M'mizinda muli chipilala cha Dzerzhinsky. Kubwezeretsa kwa chipilalacho ku Dzerzhinsky pamalo osaiwalika ku Moscow

Zangopita miyezi yochepa chabe kuchokera pamene kubwerako kwa chipilala kwa F. E. Dzerzhinsky ku Lubyanka Square. Panali otsutsa ambiri ndi othandizira chisankho choterocho cha akuluakulu. Pofuna kumvetsetsa zifukwa zowononga zachiwawa, tiyeni tiyesetse kumvetsa udindo wa munthu wina wa Iron Felix m'mbiri ya USSR.

Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky: biography

Wolemba mbiri wotchuka wa Soviet anayamba moyo wake m'banja la mfumukazi yaing'onoting'ono - Eduard Iosifovich Dzerzhinsky, yemwe ndi mphunzitsi wa masewera olimbitsa thupi. Dzina la Soviet commissar - Felix - likumasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini monga "wokondwa". Ndipo anapatsidwa kwa mwanayo chifukwa chakuti amayi ake, akugwa masiku angapo asanabadwe mwa kusanyalanyaza pakhomo lotseguka, osati kungozisiya yekha, komanso anatha kuteteza mwana wake kuvulala.

Banja la Dzerzhinsky silinali olemera. Mtsogoleri wa banja ataphedwa ndi chifuwa chachikulu mu 1882, mayiyo anayenera kubereka ana asanu ndi anayi, ndipo wamkuluyo anali ndi zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, ndipo wamng'ono kwambiri chaka chimodzi ndi theka.

Ngakhale kuti zinali zovuta zonsezi, Felix Edmundovich anali ndi mwayi wophunzira ku likulu la masewera a ku Lithuania, ndipo mu 1895 anakumana ndi oimira bungwe la Social-Democratic ndipo adalowa nawo phwando. Ponena za khama la maphunziro, anthu amasiku ano adayesa chidziwitso cha mnyamatayo mofanana. Motero, zimachokera kuzinthu zomwe Dzerzhinsky adakhala kawiri kalasi yoyamba ndipo sanathe kumaliza maphunziro ake, atalandira kalata yokha ya kumaliza kalasi yachisanu ndi chitatu. Mwa njira, iye anali ndi zizindikiro zosasangalatsa mu Chirasha ndi Chigriki.

Komabe, kulephera kuphunzira sikunasokoneze ntchito zapansi panthaka. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1896, Dzerzhinsky wakhala akufalitsidwa mwakhama pakati pa ojambula ndi ogulitsa mafakitale, omwe anayesedwa mobwerezabwereza ndikuweruzidwa kuti agwirizane ndi ntchito yolimbika. Ngakhale m'ndende, Dzerzhinsky amakonzekera October Revolution, akukonzekera gulu loyamba la Red Guard ku Moscow, amalowa nawo pamisonkhano ya phwando. Pambuyo pa kusintha kwadzikoli, ali ndi maudindo ofunika kwambiri mu boma la Soviet, akukhala mtsogoleri wa asilikali a People's Commissariats (People's Commissariat ndi ulamuliro wapadera m'mabungwe a bungwe la mgwirizanowu) ndipo amakhazikitsa Cheka (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combat-Revolution and Sabotage).

Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky anamwalira ndi matenda a mtima omwe amachititsa mantha, panthaŵi ya msonkhano wa Komiti Yaikulu, pa July 20, 1926.

Ntchito za Boma

Pogwira zolemba za boma mu boma la boma latsopano, Dzerzhinsky anapanga ntchito yofanana yomwe inali yofanana ndi kusintha kwa zaka zapansi pantchito. Iron Felix mu mbiri ya kupanga ndi bungwe la Soviet Union akadakali zovuta. Ndipo kufikira lero lino zimayambitsa mikangano yambiri.

Atasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa Cheka, Felix Edmundovich anali mtsogoleri wolimba komanso wankhanza, mopanda chifundo kuti awononge mayesero onse osamvera. Pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wake ku Cheka, lamulo la mantha likulowa m'zochitika zonse. Sizodziwika kuti zochitika zowopsya kwambiri ndi zinsinsi zidzaphatikizidwa ndi ntchito ya Cheka zambiri kumadzulo.

Dzerzhinsky ankakhulupirira kuti polimbana ndi zotsutsana ndi zowonongeka, kuphatikizapo mantha ambiri, ndi ololedwa. Ndi amene akudziwika ndi mawu otchuka akuti ndondomeko yachinyengo ya Cheka ndi yofunika kwambiri komanso yofunikira, ngakhale "lupanga lake likugwa mwangozi pamitu ya osalakwa". Iye adalankhula motsutsana ndi malamulo a boma, ndipo adalimbikitsa poyera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka ndi zigawenga.

Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, dzina la "chekist" lalikulu likugwirizana ndi ntchito zambiri zowonetsera. Kotero, pambuyo pa Revolution ya Oktoba, pali ana pafupifupi asanu miliyoni m'misewu, ndipo akutsogoleredwa ndi Dzerzhinsky kuti sukulu zapanyumba zosakhalitsa, nyumba za ana ndi ana amasiye amayamba kumanga, kumene ana analandira thandizo lonse ndikukhala ndi mwayi wophunzira. Pakati pa anthu oyambirira omwe anabwera kuchokera ku malo amenewa anali ana asanu ndi atatu omwe kale anali opanda pakhomo omwe adakhala akatswiri a Academy of Sciences a USSR, ndipo mmodzi wa iwo, Nikolai Petrovich Dubin, adatsikira m'mbiri yakale monga katswiri wodziwika bwino wa mbiri ya dziko.

Mbali ina ya ndale ya Dzerzhinsky ndikutengapo gawo kwake mmoyo wa masewerawo. Podziwa kuti antchito a bungwe loyendetsa malamulo sakhala opanda yunifolomu yabwino, amachititsa DSO "Dynamo", yomwe lero ndi imodzi mwa masewera akuluakulu a masewera ku Russia.

Felix Edmundovich anatenga nawo mbali pa chitukuko cha zachuma cha boma. Mu Supreme Economic Council adachita nawo malonda azing'ono, adayesa kukhazikitsa malo abwino okhudzidwa ndi msika wamalonda, ndikufuna njira zochepetsera mtengo wogulitsa.

Komanso, kusintha kwachangu kunagwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya mafakitale a dziko. Pansi pa utsogoleri wake pali chipangizo chimodzi chokha cha metallurgical, chomwe chakhala chimodzi mwa mapamwamba kwambiri pa dziko lapansi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Dzerzhinsky adatsutsa boma ndipo adawona kulakwitsa kwakukulu kwa Party kuti aganizire za mafakitale a zitsulo. Potsutsana ndi kusagwirizana ndi ndondomeko iyi yachuma, adapempha mobwerezabwereza kuti achoke.

Dzerzhinsky mu luso

Chithunzi cha Iron Felix chosasintha nthaŵi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi olemba komanso ojambula zithunzi. Zithunzi za msilikali anali okongoletsedwa ndi sitampu zojambula. Zochita zake zinaimbidwa mu ndakatulo za olemba Soviet ndi zolemba za apainiya a USSR, ndipo chiwonongeko chake chinauzidwa mu Aroma osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikizanso apo, pali autobiographies yolembedwa ndi Dzerzhinsky zaka zosiyana, komanso ntchito zingapo zomwe zimapereka chitetezo cha dziko. Chiwonetsero chowonetseratu cha kusinthika chimapezekanso m'mabuku olembedwa-malemba a anthu a m'nthaŵi yake.

Pambuyo kugwa kwa Soviet Union, dzina "lalikulu ndi loopsya" silinayambe liyiwalika. Pa zaka za perestroika, nkhani ya munthu mmodzi kuchokera m'nkhani ya msilikali wosayenerera wa Companion of Revolution inapita mu nkhani ya nkhanza ndi chigawenga.

M'dziko lamakono, mtsutsano wokhudzana ndi kufunika kwa Dzerzhinsky mu mbiri ya USSR sikutaya, ndipo fano lake likupitiriza kulimbikitsa olemba ndakatulo komanso olemba. Ndiye kutchula Felix Edmundovich angapezeke mu ntchito za magulu oimba ngati "Lyapis Trubetskoy" ndi "Aquarium".

Midzi yomwe imatchedwa Dzerzhinsky

Atamwalira, dzina lake FE Dzerzhinsky anapatsidwa mizinda ndi midzi ingapo m'mayiko osiyanasiyana a Soviet Union. Polemekeza iwo amatchedwa mabungwe apamwamba a maphunziro, mabwalo, malo ndi mapaki, magulu ankhondo, mafakitale ndi zombo. Dzina la Iron Felix linaikidwa m'misewu ndi masukulu. Wolemekezeka wotchedwa Chekist anali wolemekezeka kwambiri monga mtsogoleri wapamtima wa revolution komanso mnzake wapamtima wa Lenin.

Masiku ano Russia pali oposa khumi ndi awiri m'midzi kumidzi dzina lake Dzerzhinsky, kuwonjezera, ku Nizhny Novgorod ndi Moscow madera kumeneko amadera: Dzerzhinsk ndi Dzerzhinsky.

M'dera la mayiko awiri a Soviet Union - Belarus ndi Ukraine - palinso pafupifupi midzi ndi midzi makumi anayi, komanso mizinda ikuluikulu yambiri yotchulidwa ndi wotchuka wotembenuka mtima. Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union, mayesero ambiri adapangidwanso kuti abwererenso mayina oyambirira a midzi, koma nkhaniyi siidapititse patsogolo zokambirana zokhazokha komanso mavoti angapo.

Zomwe zimachitika m'mayiko

Kuwonjezera pa mizinda ndi midzi, dzina la Dzerzhinsky palinso zinthu zambirimbiri. Choncho, malo apamwamba pa gawo la masiku ano a Belarus ndi phiri la Dzerzhinsky. Ndipo ku Pamirs (mapiri omwe ali ku Central Asia pamtunda wa Tajikistan, China, Afghanistan ndi India), pamsonkhano wa Zaalaysky Range amatchedwa Dzerzhinsky Peak.

Zithunzi za m'madera a Russian Federation

Zikumbutso ndi mabasi omwe akumbukira kukumbukira kwakukulu kwa kusinthaku kuli mumzinda wambiri ku Russia ndi m'mayiko ena a CIS. Choncho, chimodzi mwa malo otchuka kwambiri ndi chipilala cha Dzerzhinsky ku Volgograd, chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa mwamsanga Felix Edmundovich atamwalira. Mwachidziwikire, mumzindawo, wotchulidwa kulemekeza msilikali uyu, pali chipilala pa Dzerzhinsky Square. Ngakhale pun ena amapezeka: ku Dzerzhinsk pa Dzerzhinsky pali chipilala kwa Dzerzhinsky. Samara ali ndi mutu wake wa Cheka, waikidwa pa malo osungirako a mzinda. Zimangidwe zina ndi mabelomo ali ku Izhevsk, Ufa, Donetsk, Barnaul, Astrakhan ndi Penza.

Makamaka ayenera kulipidwa ku chipilala chomwe chili mumzinda wa Dzerzhinsky. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kale ankakhala mmodzi wa ma komiti omwe analengedwa makamaka kwa ana osakhala pakhomo. Iwo anali mbadwa za bungwe la maphunziro, omwe pambuyo pake analephera "kutuluka mwa anthu", ndi kuika payekha ndalama zawo zoyamba, kenaka zimakhalabe zojambula, chikumbutso cha wotembenuzidwa wotchuka. Iye anali ataima pa malo aakulu a mzinda pomwe patsogolo pa mzere wofiira, kamodzi kokha kumanga nyumba ya amonke ya kumeneko. Komabe, gypsum sizothandiza kwambiri, ndipo pofika m'chaka cha 2004 chinsombacho chinagwetsedwa. Kenaka akuluakulu a mzindawo adaganiza zobwezeretsa chipilalacho, koma tsopano ndi chopangidwa ndi mkuwa.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti, mosiyana ndi zipilala za Lenin womwewo, chikumbutso cha Dzerzhinsky mumzinda uliwonse n'chosiyana. Osati zovala zokha, udindo wa manja ndi zitsulo za Iron Felix zimasintha, koma ngakhale zaka za kusinthako ndizosiyana. Chizoloŵezi chosazolowereka ku sukulu ya Soviet yojambula chikhoza kuyesedwa ndi kuyesa kusonyeza makhalidwe osiyanasiyana ndi nthawi za moyo wa Dzerzhinsky. Ndipotu, kwa a Volgograd, Iron Felix ndi Chekist wotchuka komanso mtsogoleri wachabechabe wa NKVD, ndipo aang'ono a Dzerzhinsky amakumbukiridwa ndi kulemekezedwa kuti ndi wopindulitsa kwambiri amene anapatsa ana osangalala komanso osasamala ana mazana ambiri a Soviet.

Mabotolo ndi zikumbutso m'mayiko a CIS

M'malo osungirako a Soviet pambuyo pa Soviet kwa msilikali uyu anakhalabe pang'ono. Zithunzi zambiri zamatabwa ndi mabasi zinathetsedwa muzaka zoyambirira za perestroika. Kufulumira kumene njirazi zinatengedwera kumatipangitsa kukhulupirira kuti kuwonongedwa kwa chikumbutso kwa Dzerzhinsky ndi mwambo wofunika kwambiri, wofunikira kuti kusintha kwa nyengo ya "zachilengedwe" zikuluzikulu.

Ngakhale kuti pali zipolopolo zambirimbiri, mizinda ina imakamba za kukhalapo kwa Felix Edmundovich. "Zikumbutso" zoterezi zikhoza kupezeka m'mabwalo ndi malo ozungulira Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Transdniestrian Republic, Kyrgyzstan.

Tiyeni tizindikire kuti m'mayiko awa chikumbutso cha Dzerzhinsky sichiyimira chikhalidwe china chilichonse. Koma palibe amene akufuna kuwachotsa. Ndipotu, akadakali mbali ya mbiri yathu.

Kuwonongedwa kwa chipilala ku Dzerzhinsky ku Moscow

Ndipo tsopano pafupi ndi chipilala chofunika kwambiri. Chikumbutso cha Dzerzhinsky ku Moscow chinakhazikitsidwa pa malo a mbiri yakale komanso achinsinsi - malo a Lubyanka. Anali pafupi moyang'anizana ndi nyumba yokhayo, komwe zaka zosiyana zinalipo maofesi akuluakulu a mphamvu monga KGB, MGB, NKVD, NKGB ndi USSR ya OGPU. Lero malo omwewo akukhala ndi FSB wa ku Russia. Chithunzicho chinapangidwa mwa dongosolo la phwando ndi dongosolo la Stalin, ndipo pulojekiti ya mtsogolo ija inapangidwa ndi Eugene Vuchetich wojambula zithunzi wotchuka pa nthawiyo.

Chithunzicho chinayima pa malo ake mpaka putsch ya 1991 , pamene anthu okwiya ndi okhumudwa ankadabwa kwambiri ndi "satrap and tyrant" kuchokera kulamulo lake. Panthawi yachisokonezo nthawi zonse komanso kusokonezeka maganizo, kuwonongedwa kwa chipilala ku Dzerzhinsky kunkaoneka ngati vuto lalikulu lomwe boma likuyendera. Iye anali ndi vuto lokwanira popanda ilo.

Choncho, pamene chipilala cha Dzerzhinsky chinagwetsedwa kuchokera ku Lubyanka Square, chikumbumtimacho chinachotsedwa ndipo chinasamukira ku paki. Pambuyo pa chisokonezo chonse chokhudzana ndi kusintha kuchokera ku chigawo chimodzi cha boma kupita ku china chachepa, anthu ambiri a mumzinda wa Moscow saganizira za chikumbumtima chonse chidani chakale chomwe chinafalitsidwa pa TV ndi "kutsanuliridwa" m'masamba Magazini a ku Russia ndi a ku Western. Ponena za chikumbutso ndi za udindo weniweni wa umunthu m'mbiri, mwadzidzidzi aiwalika ...

Cholinga china cha chipilalacho

Monga tanenera kale, zitatha zonsezi, chipilala cha Dzerzhinsky ku Lubyanka chinasunthidwa ndikupita ku malo ochepa, omwe ndi Moscow Art Park. Apa iye amayenera kuima mpaka mapeto a nthawi, koma mu 2013 anthu aponso "adayambitsa" ndipo adapanga zatsopano. Tsopano kuwonongedwa kwa chipilala kwa Dzerzhinsky ku Moscow kunkawoneka ngati chinthu chopanda pake komanso chopanda pake pa nthawi yonse ya perestroika.

Anthu a ku Russia adanenetsa kuti, mosasamala kanthu kuti mtsogoleri wa Soviet anali wotchuka bwanji, amaiwala za udindo wake m'mbiri ya dzikoli. Malingana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wa anthu, zinapezeka kuti pafupifupi theka la anthu okhala mumzindawu akutsutsa kuti chikumbutso cha Dzerzhinsky ku Moscow chibwezeretsedwe. Powonongeka motsutsana ndi njira yotereyi, pafupifupi makumi awiri ndi anayi pa anthu 100 aliwonse omwe anafunsidwa adayankhula, ambiri a iwo sanadandaule kwambiri ndi kukonzedwanso kwachitsulocho ngati mtengo wa opaleshoniyi.

Komabe, kubwezeretsedwa kwa chikumbutso ku Dzerzhinsky kunalibebe mu 2014, chinsalucho chitapulumuka kubwezeretsedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi kukonzanso kwathunthu. Kubwezeretsa kwa chikumbutso kumalo ake oyenera kunapangidwa nthawi yofanana ndi chaka cha 137 cha kubadwa kwa Felix Edmundovich. Kotero, chilungamo cha mbiriyakale chinapambana, chinawonekera kale ndi Lubyanka Square. Chikumbutso cha Dzerzhinsky chinabwerera ku malo ake abwino.

Maganizo a akatswiri: mavoti ndi otsutsana

Panthawi imene Chigawo chonse cha Russian cha Phunziro la Phunziro la Anthu chinapangitsa kufufuza kwa anthu ngati akufuna kubwezeretsa chikumbumtima ku Dzerzhinsky, mwa zina, maganizo a anthu a ku Russia okhudza umunthu wamasinthidwewo adafufuzidwanso.

Anthu ambiri omwe anafunsidwa (pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu asanu ndi anayi pa 100 alionse) amadziŵa mbiri ndi ntchito ya Iron Felix, pamene makumi anayi ndi asanu ndi awiri mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwawo amamufikira ndi zochita zake movomerezeka. Pa nthawi yomweyi, Russia yense wachitatu anafotokoza lingaliro lakuti, mosasemphana maganizo pazogwiritsidwa ntchito, ntchito za Chekist wotchuka zimayenera kulemekezedwa. Otsatira makumi awiri ndi asanu ndi atatu a anthu omwe anafunsidwawo anati chikumbutso cha Dzerzhinsky Square chiyenera kukhala, ngakhale kuti sichimverera kuti ali ndi mphamvu zokhudzana ndi munthu uyu. Kukambirana mwachidule zonsezi, titha kudziwa kuti, kawirikawiri, anthu amasiku ano alibe ndale kwa anthu omwe amapezeka m'mbiriyi.

Komabe, pambuyo pa chikumbutso cha Dzerzhinsky ku Lubyanka chinabwereranso kumalo ake, maganizo a akatswiri a kusintha kwakukulu kotereku adawonekera.

Mwachitsanzo, maganizo oipa zowonetseredwa ndi mtolankhani odzichitira pawokha Konstantin Eggert. Iye akukhulupirira kuti maulemu ngati chipilala kuti Dzerzhinsky sanayenere. A maganizo ofanana ndi zogawana ndi nthumwi za luntha ano. Malinga ndi iwo, chipilala, komanso Lenin a Mausoleum pa Red Square - ndi chidina wa nyengo ya m'mbuyomu, amene anapanga tanthauzo ndi kwathunthu kwakukulu kupitiriza moyo mu Russia ano. Komanso, kwa anthu ambiri anali anapeza zosasangalatsa chakuti zipilala za anthu amene chitsutsocho NKVD ndi tormentor awo aakulu anakhazikitsako (kapena bwererani) pa intervals wa miyezi ingapo. Izi "duality", malinga ndi ambiri, ndi m'mphepete mwa N'zachinyengo. Ndipo palibe wabwino kubweretsa anthu sangathe.

Komano, akatswiri angapo a, ale ambatambira kubwerera kwa chipilala malo wapachiyambi, zindikirani kuti kunali koyenera woyamba wa zonse kuonetsetsa anthu kuti saiwala za mbiri yake ndi cholowa chake. Kubisa mfundo zenizeni, ndikukhulupirira, amadzachita kubwereza kwa zolakwa zakale.