M'chiwembucho - ndi chiyani ichi?

The kulanda boma anayamba madzulo otentha Sunday. Pafupi faifi koloko masana August 18, 1991 ku chipata cha dacha boma Foros pa Black Sea gombe la Crimea, kumene tchuthi pulezidenti wa Union of Soviet Socialist, Mikhail Gorbachev anafika asanu wakuda "Volga". No iwo sanayembekezere, ndipo poyamba alonda sanatsegule zipata ndi kuchotsedwa unyolo ndi spikes anagona kuwoloka msewu.

Chinthu "Dawn"

Ndiyeno kuchokera galimoto yoyamba iye anasiya General Yuri Plekhanov, mutu wa chinayi Directorate wa KGB. Iye anali ndi udindo kwa utumiki chitetezo wa KGB ndipo anali bwana akulondali Gorbachev. Pa nthawi yomweyo wobiriwira zitsulo zipata, chokongoletsedwa ndi nyenyezi yaikulu yofiira, Tatseguka. Pa mphindi zochepa lotsatira magalimoto mpaka msewu Njoka pa mitengoyo paini ku nyumba konkire malamulo dzina lake "chinthu" Dawn "."

Gorbachev, monga mmene kenako anauza Ofufuza, anali sakuyembekezera alendo - maofesala asanu akuluakulu a KGB, asilikali komanso akuluakulu mkulu wa Party Communist, komanso alonda awo. Anatola foni kuyitana mutu wa KGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov. Koma mzere unasemedwa. Kenako anaitana chitetezo wake wamkulu General Vladimir Medvedev, amene anati nthawi yomweyo anazindikira "Khrushchev" njira. Mtsogoleri wakale wa Soviet Nikita Khrushchev mu 1964, anathamangitsidwa mu zokhumba ndi pa holide wake pa nyanja Black.

Chiyambi cha mapeto

Pa lotsatira maola 73, awiri akuluakulu okalamba Soviet anamenyera ufulu wosankha mbiri. Kuimira, chimene anafika ku Foros, Kryuchkov anatumizidwa kutsimikizira Gorbachev mbali ya atsogoleri chipani eyiti ndi akazembe, anakhazikitsa State Committee Emergency (Committee Emergency), womwe anthu anali kutenga ulamuliro zosakhalitsa pa Soviet Union. zokhumba The zinachitikadi, chifukwa masiku awiri kenako, August 20, Pulezidenti anafunika kulemba pangano latsopano la mgwirizano, amene anatembenuka ndi Soviet Union mu chitaganya. Ambiri ankaopa kuti zidzayambitsa kugwa ambiri m'dziko la limati palokha. Cholinga cha zokhumba anali kutsimikizira Gorbachev kulengeza boma la mwadzidzidzi ndi kaye imakhala ya mgwirizano.

Zokhumba lakwaniritsa ufalikire. Kupanga m'chiwembucho osati analimbitsa Soviet Union, izo wapereka Borisu Eltsinu, kumene osankhidwa pulezidenti wa RSFSR, mphamvu zopanda malire. hawks Communist analetsedwa kupita ku akuthamanga dziko. Pofuna kupulumutsa Soviet Union, atsogoleri a zokhumba za potsiriza kukhomerera pamtengo kupyola mu mtima wake. Patatha miyezi inayi, Soviet Union unatha.

Koma zimene zinachitika pamene izi masiku atatu kwambiri August, ngakhale lero, akhala bwinobwino. Ngakhale zaka zambirimbiri kusanthula: 140 mabuku a zolemba, zofufuza atatu, zombo asanu ndi ambiri lofalitsidwa maumboni munthu - mbiri yonse ya m'chiwembucho mosalekeza bata mmwamba.

Zimayambitsa zokhumba za

Conspiracies pafupifupi ndi tanthauzo, sangakhoze kumvetsedwa. Koma ambiri, ngati Watergate, kenako kumaonekera. Chilakolako achiwembuwo okalamba machimo awo, kutsegula yachokera chinsinsi ndi kubera ankhanza yandale yatsopano anaphunzitsa kuti choonadi wabwela kunja.

Kwa ena, kulephera kwa zokhumba za - ndi kupambana kwa demokalase pa mphamvu zotani, anthu a Politburo. Izi ndi yanthaŵi chifungulo cha mwadzidzidzi mu 1991, zomwe poyerekeza ndi 1789 ndi 1917, nthawi ya kusintha kwa ulamuliro wankhanza ndi demokalase owolowa manja. Komiti Emergency - kuwombana kachitidwe awiri, mmodzi amene anapambana. Monga Yeltsin anati pambuyo pake, kuopa m'ma inatha ndi ena adayamba. Chizindikiro cha ndiye zodabwitsa anakhala chithunzi cha iye - atayima pansi mfuti pa thankiyo osankhidwa mtsogoleri wa dziko.

Vuto lakulimbana ndi mfundo imeneyi ya kulanda boma ndi kuti si zogwirizana ndi mfundo. The wofufuza kwambiri mu masiku awa atatu, sichidziwika bwino kumakhaladi. Vital, zoopsa mphindi anali wamng'ono kwambiri kuchita ndi demokalase. Kodi kwenikweni zatenganso mbali, ndi luso CINYENGO kusocheretsa ndi amayendela. Zinali mpikisano ziwembu, ndipo anapambana bwino.

Mu Baibulo ndi halftones palibe mwambi kuposa udindo wa zilembo ziwiri, Gorbachev ndi Yeltsin. Otsiriza, Mwachitsanzo, mosadziwika kuuzidwa za zokambirana putsch. Monga anatsimikizira ndi maumboni ambiri a atasemphana kwambiri Moscow, kulimba mtima Yeltsin ndi kukwera thanki kukana asilikali anatsindika mfundo yakuti palibe wina amene si kuwombera.

Pulezidenti wa USSR ankadziwa zonse

ngati Gorbachev analidi, nthawi zonse analimbikira, m'ndende panyumba ku Foros? Kapena, chiwerengero cha ophunzira mu zochitika, kudzipatula wake wachita iwo kudikira ndi kuona zotsatira woti adzamuweruza m'chiwembucho pa August 21? Malinga Vasily Starodubtsev, Gorbachev basi kubwerera ndipo anatenga malo ake.

Masiku ano, pulezidenti wakale adzalemekezedwa monga wokonzanso amene anaphwanya chikominisi mmbuyo ndi anasiya masewera, pamene panali zotsatira mosalephera za kulephera kwa zokhumba za - kugwa kwa Soviet Union 26 December 1991. Koma m'chilimwe cha chaka chomwecho, otsutsa chachikulu ndale sanali wakale ndiwofatsa chipani, umene unachitikira kuyesa kukhala mphamvu. Popeza June, lasanduka vuto, Yeltsin anasankhidwa mwezi uno, pulezidenti watsopano RSFSR lapansi. Iye anabwera kwa mphamvu ndi 57% ya mavoti onse ndipo anali wachikoka lenileni, yotchuka osankhidwa wokonzanso. Ndi tsiku pafupi kusaina Gorbachev kwa latsopano mgwirizano pangano losavuta kumvetsa: ngati Soviet Union imagwera kupatulidwa, monga zinanenedweratu ndi osafuna kusintha, ndi mutu wake wapamwamba adzatsala ntchito. Ngati iye anali kufunafuna chifukwa kuti asiye njira ya zochitika, mapangidwe Committee Emergency zinachitika pa mphindi yabwino.

Malinga Starodubtseva achiwembu, zokhumba okonza anali manja Gorbachev, amene ankadziwa zonse zokhudza izo. Mu 1991 Starodubtsev anali mtsogoleri wa 40 miliyoni a Union wamba. Patapita nthawi m'ndende pambuyo kulanda boma, iye anasankhidwa kukhala kazembe wa wolemera ulimi dera la Tula, anali phungu ku Party m'gululi ndipo anamwalira ndi matenda a mtima mu 2011

Putsch kapena farce?

Starodubtsev chisoni kuti Komiti Emergency wapanga zambiri zolakwa, musagwiritsire ntchito atolankhani kulimbikitsa anthu kuti zithandize kulanda boma. conspirator Old mu analephera putsch vinilu oukira ndi CIA, koma chifukwa anthu ambiri, kupanda Luso mu zokhumba akhala m'modzi wa mbali kwambiri lachinsinsi la Komiti ya Emergency. Chithunzi cha masiku amenewo imamveka kuwalamulira ndi aliuma, otentheka odziwa ndi idealists zoipa ophunzitsidwa, adatsalima kuposa mutu wake.

Osati kuti iwo analibe zambiri coups zachiwawa wamagazi. Ndipotu, mwatsoka, iwo ayenera kuti anali patsogolo zinazo pankhaniyi, iye analemba patapita autobiography wake wotetezera Gorbachev, General Medvedev. Leon Trotsky, ndi mdani ndale wa Stalin, mu 1940, anaphedwa ali mu Chigawo cha ena. Nchiyani chakuletsa kumangidwa Yeltsin, amene anali pa dzanja?

Mafunso kuyamba ndi msonkhano woyamba pakati Gorbachev ndi nthumwi zosayembekezereka, amene anafika ku yotopetsa August tsiku. Malinga ndi Baibulo boma pulezidenti poyamba mantha, koma kukhulupirira kuti iye anamangidwa, anakhala waukali ndipo anakana kukumana zofuna za. Malinga Gorbachev, anaitana achiwembuwo ndipo opanduka, adventurers, amene adzalipira anachita.

Banja ndi anzake Gorbachev nthawi analimbikira kuti chosagwedera anatsutsa zokhumba kunatanthauza Kusinthaku wake m'ndende panyumba, imene anaopa moyo wake. Pambuyo mamembala a Komiti ya Emergency anaulukira kwa Moscow kulanda mphamvu, Gorbachev ndi mkazi wake Raisa yemwe anamwalira mu 1999, anatsala moyang'aniridwa mu Foros. Pamene kenako umboni Leonid Proshkina, mkulu wofufuzayo wa Office za Loya General kuti afufuze kulanda boma, iye anati kuti ngati iye sitiroko zazing'ono. Iye anatsimikizira kuti banjali linali ndiye ndi vuto, ndi kusiyanso kwambiri chifukwa cha kuopa poizoni.

matenda akhala nthawi kwa atolankhani komaliza tsiku lotsatira, pamene, pamaso pa dziko wachiwiri Gorbacheva Yanaev, amene anali mtsogoleri mwadzina la anthu achiwembu aja analengeza kuti adzatenge kuphedwa kwa ntchito ya pulezidenti. Iye anati, sangathe kugonjetsa kugwedeza wamphamvu mu manja ake ndi mawu ake, kuti Mikhail Gorbachev tsopano patchuthi, kulandira mankhwala kum'mwera ndipo amayembekezera kuti mwamsanga pamene Gorbachev akumverera bwino, ndiye amatenga ofesi kachiwiri.

umboni wina wa msonkhano mu Foros kupereka chithunzi thunzi chokwanira kwambiri. Malinga Valery Boldin, Gorbachev wamkulu wakale wa boma ndi conspirator wina yemwe anamwalira mu 2006, mtsogoleri Soviet anakwiya, koma anali okonzeka pa mtengo uliwonse kuti amuchotsepo Yeltsin. Pomaliza, pulezidenti anati: "Kuti gehena ndi inu, kodi mukufuna," ndipo kenako ena malangizo kukhazikitsa boma la mwadzidzidzi.

Kotero anali ndi nyumba amangidwe pulezidenti?

Kutchinjiriza Gorbachev mu Foros zikutipatsa mafunso angapo: kaya iye anali kuyesera kuti athawe, kuyesera kuti ngati angathe kulumikizana ndi anthu, kufotokoza kulibe mwadzidzidzi? telefoni boma wake anadulidwa, koma foni mu galimoto yake anali kugwira ntchito monga foni wina mu nyumba alonda. Ndipotu pali umboni wosonyeza kuti Gorbachev adayitanira pamene wake kumangidwa nyumba, kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti Nursultan Nazarbayev, pulezidenti panopa Kazakhstan, amene anali mtsogoleri wa Party Communist wa dziko mu 1991 ndiponso malinga ndi Alexander Hinstein, phungu ndi mbiri Arkady Volsky, mmodzi wa alangizi ake. Pokambirana, Gorbachev ankanena kuti si zoona odwala.

32 alonda pulezidenti - ndi nkhani ina kwa mtsutso. Palibe a iwo anali anamangidwa pambuyo kulanda boma, ndipo wapolisiyo Proshkin anaona kuti ngakhale kapena kulanda boma, ngakhale kuopsa kwa onse awo aakulu Plekhanov. Mboni amati Gorbachev kuti asiye ngati iye amafuna, koma anakana. Iye anapereka lamulo lolembedwa ndi chofunika kupita ku Moscow, koma iye anati, sanalandire yankho lirilonse. Patapita zaka zitatu za usilikali Collegium a Khoti Lalikulu anapeza kuti Gorbachev sanali m'ndende panyumba, chifukwa Iye sanayese kuthawa.

Mu autobiography wake, chitetezo mkulu General Medvedev ananena kuti ngakhale kuti nthawi ya mapeto ankayembekezera kutaya pulezidenti ndi Lachiwiri 134.

Dzhon Danlop, wolemba mbiri American ndi katswiri pa zokhumba d'état mu 1991, ananena kuti chosalanga Gorbachev a anazunguzika Aleksandra Yakovleva, kwa zaka zambiri, yemwe anali mmodzi wa ogwirizana kwambiri a mtsogoleri Soviet. Malinga ndi iye, sakumvetsa chifukwa mutsogoleli wadziko sunathe, chifukwa asilikali sakanati ngakhale anayesa kuletsa.

N'zokayikitsa kuti tidzakhala kudziwa ngati Gorbachev anaopa kuchita kapena akungokhala kuti agwirizane lopambana. Malingana ngati iye anakhalabe wopanda kulankhulana ndi dzikoli mu Foros, iye anali mu malo wangwiro: ngati m'chiwembucho analephera, adzakhala wovulalayo; mwinamwake izo zikhoza kutenga udindo wa utsogoleri. Zikuoneka kuti pulezidenti chilolezo kulanda boma, koma kuti sanali pachokha zimafunika, anamaliza Dunlop analandira.

Gorbachev anakana zinadziwika izi kwa zaka zambiri. Palazhchenko, atolankhani mlembi wake, kusamala ndi tizikhulupirira akuti zokhumba chidwi kunyoza mtsogoleri wakale. Mu 2006 Komabe, Gorbachev anali poyera mlandu Yeltsin nawo za zokhumba za. Atakhala zaka 15 kuthandizapo kwa mabaibulo wakaleyu-Soviet Pulezidenti odwala Boris Yeltsin anauza TV Russian kuti pa zokhumba za, Gorbachev anauzidwa zinthu zonse ndipo akuyembekezera kuti aone amene apambane. Kaya mapeto kuti tizikhala opambana.

Ataona zimenezi, Gorbachev Foundation, ndi kuganiza thanki analengedwa ndi mtsogoleri Union kulimbikitsa demokalase ku Russia, pomwepo mlandu Yeltsin wa blackening dzina pulezidenti wakale pofuna zingasokoneze ku ntchito yawo azingokhala wa USSR. Koma tasiya idatha stalemate a. Yeltsin anafa.

Akasinja ku Moscow

Onse a anthu a Soviet Union atamva kulanda boma mu 1991 mpaka tsiku lotsatira atafika ku Foros chete. Lolemba mmawa, dzuwa litakwera pa ndime ya akasinja, ndi kubangula kuyendera Kutuzovsky Prospekt - pamsewu waukulu wopita ku likulu la Moscow. Pambuyo kuulutsa zolinga 7 koloko boma wailesi ndi televizioni anayamba wailesi yothandizira "Mbalame ya Chinsansa Nyanja" Komiti Tchaikovsky.

Popanda thandizo zolaula Gorbachev zokhumba anangokhala lankhondo, womwe wakhala amapha. Polimbana wotchedwa Dmitry Yazov, mtumiki wa chitetezo ndi conspirator wondituma akasinja, kenako anavomereza kuti anachita zingapo zolakwika. Malinga ndi iye, zokhumba d'etat adakwaniritsidwa improvisation. Panalibe mapulani. Palibe amene anaganiza kuti akawamange Yeltsin kapena Mphepo "White House" (Council Supreme nyumba). Anthu okonza ankaganiza kuti anthu amvetse komanso kuwathandiza. Koma iwo anayamba mlandu chakuti iwo anatumiza akasinja mu mzinda wa Moscow.

Choyamba, achiwembuwo sakanakhoza kudalira mphamvu chitetezo. kukhulupirika Political wa asilikali Union kwambiri kuonongeka ndi mndandanda wa kumenyana wamagazi ndi zionetserowo mtendere mu zaka zam'mbuyo awiri. Mu 1989, Asilikali kumenyana ndi chionetsero mu Tbilisi (Georgia), chifukwa omwalira 20. Komanso, chaka cha chilengedwe m'Komiti ya Emergency - chaka cha imfa ya wamba 14 pa itachita wa KGB gulu lapadera kulimbana uchigawenga wa Chilituyaniya yamalamulo ndi pakati pa TV, ndi zionetserowo anagwira. Atachita zimenezi milandu udindo malamulo awo wodzudzulidwa asilikali.

Izi analanda asilikali chilakolako ngakhale KGB kwa ndale, makamaka pakati pa Moscow. Iwo anasiya khomo lotseguka kwa Yeltsin, mutu wakale wa komiti mzinda wa Party Communist, amene anapambana Gorbachev m'chilimwe cha 1991 monga wokonzanso atongi wa Soviet Union ndipo anayesa kukopa mbali za kukhazikitsidwa Soviet. Momasuka ku West, Yeltsin ophatikizidwa ziyembekezo za owolowa manja Russia, amene ankafunitsitsa kuchita kutali ndi kudzipatula pa dziko lonse. Lililonse Denham mphamvu zake unakula.

Yeltsin akhadziwa pire pikhalonga Iye kuika. A masabata pang'ono kulanda boma iye anapitira ku Pavel Grachev, mkulu wa asilikali kumenya munthu, ndipo anapempha kuti amupatse kudalira anthu ake ngati kulanda boma. Yeltsin komanso linali kukhudzana zonse ndi General Evgeniem Shaposhnikovym, yemwe ankayang'anira mphamvu mpweya. Pamaso pa ogwirizana ngati analidi mwachangu.

kuzindikira chachinsinsi

Yeltsin anafika ku Moscow mmawa wa August 19 zing'onozing'ono, galimoto zakale ili mu nkhalango pafupi magawano KGB, amene anali kumugwira, koma analephera kuchita zimenezi. Chakumapeto kwa tsiku, maola 24 kuchokera pa ulendo wa kulanda boma ndi Gorbachev, anasiya nyumba ya Supreme Soviet la USSR ndipo anakwera pa thanki, yemwe anapita kumbali yake. Kutembenukira kwa khamu la anthu amene anabwera ku kukhazikitsa barricade ndi kulanda boma, iye wotchedwa pa Russia zonse kupereka yankho chokwanira kulanda boma ndi kukakamiza kubwerera kwa dongosolo yachibadwa malamulo.

Kubwera kwa Yeltsin pa TV boma kuika kulanda boma pa mutu wake. TV okhonda adalira, anapatsidwanso ufulu wonse, kuchotsedwa zikwizikwi Russia amene anatuluka kuonetsetsa kuti dziko sabwerera kwa m'mbuyomu. Anthu padziko lonse lapansi zinaona akasinja ndi turrets awo zouluka tricolors demokalase Russia.

Ndiyamika kugwirizana asilikali yotsatira maola 48, Yeltsin anadziwa zonse zochita zina Committee Emergency. Anapeza zaka zitatu zitadutsa pamene mtolankhani American Seymour Hersh anati Pulezidenti Dzhordzh Chitsamba Choyaka zimafika ndi Council Security National wa Agency kuonetsetsa kuti Yeltsin kudziwika Zolinga za anachitira chiwembu.

Russian Pulezidenti za zokambirana lipoti mu zenizeni nthawi. Yeltsin yekha anavomera kuti masiku awiri Kuzinga White House, US oimira kukamuona. Iye analemba autobiography wake kuti panthawi inayake, ngakhale tipite ku ofesi ya kazembe US, koma kenako si kutero, chifukwa "anthu sindimakonda alendo n'kusokoneza m'zochitika zathu."

Pambuyo sewero Lolemba, August 19, Lachiwiri anali impasse zovuta Moscow. Zionetsero anamangidwira okwatiranawo, ndi atsogoleri zokhumba kulemedwa kuopsa ntchito m'ziwawa asilikali. Koma pamene kunada, Yeltsin anasonyeza kukakumana zapadera. magwero polisi kuti Komiti Emergency waganiza mkuntho White House. Malinga ndi atolankhani wake mlembi Pavla Voschanova Komabe, pulezidenti wa ku Russia anagona mu chapansi, tikudya ndi kuledzera. Mkuluyu anati Medvedev, iye ankadziwa kuti kumenya sizinachitike.

kumapeto

Ndi m'mawa wa August 21 anali unit lokha komwe Komiti Emergency angathe kuwerenga. Ilo linali gulu la "Alpha", limene analamula kuukira White House. Koma, kukumbukira zimene iwo lathuli mu Lithuania kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, chipolowe apolisi adaganiza kuti kumvera malangizo, ndi m'bandakucha, zinadziwika kuti achiwembuwo anataya. Kumenyana Minister Yazov analamula kuti mupewe akasinja Moscow, amaika mumsewu njira kutonthozana pa tsiku lotsatira, pamene Gorbachev anabwera upbraid poyera zikuchokera Komiti Emergency. Mu mphindi yomaliza ya anthu achiwembu anapita Foros, ali kuwuluka pamodzi ku likulu la dziko kutenga malo oyenerera m'mabuku a mbiri yakale.

Mu kapangidwe kake ndi sakuzidziwa - mu chisakanizo cha mwachisawawa ndipo anakonza - August putsch anali m'njira zambiri n'zofanana kwa malamulo a positi Russia. Populist demokalase Yeltsin posachedwa anagwetsa zovuta boma paternalistic: Patapita zaka ziwiri, iye adzatumiza akasinja ndi nyumba yamalamulo lenilenilo, limene iye anayesa kuteteza mu 1991.

Kuyambira pamenepo, chiwembucho anatenga ndondomeko malo kwa Vladimir Putin anayamba kulamulira mu 1999, "komanso" amene chinachitikira ndi nkhondo kusewera leapfrog Putin ndipo m'malo mwake, wotchedwa Dmitry Medvedev. Kremlin ndi spiers ake dreamy akhala chinsinsi pakati pa mzinda wa moyo Russian.

Kodi zinthu zinasintha

• 18 August: Gorbachev akuyesera kuti akaonekere kwa mutu wa KGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov thandizo. Koma Kryuchkov anatsogolera kulanda boma.
• August 19, 7 m'mawa: Soviet boma wailesi komanso wailesi yakanema ndi zokhumba kulankhula kulowa akasinja mu Moscow.
• August 19: Raisa Gorbachev amanena kuti pa kundende mu Foros sitiroko zazing'ono.
• August 19, 5 koloko: wotsatila mutsogoleli Janaev akulengeza matenda pulezidenti.
• August 20: anthu anayamba kumanga okwatiranawo patsogolo pa White House, imene Yeltsin anali.
• August 20: Gorbachev kuyembekezera. Malinga Vasily Starodubtsev conspirator, iye ankadziwa zonse.
• August 21, 3 koloko: mayunitsi wapadera wa KGB - gulu "Alpha" - analamula kuti mphepo ya White House. Zotsatira wake kusamvera mu kusokoneza chiwembu.
• August 22: Gorbachev amachokera Foros kuti akaweruze m'chiwembucho. achiwembuwo zinamangidwa.
• 25 December: zotsatira m'chiwembucho - Gorbachev anatsanzika mtsogoleri wa dziko la Soviet Union, ndipo tsiku lotsatira Soviet Union mwalamulo unatha.