M'malire a dziko la Norway ndi Russia: History ndi Modernity

Borders ndi kuswa iwo nthawi zonse achititsa nkhondo. Kuyambira nthawi ya Kievan Lazaro, Gona zake zabwino mnansi ndi maiko ena ndi maukulu zambiri amalemekezedwa ngati rusichi okha ndi anthu ena.

Si kawirikawiri mukhoza kukumana ubale yaitali ndi wamphamvu pakati pa maiko awiri, koma ngati zogwirizana Russia ndi Norway. The moyandikana ndi mayiko awiriwa kawirikawiri kosaoneka kukondera wochezeka. Umboni wa zimenezi ndi malire a Norway ndi Russia, ndi 190 wazaka chikumbutso imene yokondwerera May 2016.

Mbiri ya mgwirizano pakati pa Norway ndi Russia

Scandinavia otchedwa Kievan Lazaro Norwegians, Danes ndi asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda. Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 10, anali m'gulu la "alendo" a boma achichepere, nthawi zambiri anamaliza mabanja dynastic pakati pa achepetse achifumu. Mwachitsanzo, Yaroslav Mudry anapereka mwana wake Elizabeti Mfumu Harald Norway, ambiri amatchedwa "oopsa". Iye anakwatira mwana wa Swedish Mfumu Olaf.

Norman squads anali akalonga a Kiev ndi kumenyana nawo motsutsa Pechenegs, ndipo anafika ku Byzantium. Azinji a iwo nthawi anakhala ku Novgorod, Kiev, Chernigov ndi mayiko ena, ndipo anaphatikizana ndi anthu akuderalo. Choncho mbiri kusanduka ubwenzi zaka zakubadwa pakati Norway ndi Russia.

Kusintha kwa Norway malire Kievan Lazaro

Pa nthawi imeneyo, mayiko zambiri zasintha m'malire awo, mogwirizana ndi yokopa bwino kapena ayi asilikali, iwo "anagwidwa" monga mphatso ukwati. Mwachitsanzo, mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 11 malire pakati Russia ndi Norway zinachitika Lyngen Fjord, 50 kukafika china kum'mawa kwa Tauni ya makono ya Tromsø. Yemweyo Yaroslav Mudry ngati malowolo mwana wake, ndipo anawapatsa dziko lonse loyandikira kwa Alta Fjord (tsopano m'chigawo cha Finnmark).

nsembe ukwati zofanana ndi analandira pa achepetse onse European achifumu, kotero kuwonjezeka mu gawo la dziko loyandikana likuvutika m'dziko lawo sanali quirk wa Grand Duke.

malire ili la Norway ndi Russia mpaka cha m'ma 13, pamene Alexander Nevsky, amene pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana analamulira ku Novgorod, ndi Kiev, ndiye mu Vladimir, osati "anakankhira" mbali ina ya m'gawo pokondera mnansi kumpoto. An mzere alipo, iye anawonjezera kuti Tanaforda.

Kuyambira 1397 Norway anakhala mbali ya Soviet Kalmar, amene ali pansi pa ulamuliro za mafumu Chidanishi, ndi malire awo inakhalapo pakati Russia ndi Unia. Izo sizinali mpaka 1523, pamene mgwirizano alibe wosweka chifukwa wosakhutira ndi Sweden.

Chirasha Norway malire 17 19 m'zaka

Mu 1603, kusintha anali kulankhula pa malire pakati pa maiko awiri, monga anavomera pakati Boris Godunov ndi Mkhristu 4, Mfumu ya Denmark ndi Norway (zaka 1577-1648). Malinga ndi izo, malire atsopano anali kuonedwa Kola mlomo ndipo Tanafordom pa Varanger fjord (Bay kwa Nyanja Barents, lomwe limasiyanitsa chilumba cha Asodzi ndi Chinorowe Varanger Peninsula).

Koma m'masiku Russia anali osamveka, ndipo mfumuyo posachedwa kuphedwa, pangano sichinayambe anasaina. Kwa iye anabwerera mu 1684, koma mawu a kulekana kwa malire izo mukanalankhula atsopano. Malinga ndi izo, Russia ndi Norway ndi ufulu wofanana pa za Kola Peninsula ndi onse a dziko kutsutsana.

Motero, mayiko awiri anali m'madera amenewa ndipo anasonkhana misonkho kumeneko, koma iwo sanafune kukhala ofunika kwambiri. Ndipo anapitiriza akale kwambiri monga 130 zaka, pamene Norway wosayendapo kunja kwa gulu la Denmark ndipo anafika mu ulamuliro wa Sweden.

Kuyambira 1814 mpaka 1826 ikuchitikabe njakata m'mayiko amenewa, ngati malire boma la Norway ndi Russia sichinayambe anakhazikitsa.

mgwirizano 1826

mgwirizano umenewu unali chifukwa cha ntchito yaikulu mwachita ndi oimira mayiko awiri. Malinga ndi izo, m'dziko limene kalekale ntchito wamba, adachoka Norway. Kulephera makamaka koyenela mfundo chifukwa m'magawo awa mwamwambo kumene kuli mathithi, ndipo Skolt Sami.

Panafunika kuti malire m'dziko pakati Russia ndi Norway watenga nkhani zofuna za mtundu uliwonse:

• Lapps zaka anali asodzi;
• Sami, amene ankakhala mu mapiri, chinkhoswe mu mphalapala wawo amadalira kuweta;
• Skolt sanafune kusiya mipingo yawo Orthodox inamangidwa ndi makolo awo zaka 300 zapitazo.

Pafupifupi chaka idatuluka kuganizira zinthu zonse, ndipo May 14, 1826 chikalata yakuti "Convention kumalire boma pakati Russia ndi Norway mu patchalitchi Lapland" yosainidwa ku St. Petersburg, werengani Nesselrode ku Russia ndi Niels Palmstierna, Swedish-Norway kazembe.

Pokonzekera chikalata vuto china chinali malire a Finland.

Border ku Finland

Ambiri ntchito pa kulekana kwa malire Norway-Russian anali Valerian Galyamin msilikali wamkulu wa asilikali Russian, membala wa nkhondo Turkey, chithunzicho ndi mkulu wa pa Imperial zadothi Factory.

Kuyambira Kumafunikira osati talente yake monga zojambulajambula kuti ajambule Mezhuyev watsopano pa mapu pakati pa maiko awiri, koma luso komanso za mgwirizano wa mayiko komanso demarcation munali zofuna za maiko atatuwa.

Border la Russia, Norway, Finland, amene anali gawo la ufumuwo, anali ikuchitika m'malo osiyanasiyana. Kumbali Russian chitadutsa kuchokera mkamwa mwa mtsinje gwero vorem ake ndiponso kumadzulo kwa Mpingo wa Boris ndi Gleb, kenako kum'mwera m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa ku Rayyakoski Paz.

Mu Finland (kum'mwera kwa malire) zimavuta kuti akafike kudera la njira poyambira mwa mapiri angapo, mitsinje ndi nyanja kumapiri Kolmizoyve-Madakiedsa kupitiriza confluence Skaareiok inflow la mtsinje Tana.

Pa mfundo malire wakhala m'dera limene ngakhale mu 1751 ga malembedwe lolumikiza Norway ndi Duke la Finland. Kumbuyo kwake anali kale chosagawanika dziko Lapland. Mu mawonekedwe malire chinakhalapo mpaka m'ma 20.

Kusintha zana la 20

M'zaka za m'ma 20 malire a Norway ndi Russia kangapo anasintha mawonekedwe ake, ndiponso ichi chinatsimidzedwa ndi kugwirizana ndi zochitika zankhondo ndiponso zandale, lomwe nthawi imeneyi anali zimalimbikitsa. Mwachitsanzo kusintha malire a nthawi imeneyi nthawi:

• Kuyambira 1920 ndi 1944 anasankha Norway-Chifinishi malire mogwirizana ndi kusiya kwa Finland ku Russia inatha mu 1918 ndipo analanda dziko lake bomalo Petsamo.
• pangano latsopano ndi unachitikira Soviet-Norway malire yosainidwa mu 1947 ndi 1949, motero.
• Kuyambira mu 1991, Norway ali ndi malire dziko ndi Russia, ulamuliro wa yani anazindikira pambuyo kugwa Soviet.
• Mgwilizano pa Kudulidwa Kwamalile A Malo a Barents Nyanja ndi Ocean Arctic pakati pa maiko awiri yosainidwa mu 1993 ndi 2011.

Ngati dziko pa malire Chirasha Norway ndi yosavuta, kulekana kwa boma la nyanja pafupifupi 80 wakhala maganizo.

apanyanja malire

The adatsutsana malire nyanja ndi Russia - Norway anaonekera mu 1926, pamene boma la Soviet Union ananena mbali ya Barents Nyanja ndi Ocean Arctic unilaterally awo. Palibe malire izi losadziwika, koma nkhondo izo, nawonso, sanafune.

Iwo analandidwa 175.000 Km ² madzi Norway, ndipo anapanga asapita pakati pa maiko awiri unasokonezeka. Mu 1976, Norway waganiza kuti kwanthawi kumbuyo komanso unilaterally ananena madera awa awo.

Chinthu chokha chimene akhoza kuchepetsa zinthu zisaipe - ni mgwilizano pa ntchito anzake a m'dera adatsutsana makampani nsomba. Aliyense miyala kapena mafuta yotulutsa ntchito mu malo awa anaziletsa.

Mu 2010, pangano yosainidwa pakati Russia ndi Norway umene yotsirizira mubwerera madzi awo mu Barents Nyanja ndi Arctic Ocean.

malire lero

Mu nthawi yathu, kutalika kwa Norway-Russian malire ndi 195,8 pa dziko ndi mitsinje ndi 23,3 kukafika pa nyanja. Kukolola mu 90s wa 20 mpanda m'ma pakati pa maiko awiri atabwezeretsedwa kachiwiri mu 2016 ndi Norway.

Kusindikiza mpanda ayenera kukhala chopinga kulowa mu Schengen othawa nthambi.