Mndandanda wa miyala kuti afabeti

Miyala ndi mchere ndi mankhwala awo. N'zosatheka kuyerekeza lathuli popanda mchere kwenikweni analipanga.

dongosolo kuwunikira

Kuonetsetsa nambala yaikulu Mitundu mitundu anawagawa m'magulu. Chibadwa wolemekezeka:

• nyanja;
• metamorphic;
• magmatic.

gawo Recent makalasi wina zitatu:

• plutonic;
• hypabyssal;
• chiphala.

Subgroups angathe kugawidwa:

• wowawasa;
• sing'anga;
• zazikulu;
• ultrabasic.

Kovuta kulemba mndandanda wa thanthwe, kutenga nkhani mitundu yonse alipo pa dziko lapansi, ochuluka kwambiri a iwo. M'nkhani ino tidzapanga Pofuna kutsogolera zokhudza mitundu chidwi kwambiri ndi wamba.

Metamorphic miyala: mndandanda

Anthu anapanga mchikakamizo cha kutumphuka padziko lapansi mmene njira amkati. Atakhala kumachitika pamene zinthu mu gawo olimba, ali zowoneka unnoticeable. Pa kusintha, ndi kusintha kapangidwe, kapangidwe, zikuchokera thanthwe pachiyambi. kusintha zimenezi zinachitika, muyenera osakaniza wabwino wa:

• Kutentha;
• kuthamanga;
• zotsatira mipweya, njira.

Pali metamorphism:

• dera;
• Kukhudzana;
• Madziwo;
• pneumatolytic;
• metamorphism.

Ndime zotsatirazi ndi mndandanda wa thanthwe Potengela Zilembo kwa gulu la mchere.

amphibolites

mchere anapanga ndi hornblende ndi plagioclase. The tepi woyamba zimagawidwa monga silicate. Zowoneka amphibolites - ndi shale kapena magulu a mitundu kuchokera mdima wobiriwira wakuda. Mtundu zimadalira kuchuluka kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu mdima-akuda alipo mu zikuchokera mchere ndi. mchere Secondary ya gulu:

• mabomba;
• magnetite;
• titaniyamu;
• zoisite.

gneiss

Pa kapangidwe ake, gneiss lubwe kwambiri. Zowoneka kusiyanitsa mchere awiri Chrixitu Sizotheka, monga magazini lubwe ndi gneiss kufika kwa iye magawo thupi. Koma mtengo ndi kwambiri m'munsi gneiss.

Gneisses ali m'zinenero, kotero ntchito yomanga. Mchere zosiyanasiyana komanso zokongoletsa. Kachulukidwe ndi aatali, kotero mwala angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati akaphatikiza konkire. Pamene porosity ang'ono ndi otsika madzi mayamwidwe gneiss awonjezera kukaniza kuti kuzizira. Popeza kukokoloka ndi zazing'ono, ntchito mchere amaloledwa kukhala pang'ono.

shales

Kupanga mndandanda wa thanthwe, mwa metamorphic zedi kutchula schists. Kuonetsetsa mitundu amenewa, monga:

• dongo;
• Krustalo;
• talc;
• chlorite.

Chifukwa kapangidwe zachilendo ndipo aesthetics ya mwala, zaka zaposachedwapa, kufufuta wakhala kofunika kwambiri kukongoletsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga.

Shales - gulu m'malo lalikulu, amene amapanga miyala. Mndandanda wa mayina mitundu imene zikukangalika ntchito ndi anthu zolinga zosiyana (makamaka yomanga, kukonza, kukhazikitsanso):

• siltstone;
• zlatalit;
• serpantinitovy;
• gneiss;
• phyllitic ndi Opatulika pamasileti.

quartzite

mwala uwu ndi lodziwika bwino kwa mphamvu yake, kuyambira khwatsi aumbike ndi Kuwonjezera zosafunika. Anapanga quartzite sandstone pamene zinthu woyambirira wa khwatsi mchere m'malo pa metamorphism dera.

Mu chikhalidwe, quartzite anapeza mapangidwe olimba. zosafunika pafupipafupi:

• hematite;
• Miyalayo;
• pakachitsulo;
• magnetite;
• Mica.

Olemera madipoziti akupezeka:

• US;
• India;
• Russia;
• Canada.

Mbali yaikulu ya mchere ndi:

• kukana kuti chisanu, chinyezi, kutentha;
• mphamvu;
• chitetezo zachilengedwe waubwenzi;
• durability;
• kukana kuti alkalis, zidulo.

Philly

Mosalephera mu mndandanda wa thanthwe uli phyllites. Iwo amakhala ndi malo wapakatikati pakati dongo ndipo Mica schists. Mabukuwa ndi wandiweyani ndi zabwino-grained. Pankhaniyi, miyala mwachionekere crystalline iwo yodziwika ndi schistosity kutchulidwa.

Phyllites ndi Sheen silky. The mtundu chiwembu - wakuda, mithunzi ya imvi. Mchere unagawika slabs woonda. Monga mbali ya phyllites kumasula:

• Mica;
• sericite.

Mwina timibulu tirigu:

• albite;
• andalusite;
• makangaza;
• khwatsi.

Olemera miyala ya phyllite ku France, England ndi United States.

Nyanja miyala: mndandanda

Mchere wa gulu ili makamaka padziko. Mapangidwe zinthu zotsatirazi ayenera kukwaniritsa:

• otsika kutentha;
• mvula.

Pali atatu subtypes chibadwa:

• clastic woimira miyala coarse anapanga wovulala miyala;
• dongo, chiyambi amene amagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa magulu mchere "silicate" ndi "aluminosilicate";
• biohemo-, chemo-, organogenic. njira amenewa mafunsidwe anapanga ndi njira yoyenera. Ichinso potenga gawo zamoyo zing'onozing'ono osati, organic zinthu. Udindo wa mankhwala zinyalala.

Kuyambira chemogenic kumasulidwa:

• halides;
• sulphate.

Mndandanda wa miyala subgroup izi:

• gypsum;
• anhydrite;
• sylvinite;
• lidzagwedezeka mchere;
• carnallite.

Zofunika kwambiri miyala nyanja:

• Dolomite, miyala ngati wandiweyani.
• Anajambulapo ongokhala carbonate potaziyamu ndi kusakanizikana wa nambalayi wa inclusions ndi magnesium. Magawo a osiyanasiyana mchere, anatsimikiza mtima kapangidwe ndi dongosolo, komanso kapangidwe mchere. Mbali yaikulu - chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha mphamvu compressive.
• Sandstone anapanga mchere mbewu cholukanalukana zinthu chiyambi achilengedwe. Kwake mwala zimadalira admixtures ndi zimene mankhwala inasanduka binder.

miyala chiphala

Onetsetsani kuti miyala chiphala kuti kutchulidwa. Mndandanda wa zokolola zoterozo, kuphatikizapo kuno mchere anapanga pa kuphulitsa mapiri. Mu kumasulidwa izi:

• effusive;
• clastic;
• chiphala.

Gulu loyamba, amatchedwanso thanthwe chiphala, monga:

• andesite;
• basalt;
• diabase;
• liparite;
• trachea.

Ndi pyroclastic, kuti ndi detrital, udindo:

• breccia;
• tuffs.

Pafupifupi zonse afabeti mndandanda wa mitundu chiphala mwala:

• anorthosite;
• Miyalayo;
• gabbro;
• diorite;
• dunite;
• Komati;
• latites;
• monzonite;
• obsidian;
• pegmatite;
• peridotite;
• perlite;
• pumice;
• rhyolite;
• syenite;
• tonalite;
• petrosilex;
• slag.

miyala organic

Kuyambira zotsalira za zinthu zamoyo anapanga ndi miyala organic, mndandanda wa zomwe ali ndi maganizo akuyamba ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri - choko. miyala awa a afotokozedwa kale pamwambapa nyanja gulu ndipo ndi zofunika osati mawu a applicability kuthetsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, komanso ngati chuma chambiri ofukula zinthu zakale.

The subspecies zofunika kwambiri a mtundu umenewu thanthwe - choko. Ndi wotchuka kwambiri ndipo ntchito mwakhama tsiku ndi tsiku: kwalembedwa pa matabwa sukulu.

Mel anapanga calcite, amene poyamba anali wopangidwa zipolopolo ankakhala wakale nyanja coccolithophorids algae. Amenewa anali zamoyo tosaoneka wochuluka okhala padziko lathuli zaka mamilioni zana zapitazo. Pa nthawi imeneyo, algae akhoza kusambira momasuka mwa gawo lalikulu la nyanja ofunda. Akufa, tizilombo tosaoneka alinkugwa pansi, n'kupanga wosanjikiza wandiweyani. Zinthu zina wolemera miyala ya m'dambo, pali mazana mamita mu unyinji ndi zambiri. The wodziwika ndi choko mapiri:

• Volga;
• French;
• English.

Mwa kuphunzira miyala Cretaceous, asayansi apeza kuda iwo:

• urchins nyanja;
• nkhono;
• thonje.

Monga ulamuliro, inclusions izi - ndi ochepa peresenti ya okwana kufufuza choko, kotero kuti zigawo zikuluzikulu sizikukhudzana ndi magawo a mtundu wa. Ataphunzira madipoziti Cretaceous, ndi miyala ndi nthaka amalandira nkhani:

• zaka mtundu;
• madzi mzati kuti anali kumeneko kale,
• zinthu zapadera zimene poyamba analipo mu malo kuphunzira.

miyala Igneous

Pansi magmatism ambiri amadziwira monga kuchotsedwa zochitika chifukwa cha chiphalaphala ndi zochitika zawo. Chiphalaphala - ndi Sungunulani silicate, mwachibadwa pano mu madzi mawonekedwe, pafupi ndi moto. Monga mbali ya chiphalaphala pali mkulu kuchuluka kwa zinthu oyaka. Nthawi zina, pali mitundu:

• sanali silicate;
• nizkosilikatnye.

Pamene chiphalaphala amazizira crystallizes, pali igneous miyala. Iwo amatchedwanso igneous.

Kuonetsetsa mtundu:

• intrusive;
• effezivnye.

Woyamba kupangidwa pa akuya kwambiri, ndipo chachiwiri - pa phirilo liphulike, mwachitsanzo mwachindunji padziko lathuli.

Nthawi zambiri monga gawo la chiphalaphala ali zosiyanasiyana miyala, anasungunuka wothira misa silicate. Izi chikwiyire:

• polera kutentha pa dziko lapansi chidzakhala chachikulu;
• amawapopa kuthamanga;
• kuphatikiza zinthu.

Baibulo tingachipeze powerenga za magmatic miyala - lubwe. Kale dzina lake kwambiri Latin - "moto" umaimira zimasokoneza mu boma wapachiyambi unali mutentha kwambiri. Miyalayo ndi wofunika kwambiri osati mwa magawo ake luso (nkhaniyi ndi amazipanga cholimba), komanso chifukwa cha kukongola, chifukwa inclusions crystalline.