachuma padziko lapansi ndi njira yogulitsa msika wofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse, kuyendetsa bwino ndalama. Mpaka lero, mayiko a European Union alimbikitsa malo awo ndipo adzichepetsera kwambiri ku United States, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti London ikhale yoyamba ku Ulaya.

Ndalama zonse zachuma za dziko lapansi zikuyenda motsatira zomwe zimatchedwa njira, kuphatikizapo:

• Kusungidwa kwa ntchito yogula ndi kugulitsa ndi ntchito;
• Dipatimenti ya ndalama ndi ngongole;
• Ndalama za ndalama zogwira ntchito ndi ndalama zogwira ntchito;
• Gwiritsani ntchito zotetezedwa;
• Kusintha kwa gawo lina la phindu la dziko lonse kudzera mu bajeti monga thandizo la mayiko omwe akutukuka.

Zabwino kwambiri

Chiwerengero cha malo azachuma padziko lonse mu 2016 ndi awa:

1. London.
2. New York.
3. Singapore.
4. Hong Kong.
5. Tokyo.
6. Zurich.
7. Washington.
8. San Francisco.
9. Boston.
10. Toronto.

Chimodzi mwa izi zimphona za kayendetsedwe ka zachuma padziko lapansi ziyenera kuganiziridwa mosiyana.

Chozizwitsa cha Canada

Toronto ndi mzinda waukulu kwambiri ku Canada ndipo, kuphatikizapo, malo oyang'anira chigawo cha Ontario. Chigawo cha zachuma cha dzikoli ndi chigawo chochuluka kwambiri cha bizinesi, komwe mabanki ambiri, maofesi akuluakulu a makampani akuluakulu, maofesi ndi mabungwe alamulo, makampani oyendetsa mabanki akhala "gawo".

Mzinda waukulu wa Massachusetts

Boston - malo aakulu kwambiri mu dera la US, lotchedwa New England, mzinda wakale komanso wolemera kwambiri m'dzikolo.

Makhalidwe apamwamba a chuma cha Boston akuphatikiza inshuwalansi, mabanki ndi ndalama. Mzindawu uli kunyumba ku likulu la Fidelity Investments, Bank Bank ndi State Street Corporation.

Mdziko la Silicon Valley

San Francisco ndi mzinda wokhala ndi chuma chofulumira kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa malo apamwamba padziko lonse, osati kudziko lonse la ndalama, komanso mu bizinesi ndi mafakitale.

The Small Business Commission ya mzindawo inathandiza pulojekiti yokhala ndi gawo la malonda ang'onoang'ono. Chifukwa cha ichi, bungwe la mzinda linakakamizidwa kuti likhazikitse zoletsedwa m'malo omwe mungathe kumanga masitolo. Njirayi idalimbikitsidwa ndi anthu a mumzindawu, omwe adavomereza kuti ntchitoyi ichitike.

Mfundo yofunikira: makampani ang'onoang'ono, omwe antchito awo sapitirira anthu khumi, amapanga pafupi 85% mwa mabungwe onse omwe alipo mumzindawu.

Mzinda wa America

Washington kwenikweni ndi malo omwe mamembala akuluakulu a ogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito omwe akugwira nawo ntchito mu gawoli akuwongolera.

Makampani ambiri, makampani, makampani opanga okhaokha, mabungwe osapindula, magulu amalonda amayamba kukhala pafupi ndi Washington kapena mwachindunji kuti akwaniritse zofuna zawo panthawi yomwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi boma la federal.

Ku Washington, makampani awiri akuluakulu padziko lapansi ali ndi ndalama zomwe amapeza: bungwe lomwe limapereka ndalama zowonjezera - Fannie Mae (chiwerengero cha chaka cha $ 29 biliyoni, 270 pa chiwerengero cha dziko), ndi US Postal Service ($ 68 biliyoni, 92nd Malo).

European Center

Zurich ndi mzinda umene anthu pafupifupi 208,000 amagwira nawo ntchito zachuma. Chiwerengero chimenechi sichidabwitsa, chifukwa ndalama zimakhala nthambi yaikulu yopindulitsa ya dziko lonse la Switzerland. Malo asanu alionse ogwira ntchito m'dzikoli akugwirizana ndi ndalama zothandizira.

Ndizodabwitsa kuti panthawi yavuto la 2008 , kugwidwa kwa mabanki mu dziko laling'ono la ku Ulaya sikudachitike. Zurich ingakhoze kudutsa mosavuta mkuntho wonse wa mvula yamkuntho ya padziko lonse, yomwe imayika bwino kwambiri pampikisano usanafike pamtunda.

Mzinda wa Japan

Tokyo ndi mzinda umene msika wogulitsa masamba unatsegulidwa kuyambira 1878. Komabe, kwa zaka zana, mzindawu sunali gulu la gulu la ndalama zamayiko akunja. Panali zifukwa zingapo izi panthawi imodzi:

• Misika yamalonda ya ku Japan sinadalire pamsika, koma pa ndondomeko ya boma, yomwe nthawi zonse idali yothetsera ntchito zokha zachuma.
• Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 60, dziko la Japan linagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zogulitsa kunja.
• Mabungwe azachuma akunja sanafune kuwonjezera ntchito zawo pamsikawu chifukwa cha malamulo okhwima a boma.

Chomwe chinatchedwa "mafuta chodabwitsa" cha 1974 chinalimbikitsa boma la Japan kuti liwonjezere ndalama zonse kuti pakhale chuma cha boma kunja kwa mavuto. Zambiri mwazimene utsogoleri wa dziko utengapo zinayambitsa kutsegulira zitseko za mabanki akunja ndi mabungwe otetezera ku Japan. Izi zinathandizanso kukhazikitsa makampani ochita malonda mu 1983, misika ya mabanki ya kumtunda inakhazikitsidwa, ndipo kuyambira 1987, mapeto a mgwirizano wa ndalama kwa nthawi inayake anayamba.

Chotsatira chake, chozizwitsa chachuma choterocho chinapangitsa kuti lero Tokyo ndi malo apadziko lonse azachuma omwe ali ndi mpikisano wokwera kwambiri.

Mtsogoleri wa ufulu wachuma

Hong Kong, monga malo ena atsopano azachuma, ndi mzinda wapadera. Mauthenga osamvetsetsa , koma ngati atero, ndizovuta, osatchula za ngale, mzinda wamtsogolo, mzinda wodabwitsa, ndi zina zotero.

Hong Kong kwa zaka 18 zotsatizana ndi mtsogoleri wotsogolera ufulu wa zachuma. Pa nthawi yomweyo, GDP pa munthu aliyense ndi $ 36,796. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, malowa ndi mtsogoleri ndi chiwerengero cha mabiliyoni angapo - anthu 40.

Hong Kong ikupereka mabanki ndi azimayi osiyanasiyana malingaliro abwino kwambiri, omwe amatheka ndi:

• Malamulo amasiku ano, kuteteza katundu wa nzeru, katundu ndi katundu kuchokera ku zofufumitsa zoipitsidwa;
• Zosowa zofunikira pazochitika zachuma ndi zamabanki;
• Malonjezano a boma;
• Kukhazikika kwa ndalama zanu;
• Kutsika kwapang'ono kochepa;
• Kukhalapo kwa kukangana kwapadziko lonse;
• Pafupi ndi Asia, mayiko omwe akukula mofulumira ndi misika;
• Kupezeka kwa antchito oyenerera kwambiri omwe amalankhula Chingerezi.

Asia Titanium

Singapore kuyambira nthawi ya 1968 mpaka 1985 munalibe mpikisano wotchuka m'dera lawo, zomwe makamaka zinathandiza kuti zikule. Masiku ano, malo akuluakulu azachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndi osavuta popanda dziko lino.

Singapore ndi dziko lomwe lili ndi zipangizo zamakono komanso chuma chambiri. Makampani a Transnational amagwira ntchito yofunikira pa chitukuko cha malo a zachuma . Komanso ku Singapore, imodzi mwa zinthu zamtengo wapatali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Dzikoli likukongola kwa mabanki chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa msonkho. Mu boma pali misonkho isanu yokha, kuphatikizapo msonkho pa phindu ndi malipiro.

Pa katundu wogulitsidwa, maiko anayi okha ndiwo amalembedwa msonkho panthawi yoitanirako: zakumwa zoledzera, fodya, magalimoto, mafuta.

US Capital Market Center

New York - yachiwiri pa malo apadziko lapansi a zachuma. Nthaŵi yaikulu yomwe anapangidwira inayamba mu 1914-1945. Msika wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa msika wogulitsa kunja kwa mzinda uli pafupi madola 200 biliyoni.

Msika wa New York Capital uli ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Salomon Brothers, Merrill Linch, Goldmen Sacns, Shearson Lehman, Boston Woyamba, Morgan Stanley, omwe amatsimikizira kuti pakhale malonda ambiri pamsika woyamba.
• Msika wachiwiri, malonda a malonda ndi ofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha mawu awo aakulu.
• Maiko akutukuka alibe mwayi wopezeka ku msika wogulitsa ku New York, chifukwa cha zofunikira kwambiri za Commission Securities.

Zovuta kwambiri

Malo akuluakulu azachuma padziko lonse akutsalira kumbuyo kwa mtsogoleri wawo - London. Boma la Britain linapambana nkhondo yoyamba chifukwa cha malamulo ake opatsa ufulu.

Pafupifupi 80% ya mabanki ogulira mabanki amayendetsa mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji kupyolera mu London, kotero mzindawu umakhala woyamba kuikapo pakati pazinthu zonse zachuma padziko lapansi.

London City ili ndi 70% ya msika wachiwiri wa malumikizano onse ndi pafupifupi 50% mwa msika wogulitsidwa. Kuwonjezera apo, mzinda waukulu wa Foggy Albion umagwira ntchito mwakhama ndalama zakunja. Gawo ili la msika likukula chaka chilichonse ndi 30%. Pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya ndalama zonse za ku Ulaya zikuyendetsedwa kuchokera ku London.

Kawirikawiri, malo a zachuma padziko lonse lapansi (London sali osiyana) ali ndi mabungwe ogulitsa mabungwe ogulitsa ntchito, omwe ali ndi malo ambiri oyankhulirana, omwe ali ndi ufulu wowongolera.

Chipinda cha Russia

Lero Moscow ndi malo a zachuma padziko lapansi, omwe ali otsika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (malo 75). Zolakwitsa zonse ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana omwe amaletsa White Stone kuti ifike pamwamba,

• Kulibe zombo zodzaza zonse. Cholinga chake ndi chakuti oweruza a Russia sakudziwa bwino zachuma ndi malonda pa malonda, ndipo alibe ufulu woweruza milandu pa nkhaniyi. Zonse chifukwa ndalama zogulitsa zimakhala zosiyana ndi malamulo a Russian Federation.
• Misonkho yamtengo wapatali. Masiku ano ku New York, ku London, ku Singapore kuli mitengo yapadera ya msonkho phindu la 16.5%. Russia akungoganizira za izi.
• Kusakhala ndi chida cha ndalama kuti chiteteze amalonda kuchokera ku dontho lakuthwa kwa magawo mu masiku makumi atatu atatha kugula.
• Chiwerengero chachikulu chachinyengo ndi kusowa kwa nambala yofunikira ya oyenerera ndalama.

Komabe, utsogoleri wa dzikoli ukukonzekera zolinga zobweretsa Moscow kumalo okongola kwambiri azachuma chaka cha 2020, chomwe chidzakhala mpikisano wokwanira m'deralo.