Mitundu ya zachilengedwe zimadalirana. General makhalidwe zinthu zachilengedwe

zamoyo zonse zimapezeka pa Dziko Lapansi, osati mobisika ndi mzake ndi kupanga ammudzi. Iwo onse ogwirizana wina ndi mzake, monga zamoyo, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zopanda moyo. maphunziro amenewa mu chikhalidwe wotchedwa zamoyo amene amakhala ndi malamulo yake ndipo ili ndi mbali zenizeni ndi makhalidwe amene tidzayesetsa kukumana.

Lingaliro la topezeka

Bwinobwino tione topezeka aliyense ndi kovuta chifukwa zikuphatikizapo ndalama yaikulu zamoyo ndi zinthu abiotic.

Pali sayansi, zachilengedwe, zomwe adaphunzira ubale wa chilengedwe komanso zopanda moyo. Koma ubale izi zitha zitachitidwa mkati topezeka ina ndipo sadzafika nthawi yomweyo ndi mosintha, ndi malamulo ena.

zimadalirana Mitundu osiyana, koma iwo onse akuimira ya zamoyo, zomwe kucheza ndi mnzake, komanso ndi chilengedwe kudzera kuwombola zinthu, mphamvu, ndi zambiri. Choncho zamoyo ndi wolimba ndi wosasunthika pa nthawiyo.

Gawo zinthu zachilengedwe

Ngakhale zosiyanasiyana kwambiri zinthu zachilengedwe, iwo onse lotseguka, popanda kuti moyo wawo sizingatheke. Mitundu topezeka zosiyana ndi gulu angakhale osiyana. Ngati ife kukumbukira anayambira, topezeka ndi:

1. Natural kapena zachilengedwe. Iwo onse mogwirizana amapezeka popanda mwachindunji anthu. Izi nayenso anawagawa:

• Umodzi amene amadalira kotheratu mphamvu ya dzuwa.
• Systems kuti alandire mphamvu kuchokera dzuwa ndi m'zinthu zina.

2. Anthu anapanga zimadalirana. Man amalenga manja ake, ndipo atha unalipo sachita. Iwo anawagawa:

• Agro-m'chilengedwe, kutanthauza anthu amene amagwirizana ndi zochita za anthu.
• Tehnoekosistemy kuoneka mogwirizana ndi ntchito mafakitale anthu.
• Urban zimadalirana.

Gawo lina chimasiyanitsa mitundu zotsatirazi zinthu zachilengedwe chachilengedwe:

1. zinthu mopupuluma:

• Nkhalango.
• Dzasiya ndi udzu ndi chitsamba chilichonse zomera.
• Savannah.
• Steppe.
• Deciduous nkhalango.
• Titafika pamalo.

2. Madzi abwino Umodzi:

• Atayima madzi (nyanja, dziwe).
• Madzi (mitsinje, mitsinje).
• Chithaphwi.

3. sitima m'chilengedwe:

• Ocean.
• Ngelezi alumali.
• Madera okhala ndi nsomba.
• Mitsinje, Magombe.
• Pansi pa nyanja Rift mabacteria.

Kaya gulu, mukhoza kuona zosiyanasiyana topezeka, amene amakhala ndi akonzedwa yakeyake zamoyo ndi mphamvu.

Maonekedwe a topezeka kudera

Lingaliro la zamoyo akhoza zimachitika formations zonse achibadwa, ndi chongopeka analenga munthu. Ngati ife kulankhula za chilengedwe, ndiye iwo yodziwika ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Topezeka kudera zinthu aliyense kuvomerezedwa - ndi zamoyo ndi zinthu abiotic zachilengedwe.
• Topezeka kudera iliyonse pali mkombero chatsekedwa za ntchito ndi zinthu organic pa kuwonongeka zigawo zawo zochita kupanga.
• Yatikhudza mitundu topezeka kudera amapereka bata ndi kudziona lamulo.

dziko lonse ukufanizidwa ndi zosiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe ndi zochokera wamoyo nkhani ndi dongosolo ena.

Biotic dongosolo topezeka

Ngakhale m'chilengedwe amasiyana zosiyanasiyana mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyo, zamoyo wawo, koma dongosolo biotic ya aliyense wa iwo akadali yemweyo.

mitundu iliyonse mwa zinthu zachilengedwe monga zigawo zikuluzikulu mutasiya pamaso pa machitidwe a dongosolo sangathe.

1. Olima.
2. Consuments kuti poyamba.
3. Consuments kuti chachiwiri.
4. Decomposers.

Gulu loyamba la zamoyo monga zomera onse angathe photosynthesis. Iwo amapanga zinthu organic. Kuti gulu lomweli a chemotroph ndi mawonekedwe kuti mankhwala organic. Koma chifukwa cha ichi, osati dzuwa mphamvu, ndi mphamvu mankhwala.

Kuti monga onse ogula zinthu zimene kumanga matupi awo ayenera nkhaniyi organic kuchokera kunja. Zikuphatikizapo herbivores onse, carnivores ndi omnivores.

Decomposers, monga mabakiteriya, nkhungu, kusandulika nyama ndi zomera zatsalira mu mankhwala zochita kupanga oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zamoyo.

Kugwira ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe

The kwachilengedwenso dongosolo yaikulu - ndi biosphere, izo, nawonso, wapangidwa munthu zigawo zikuluzikulu. Mutha kupanga unyolo: a mtundu-Chiwerengero - topezeka. Unit zing'onozing'ono mbali ya topezeka - izo kuyang'ana. Aliyense biogeocoenose chiwerengero chawo siyana kuchokera makumi angapo masauzande.

Kaya chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu munthu topezeka kudera aliyense ndi kuwombola zonse zinthu, mphamvu, osati pakati pawo komanso chilengedwe.

Ngati ife kulankhula za kuwombola mphamvu, n'zotheka ndithu kutsatira malamulo a sayansi. Lamulo loyamba yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe limanena kuti mphamvu si kutha popanda sanachite. Iwo okha amasintha mawonekedwe wina ndi mzake. Malinga ndi lamulo lachiwiri, mphamvu mu dongosolo chatsekedwa zitha kuonjezera.

Ngati malamulo a sayansi ntchito kuti m'chilengedwe, tinganene kuti iwo amathandiza umoyo wawo chifukwa kukhalapo kwa dzuwa mphamvu kuti thupi osati adani komanso kusanduliza, ntchito, ndiyeno nkupereka chilengedwe.

Mphamvu anasamutsa kwa wina mlingo wina trophic, zidzachitika kufala kwa akatembenuka mtundu umodzi wa mphamvu mu lina. Gawo la izo, Inde, anataya pamene kutentha.

Kaya zinakhala mitundu zinthu zachilengedwe achilengedwe, koma malamulo amenewa mwamtheradi uliwonse.

Kapangidwe ka topezeka kudera

Ngati mukuphunzira topezeka iliyonse, ndiye kwenikweni ziwoneka kuti zosiyanasiyana siyana, monga alimi, ogula ndi decomposers, nthawizonse umaimiridwa ndi mndandanda wa mitundu. Nature anapereka, ngati chinthu anali kuchitika kwa munthu wa mtundu kuchokera topezeka kuti sadzafa, nthawi zonse akhoza bwinobwino m'malo ndi wina. Ikufotokoza mtendere mwa zinthu zachilengedwe achilengedwe.

A zosiyanasiyana lalikulu mitundu mu zamoyo, zosiyanasiyana unyolo kotunga wokhazikika njira zonse zimene zidzachitike mu anthu am'dera momwemo.

Komanso, dongosolo lililonse lili ndi malamulo yake kuti ayang'anire zamoyo zonse. Pa mfundo imeneyi, pali nyumba zingapo mwa biogeocoenose:

1. Yeniyeni dongosolo. Izo zimasonyeza chiŵerengero zomera ndi nyama zamoyo. Aliyense dongosolo, chithunzi ichi ndi chosiyana, izo zimatengera zinthu zambiri: location Hrs, nyengo, ndi zaka topezeka kudera. Tayang'anani pa chiwerengero cha zina aakulu, wotchedwa sredoobrazovatelem. Koma akuluakulu a numerically yaing'ono zina chizindikiro cha bwino kukhala mu dongosolo.
2. Trophic dongosolo. Species zosiyanasiyana, nthambi magulidwe akatundu mu topezeka ndi chizindikiro cha bata. Mu zamoyo zilizonse biogeocoenose zogwirizana makamaka kugwirizana chakudya. Inu nthawi zonse amapanga unyolo chakudya. Iwo kawirikawiri mumayamba ndi chomera thupi ndi mapeto chilombo. Mwachitsanzo, chiwala imadya udzu wobiriwira ugwire titmouse, ndipo limagwira mphamba.
3. Kapangidwe okhudza malo. funso n'lakuti, momwe ambiri a mitundu yosiyanasiyana azikhala mu gawo lawo. zikomo onsewa dongosolo zina, kum'mamatira mitundu kuthetsedwa. nkhalango ndi gawo loyamba wotanganidwa ndi mitengo kuwala wachikondi. Apa zisa zawo, ena mitundu ya mbalame. Mlingo lotsatira - mitengo pansipa, ndipo sadayima kwa mitundu ina.

Kapangidwe sikuti azipereka topezeka kudera aliyense, koma akhoza zimasiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukuziyenereza biogeocoenosis m'zipululu, nkhalango zotentha, kusiyana ndi kuonekera kwa apoyera.

zimadalirana yokumba

m'magulu otere analengedwa ndi manja a anthu. Ngakhale kuti mwa iwo, monga mwa chikhalidwe, kwenikweni azipereka zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse za dongosolo biotic, koma pali kusiyana kwambiri. Ena mwa iwo ndi izi:

1. Agrocnosises amasiyana osauka mitundu zikuchokera. Pali kukula kokha zomera amene kukula anthu. Koma chirengedwe amatenga ake, nthawi zonse, mwachitsanzo, mu munda wa tirigu Tingaone cornflowers, daisies, ndi arthropods zosiyanasiyana kukhazikika. M'magulu ena, ngakhale mbalame nthawi kupotokola chisa pansi ndi kubweretsa anapiye.
2. Ngati munthu sadzakhala kusamalira topezeka kudera, zomera mbewu akhoza saposa achibale awo zakutchire.
3. Agrocnosises zilipodi chifukwa cha mphamvu zina zimene zimabweretsa anthu Mwachitsanzo, kupanga feteleza.
4. Monga wamkulu mbewu zotsalira zazomera chikutha ndi mbewu, nthaka ndi zatha zakudya. Choncho, chimene chapangitsa anapitiriza kachiwiri muyenera kuti alowererepo anthu, omwe anafunika kutsatira fetereza kukula mbewu yotsatira.

Ndizachidziwikire kuti m'chilengedwe yokumba simuli dongosolo khola ndi kudzikonda chilangizo. Ngati munthu ikutha kuwasamalira, iwo sadzapulumuka. Pang'onopang'ono aithamangitse mitundu yakuthengo ya zomera mbewu ndi agrocenosis lidzawonongedwa.

Mwachitsanzo, topezeka yokumba a mitundu itatu ya zinthu zikhoza analenga kunyumba. Ngati mwaika thanki nsomba, kutsanulira madzi mu izo, kuika timphukira ochepa a Elodea ndi kuthetsa nsomba ziwiri apa pali dongosolo yokumba ndi wokonzeka. Ngakhale losavuta ngati kulibe popanda munthu.

Umodzi mwa chilengedwe

Kulankhula cose, zamoyo zonse amafalitsidwa pa m'chilengedwe, kotero kufunika zovuta kuderera.

1. zimadalirana onse inakula makope zinthu zina zimene amasamukira ku dongosolo wina ndi mzake.
2. Chifukwa m'chilengedwe mu chikhalidwe kusunga zinthu zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana.
3. zinthu zonse tiyenera chikhalidwe, tipatseni ife chimodzimodzi m'chilengedwe: madzi oyera, mpweya, nthaka yachonde.

topezeka aliyense zosavuta kuswa, makamaka poganizira mwayi wa munthu.

Umodzi wa anthu

Kuyambira kumayambiriro amadza chifukwa cha anthu pa chikhalidwe chawonjezeka chaka chilichonse. Osauka, mwamuna akuganizira yekha mfumu ya chilengedwe, sanazengereze kuononga zomera ndi nyama, kuwononga zinthu zachilengedwe zochititsa zachilengedwe Chotero anayamba kukadula nthambi umene wakhala yekha.

N'kusokoneza ndi zimadalirana zaka zakubadwa ndi chophwanya malamulo kuli zamoyo, munthuyo analowetsa chakuti zachilengedwe ndi dziko lonse kufuula mu liwu limodzi, kuti inali mavuto zachilengedwe. asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti masoka achilengedwe amene makamaka, ndi yankho chikhalidwe osaganiza za phukusi la anthu malamulo ake anayamba kuchitika posachedwapa. Ndi nthawi kuganiza mofatsa kuti mtundu uliwonse topezeka kupangidwa zaka zoposa kale maonekedwe a munthu, ndipo panali chabwino popanda izo. Koma anthu akhoza kukhala moyo wopanda chilengedwe? Yankho akusonyeza palokha.