Monetary lamulo la chuma

msika wamakono ayenera kulamulira ndalama ndi owongolera kunja. Ichi ndi chifukwa zofuna chitukuko cha dongosolo msika, monga yokha sakhudzidwa ndi yankho la mavuto ambiri ndi zachuma. Lingaliro la "dzanja yakumwamba ya msika", chimene otsiriza adzakhala, popanda thandizo munthu kupirira mavuto onse, alephera m'mayiko ambiri. Ndipo Russia akukumbukira bwino "mankhwala mantha" wa nineties Mu zaka zapitazo. Tikazindikira kuti msika yokha kulibe, izo ndi mochedwa kwambiri. Monetary lamulo la chuma - mmodzi wa zida za ulamuliro kunja kwa dongosolo msika. Malinga ndi chuma ambiri, chida chofunika kwambiri. M'nkhaniyi tiona tione mfundo ndalama zolinga, zipangizo, mitundu. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi tanthauzo m'munsi.

maganizo

Monetary lamulo la chuma - ndi ya ntchito ikuchitika ndi Bank ku Central (CB), umalimbana kusintha magawo ndalama okwanira.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti banki chapakati umakhudza ndalama okwanira mu chuma. Ndipo muyeso izi zimakhudza mphamvu ya ndalama zolowa. Basi pansipa tili tione njira ya ulamuliro ndalama.

zolinga

Pa mlingo zazikulu za citukuko zotsatirazi zolinga zolimbana zapadera:

1. Polenga zinthu bwino chuma.
2. Tikhale olimba mtengo.
3. Kuonetsetsa mtendere wa mitengo chidwi zoweta msika ndalama, mitengo kuwombola.
4. Kukwaniritsa mlingo pazipita ntchito.

Cholinga chachikulu cha ndalama - kukhalabe okhazikika mtengo. China chirichonse lachokera kwa iwo. Chuma Russian pansi bata mtengo zimadalira kuchepetsa wa nthaŵi kufufuma. Kuti amakhudza ndalama nyengo dziko ndi kulimbikitsa yaitali kukula zachuma.

Lingaliro la kufufuma

Kufufuma - kuchepa mphamvu kugula kwa ndalama chifukwa depreciation ake. Mwachitsanzo, kufufuma pachaka kuliika pa 10%. Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti 1000 rubles lero mugule yofanana katundu monga 1100 chaka.

Monetary kulamulira Bank ku Central umalimbana kwenikweni kuchepetsa mlingo wa kufufuma. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mabanki Russian kongoletsani ngongole mtengo. Ichi ndi chifukwa kufufuma mkulu. Kapena kodi n'zotheka kuikira manja awo zinkafuna, monga tsiku lililonse likadutsa likulu adzakhala "kudya" malamulo yakumwamba ya msika.

Limited mphamvu Bank ku Central

Palibe ntchito malamulo a Bank wa Central, kotero ntchito yake chabe kuti kusalaza kusinthasintha msika mu zigawo munthu wa msika chuma.

Ngakhale sangathe kuchita, Bank ku Central angafunikire kuchititsa kulamulira ndalama, limene lakonzedwa kuti:

1. Owongolera ntchito ya gulu zolowa ndalama.
2. Kuteteza zofuna za muyezo wa msika ophunzira.
3. Apatuke chongopeka kuwonjezeka ndalama zawo.
4. Analenga zinthu ndalama.
5. Kukhala malo mpikisano mu msika.
6. Kukuza msika wa ntchito banki ndi kusintha khalidwe lawo.

Ntchito ya ndalama macroeconomics wautali kwambiri kwa lonse ndipo aliyense nzika munthu makamaka. Today tikulalikira imeneyi kufufuma yafupika. Izi zinachititsa kuti kuchepa chiwongola dzanja pa madipoziti banki, amene tsopano kawirikawiri kuposa 8% pa annum. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo, owongolera zachuma chongopeka kuchepetsa muyezo weniweni wa ophunzira mu msika kudzera njira zina, monga mwa ndalama devaluation. Ie yokumba kutsitsa mtengo wa ruble amatsogolera kuti kuchepa mphamvu yake kugula m'misika dziko. Popeza kuti dziko lathu lili katundu yense komaliza imports, tikuona nyamuka kwambiri mitengo. Choncho zikuonekeratu kuti ulamuliro ndalama ku Russia ali zenizeni zake mbali mosiyana ndi maiko ena. Choncho, sitinganene kuti pali maphikidwe Ufulu njira iliyonse dziko. njira zothandiza dziko lina kungayambitse wathunthu zachuma wa ena.

zinthu

ulamuliro Monetary umalimbana malo awa:

1. Mlingo wa zolowa ndalama.
2. Voliyumu ya ngongole.
3. Mlingo wa ndalama dziko.
4. Funani ndi kotunga ndalama dziko.
5. Yobweretsa ndalama chuma.
6. The koefishienti wa multiplier ndalama.

ulamuliro Monetary aliyense wa magawo awa ali munthawi. Iwo akhazikika pa milingo ina ya boma. Choncho n'zosatheka kunena kuti lamulo la dongosolo la ndalama akuti sikudalira boma kokha chifukwa yosavuta kuti Bank ku Central, amene samvera akuluakulu a boma, kuchita kudziletsa lamulo. Ndi kuchokera kanthu yatsopano boma Bank ku Central zimadalira mphamvu ya zochita posachedwapa.

limagwirira

Limagwirira ndalama regulirirovaniya zikuphatikizapo:

• Yotani.
• mapulani
• Njira ndi zotsatira zipangizo.

Zolinga zofuna ndalama

Lamulo ndondomeko ndalama zimadalira cholinga cha ankafuna ndalama.

Yoyamba - ndi kupeza ndalama cholinga. Imakhala ntchito panopa chuma msika ophunzira. Pakuti pafupifupi munthu wotuluka cholinga zikutanthauza katundu wa ndalama ndalama mwezi mpaka malipiro yotsatira: chakudya, zofunikira, malipiro a m'manja ndi zina.

Pakuti malonda kupeza ndalama zolinga ndi ndalama, amene cholinga kukhala ndi bizinesi kupitirirabe (malipiro kwa masapulaya, malipiro a lendi, etc.).

Ndi boma, ndi katundu kuwombola kuti amalola kuti kupereka Ziwerengero pa msika yakunja.

Mtundu chachiwiri - ndi asachite zolinga. Timatha msika ophunzira kuti akonze kusungitsa. Kwa anthu wamba amodzi kwa tsiku mvula, mphatso kwa gawo mu pofuna chuma ndi ena. Amalonda ndi boma kulenga malo ndi olimba ndalama.

Mtundu wachitatu - cholinga zongopeka. ndalama Modern pakokha gwero la sitolo ya mtengo. Choncho, gawo la ndalama ntchito kupeza chosaoneka ndi maso (chuma) chuma, ndalama mu mawonekedwe a chidwi zosiyanasiyana. Kwa iwo pazikhalanso kumangidwa, m'matangadza, mafakitale zachuma zida.

Funani ndi kotunga ndalama

Funani ndi kotunga ndalama zimavuta kwambiri kulosera mfundo. N'zosatheka kudziwa tsogolo khalidwe chinthu, monga izo zimatengera osati pa zinthu zazikulu za citukuko, komanso pa chitukuko cha chuma dziko. Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko cha cryptocurrency ndipo e-malonda akutitsogolera kuti kuchepa kufunika kwa ndalama dziko. Kuwonjezeka kufunika kwa ndalama kumatengera zifukwa zotsatirazi:

1. Kuchepetsa kufufuma ndi kufufuma ziyembekezo.
2. Kuchuluka chidaliro mwa dongosolo kubanki.
3. Kukula kwa chuma.

Munthu angathe tchulani chitsanzo chabwino cha Russia ndalama pambuyo vuto la 2008: boma anatengera lamulo umene kuvomerezedwa kutsimikiza madipoziti onse banki kwa muyezo winawake. Ndipo inu simungakhoze mantha kuti banki adzapita zinatha, boma kudzera makampani inshuwalansi adzakhala reimburse imfa. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti anthu chawonjezeka ndi chidaliro mwa dongosolo kubanki.

Kufunika kwa ndalama - chizindikiro kiyi. aluso ndi zipangizo za ulamuliro ndalama amadalira kufunika kukhala ndi ndalama. Tiyeneranso adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti kukhala ndi ndalama ndi kuthekera yodalirika iwo sali yemweyo. Apa takumana ndi liwu monga liquidity - ndalama ndi ndalama si ndalama nkhani banki. Kufunika kwa ndalama limanenedwa ngati gawo kuja wa liquidity.

Mathamangidwe ndalama

Monetary mfundo lamulo la chuma zimadalira zizindikiro monga mathamangidwe ndalama. Kukula kwa madipoziti yaitali mabanki azipereka kwa kuchepetsa mathamangidwe ndalama, ndi mosemphanitsa, kupulumutsa chuma cha wambirimbiri ndalama kumawonjezera mathamangidwe ndalama.

kotunga ndalama

Market yang'anira ayenera molondola kuwerengera mlingo wa machulukitsidwe ndalama chuma. kaya angathe kugwiritsa ntchito kuwonjezeka okwanira ndalama? ndi kufufuma, kufufuma ziyembekezo ndi milingo pangozi chuma chiyani? mayankho enieni a mafunso amenewa bwanji khalidwe kulamulira. Munthu angathe tchulani chitsanzo cha chiyambi cha zaka ziwiri zikwizikwi Russia. The kuchuluka yaikulu ndalama mu dziko kugwirizana ndi wapamwamba-phindu azipereke pa chimasanduka, wakhala kungasokoneze chuma wonse. Iye sakanakhoza "kupukusa" onse okwanira ndalama mopanda kunyengerera kupanga. Kufufuma inapita kwa 10-12% pa annum. Pa nkhani imeneyi, panali nyamuka kwambiri mtengo wa ngongole. Zoipa anakhudzidwa kumabungwe a zachuma amene sizikugwirizana ndi mafuta ndi gasi gawo: ulimi, kayendedwe, zoyendera m'boma. Ndalama kumabungwe amenewa anali negligible poyerekeza ndi ndalama zina. Komanso, panali vutoli mu ndalama za nzika wamba. Mwachitsanzo, malipiro pafupifupi ya malipiro mphunzitsi anali padziko 6-7 zikwi. Rubles mwezi, ndi handyman pa pomanga kupeza rubles masauzande ochepa tsiku. Lero tikuona kuti vutoli makampani si choncho noticeable, koma tsopano tili ndi mavuto osiyana kwathunthu mu chuma.

Yobweretsa ndalama anatsimikiza mtima:

1. M'munsi ndalama (chuma) a Bank wa Central. Zikuphatikizapo ngongole kwa mabanki, sheya - zambiri amakondana Zachuma zolemba za chuma ŵa mu dziko - nkhokwe kuwombola yachilendo.
2. chiwongola dzanja pa zoweta msika ndalama. Limatchedwanso mlingo kiyi refinancing. Kuti chiwongola dzanja limene lili Bank ku Central ngongole kwa mabanki malonda. Mwachibadwa, poyerekeza ndi chiwongola dzanja pa zimene atsopano nkhani ngongole kwa anthu ndi mabungwe a zachuma, popeza overlaps ndalama tsogolo la banki ndi kuchuluka chiopsezo ndi kubwerera. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chifungulo mlingo refinancing ndi 7%, kuchuluka kwa ngongole kubanki munthu wobadwa sangathe m'munsi, kuyambira imfa palibenso munthu wina sudzatha. The chiwongola dzanja pa msika yochepa aumbike pamaziko a chiŵerengero cha nkhokwe ya dongosolo banki kuti madipoziti ake. Today tikulalikira zochitika chidwi kuti zinali zosatheka kuti aganizire mu Mbiri yamakono ya dziko lathu, anthu anaika madipoziti banki ndalama yaikulu ndalama, Komanso, pafupifupi onse inshuwaransi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, owongolera ndalama Finyani ndalama za mabanki nzika polenga zinthu chidwi m'munsi pa madipoziti.
3. Kukhazikitsa malo okhazikika.

Kachitidwe banki monga chinthu chofunika kwambiri chikoka pa okwanira ndalama

Kwambiri zochita pa okwanira ndalama ali dongosolo kubanki. Lembani njira ndi zipangizo za ulamuliro ndalama:

1. Kuchepetsa kapena kuwonjezera ndalama nkhani.
2. Kujambula zolowa zisathe ndalama.
3. Wotuluka ku msika ndalama zonse kufalitsidwa ndalama.

Njira kulamulira ndalama m'mayiko olemera ndi osauka ukasintha osiyana.

Bank chapakati - chinsinsi player mu malamulowo. Kuti tichite zimenezi, amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zotsatirazi cha lamulo la ndondomeko ndalama:

1. Nkhani ya ndalama.
2. Refinancing a mabanki, E. The Bank chapakati mwachitsanzo. Amakhala "banki kwa mabanki" ndipo amapereka ngongole ku mabanki malonda anapereka mitengo awo omwewo. perekreditovyvatsya Recent ndalamazo mu msika zoweta pa amadwala chidwi.
3. ntchito Open msika pa kugula ndi kugulitsa masheya ndi ndalama kwa malipiro m'bwalo lonse.

Chifukwa ntchito pamwamba ndipo anapanga limagwirira limodzi la malamulo ndalama.

Choncho, udindo wofunika kwambiri macroeconomics The Bank chapakati cha dziko. , Ndiponso pa nkhani zachuma kenako m'nkhani ino.

CBR udindo

The Russian dongosolo banki Bank ku Central - dziko yaikulu ku banki. Iye ali pamwamba pa dongosolo lonse chuma ndipo lapangidwa kuti kusintha mlingo wa magombe ena onse mogwirizana ndi njira ambiri a zachuma. Izi ndi chifukwa refinancing ndi ulamuliro. Monga ntchito lotsiriza la Bank ku Central ali ndi ufulu suspend ntchito za mabungwe onse ngongole, revoking chilolezo chake. Mu zaka zapitazi, ndakhala anatola mndandanda wokongola chidwi cha neschastlivchikov ofanana. Ambiri anakhala ndi maganizo kuti Bank of kwathunthu kuchotsa malo mabanki lalikulu nawo boma.

Bank chapakati ndi wothandizila chifungulo cha mfundo ndalama. Komabe, iye sagwiritsa ntchito njira chisankho kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo, ndi kasamalidwe zachuma.

Lipoti kuti Bank ku Central la Russia?

Ngakhale kuti Bank Central, Russia - banki yaikulu ya dzikolo, amene ndi yekhayo amene ali ndi ufulu kusindikiza rubles, iye samvera ngakhale boma Russian kapena thupi zina boma. Ngati ndife sadzakhala ndi ndalama zokwanira kubweza malipilo, penshoni ndi ubwino, ndi Russian Bank chapakati sudzatha boma. dongosolo paradoxical inamangidwa kuyambira pa chiyambi cha mapangidwe wodziimira Russia. chochitika ichi zinagwira ambiri asayansi ndale kuitana B. N. Eltsina - woyamba pulezidenti Russian - wachinyengo. Lipoti ku Bank of Russia? Ena motsimikiza kuti Bank chapakati cha dziko lathu - nthambi ya Reserve Federal, ena amanena izo kwa Monetary Fund International, zambiri zoona, chifukwa pali limatchula za mu lamuloli. Komabe, tatsimikiza kuti ife amatsanzira Rothschilds ndi Rockefellers.

Koma m'pofunika kudziwa Chilamulo Federal pa "Bank The Central, Federation ya Russian", chirichonse igwera mu malo: Bank ku Central tichipeza mutu ndi a bodi kuchuluka kwa anthu 14. Onse zosankhidwa State Duma malinga ndi mutsogoleli wa boma latsopano la Russia. Tsopano m'pofunika kuyankha funso zomveka: ngati Bank ku Central la Russia woteroyo gulu ovomereza-American? Yankho inde ndi pokhapokha ngati nyumba yamalamulo yokha kudzakhala katswiri-American.

Komanso, mafani a US banki chapakati kunena Russia akufotokoza kuti 2014 75% ya phindu okwana Bank ku Central la Russia kusintha kwa ndalama boma, ndi otsala 15% amapita ku Vnesheconombank.

Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma lamulo kwenikweni lolimba alekanitsa Russia ku Bank ku Central boma la Russia. Ndipo ngati kukangana pakati pawo, ndiye ulamuliro udzakhala pa gombe chapakati, monga nkhani wolongolola tatsimikiza m'makhoti lonse, ndipo malinga ndi malamulo a dziko la njira pamwamba Makhoti. Kuti ndi Constitution wathu, amene umagwira ntchito dzikoli kuyambira 1993.

Ntchito ya Bank ku Central la Russia

Bungwe la Russia likuchita ntchito zotsatirazi:

1. Ndiko ngongole yokhala ndi malo ogulitsa ngongole.
2. Zimakhala zofanana ndi Boma la Russian Federation ndi lamulo limodzi la ndalama.
3. Ali ndi ufulu pa nkhani ya ndalama za dziko lonse.
4. Limakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa ndalama.
5. Kukhazikitsa malamulo ochita ntchito zabanki, kupereka malipoti kwa mabanki ndi ma accounting.

Kuchokera pandandanda, mukhoza kuona kuti Central Bank ikugwira ntchito ndi boma. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, amagwira ntchito ngati othandizana nawo, ndipo palibe chifukwa chogonjera. Ndicho chimene chimalola anthu ambiri kunena kuti Russia ndi gawo la ndalama za Kumadzulo. Komabe, otsutsa dongosolo loterowo ali otsimikiza kuti limathandiza kuthetsa kusamvana kwa akuluakulu a ku Russia a kuderali kuchokera ku vuto losayendetsedwa la ndalama komanso kuchokera ku ngongole zapakhomo. Ndikokwanira kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa chiphuphu chimene sichibisa kubisa: ndi kutuluka kunja kwa makina osindikizira kwenikweni chinthu choipa? Mwinamwake, mfundo iyi yokha ndiyo yopulumutsira dziko kuchokera ku chiwombankhitsa.

Kuyesera kubwerera "ufulu"

M'dziko lathu muli azidindo angapo ndi apolisi omwe amalimbikitsa poyera kuti dzikoli likhazikitsidwe. Iwo nthawi zonse amamvera boma la Duma lamulo lalamulo, koma kusokoneza maganizo komwe anthu akukumana nawo nthawi yomweyo kumadzutsa. Nchifukwa chiyani izi zikuchitika? N'zotheka kuti nzika zathu sizidalira dziko lathu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimanyengerera. Kwa ambiri, chisankho cha ufulu wa Bungwe Lalikulu la Russia kuchokera ku boma chimapereka chidaliro chamtsogolo mtsogolo kusiyana ndi kuchibweretsa ku boma, komwe sikudzatha kulamulira ndalama. Tiyeni tikumbukire nthawi za USSR: aliyense anali ndi ndalama, koma palibe amene ankafuna kugulitsa katundu kwa aliyense yemwe sanafunikire mapepala, chifukwa boma linapitirizabe kusokoneza ndondomeko za ndalama ndi ndalama za Bank pofuna chifukwa cha phindu ladzidzidzi pang'onopang'ono kuti liwononge chitukuko. Choncho, panali zochitika pamene opanga amasungidwa katundu mu malo osungiramo katundu, mosadziŵa kupanga chosowa, ndikusinthanitsa ndi "misika yakuda" pa mtengo wokwanira. Palibe njira zothandizira zothandizira okakamiza ogwira ntchito kumsika. Ndicho chifukwa chake nzika zathu zinasiyidwa popanda zopereka zawo, popeza kuti chuma chidayenera kuwonongedwa kwathunthu ndi akaunti zoziziritsira komanso kuperewera kwa magazi.

Boma la State la USSR

Ku Soviet Union, State Bank inali yochepa kwambiri ku Bungwe la Atumiki a USSR. Kuchuluka kwa ndalama kunatsimikiziridwa ndi njira zothandizira. Bungwe la Atumiki la USSR linapereka lamulo, ndipo Bank inatulutsa mpweya chifukwa cha maziko ake. Izi zinapangitsa kuti zinthu zitheke mu sayansi ya zachuma "amatchedwa inflation". M'mawu ena, zikhoza kukhala motere: aliyense ali ndi ndalama, koma sungagule kanthu pa iwo. Izi ndi zomveka: opanga makinawo amasankha kusungirako katundu m'masitolo osagulitsa, popeza ndalamazo zinalibe phindu lomwe timaphunzira lero. Ndipotu, kusintha kwachilengedwe kwakula, zomwe zikufanana ndi machitidwe a feudal. Mkhalidwe womwewo ukhoza kuchitika kachiwiri ngati Bank of Russia ikukhazikitsidwa.