Mbalame Nthenga: mitundu, mbali structural

nthenga - ndi cutaneous nyanga mapangidwe. Iwo anaonekera zamoyo zimenezi pa kusanduka. Atumikire monga zimasintha ndege.

Kapangidwe ka cholembera

Pa kapangidwe ake chimasiyanitsa mbali ziwiri: ndodo, kapena tsinde, ndi fani. The mmunsi mwa ndodo ndi unakhuthala chinzake. Mkati nafota minofu keratinized.

Zimakupiza tichipeza barbs wa Choyamba, zimene zaikidwa ndodo. Komanso, kapangidwe ka cholembera amapereka pamaso pa dongosolo yachiwiri barbs kuti amagwira kwa barbs a dongosolo loyamba. Iwo anakonza perpendicular kwa masika. Iwo ngowe wapadera, kapena cilia, imene barbs onse mwamphamvu yomatidwa pamodzi.

Ndevu zigwirizana zigawo ziwiri. Kunja otchedwa tentha mthupi, ndipo amkati - ubongo. Inamangidwa a zouma maselo akufa ndi kulolerana wa mpweya thovu. Fomu nkhuku nthenga ndi kukula kwake angakhale osiyana, koma mfundo za matabwa ake yofanana monga tafotokozazi.

Kodi nthenga?

Choyamba nyama, amene anamvetsera mtundu wofanana wa khungu, anali zimadya zinyamazi Sinosauropteryx. Padziko, matupi awo anapezeka pa kufwanyulira fibrous. Nthenga woyamba woona anaonekera Caudipteryx ndi Microraptor. Nthenga za mbalame moyo lero ndi kapangidwe mofanana chotchinga cha nyama yakale.

Mitundu nthenga

Iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu zazikulu zisanu:

• coverts;
• primaries;
• chiwongolero;
• pansi;
• wapadera.

Tiyeni titenge izo mu dongosolo.

coverts

nthenga izi kubisa thupi lonse, kuwapatsa iwo mawonekedwe streamlined. Malinga malo pa thupi mbalame, iwo akhoza kugawidwa pa phewa, khosi, parietal, dorsal, nadhvostovye, Chotupa chija, chifuwa, mimba coverts nthenga, tibia, waung'ono, sing'anga ndi coverts lalikulu nthenga.

Coverts zili mu thupi la mbalame kuti imbricate. Iwo ntchito ndi kutentha zoteteza ntchito, kuyambira wosanjikiza yomwe iwo amapanga pafupifupi Kodi kachilombo mpweya.

primaries

nthenga izi zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri:

• Choyamba;
• kuti chachiwiri.

The ndege nthenga yaitali ndi molunjika. Chitsanzo chachikulu cha ichi - cholembela, analemba kuti masiku akale.

Nthenga ndege ya dongosolo loyamba amagwira kumbuyo kwa burashi mbalame. nthenga Izi ndi lalikulu. Kuti kupereka Nyamulani ndi cholinga pa ndege. Kuchuluka kwa makola amenewa kawirikawiri 10-15 mayunitsi. Choncho nthumwi za woodpecker banja 10 nthenga yoyamba ya Choyamba, kuchokera abakha - 11-12, ndipo ena Grebe - anthu 17. Chitsanzo cha mmene Zikuwoneka kukupiza tsekwe nthenga:

Flight nthenga za dongosolo yachiwiri amagwira khungu pa ulna lapansi. Oterewa zimakhudza pamwamba pa mapiko a. Iwo yodziwika ndi ocheperako kusiyana ndi nthenga kuti poyamba.

chiwerengero chawo angakhalenso osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame ija yotchedwa hummingbird wa sikisi zokha, koma ena oimira banja mbalame - 37.

Tiyenera amatchulanso otchedwa phiko. Izi deta nthenga laling'ono, limene amagwira ku chala choyamba. Chiwerengero chawo zambiri zidutswa 3-4, nthawizina - 6.

Utsogoleri

Izi nthenga mbalame mchira. Iwo ali ngati Makhov, koma kusintha. Komanso nthenga mchira kungakhale osati molunjika, koma yokhota kumapeto. Ndi thandizo lawo, mbalame chimasintha malangizo a ndege, mchira akusuntha mu madera osiyana. Kawirikawiri inali nthenga woteroyo ndi pang'ono arched yopingasa mzere.

pansi

gulu akhoza kugawidwa mu subgroups awiri: leni nthenga downy ndi pansi. Pansi Nthenga zikhomo yaitali kuposa kufwanyulira. Komabe, barbs awo satsatira fani. Kufwanyulira ali wochepa anayamba ndodo zofewa. Ndevu amagwiritsidwa sanachite fani.

Ndipo pansi, ndi pansi nthenga ntchito kutchinjiriza matenthedwe. Iwo ali pansi pa mizere ya. Pamene anapiye zimaswa yekha, ali yekha kufwanyulira, coverts kukula ina.

wapadera

makola awa akhoza zimachitika ndevu, zokongoletsa, kistochkovye, pudretki.

Ndevu - ndi nthenga, amene ataya barbs. Iwo kokha ndodo. Iwo zili mlomo wa mbalame ndi kuchita ntchito chogwirika. Komanso nthenga yaing'ono wopanda barbs akhale pa zikope ndi m'mphuno.

Zokongoletsa - zosiyanasiyana zosintha wa nthenga mizere. Iwo amaoneka panthawi mating.

Kistochkovye - ndi nthenga ndi yaitali, woonda ndodo ndi grooves, guluu wolimba osauka ndi mzake. Iwo zili zambiri padziko linanena bungwe mafuta England ritsa.

Pudretki - mtundu wa nthenga wapadera, ndi barbs amene amalima, kuphwanya. Choncho, ufa aumbike kuphimba nthenga zina woonda wosanjikiza. Ndi chofunika kuti iwo madzi.

Mzimuyo mtundu chiyani?

Nthenga za mbalame chosiyana ndi zosiyanasiyana ambiri a mitundu. Zidalira pa kuchuluka kwa inki ena. Mtundu wa nthenga ndi Lamulo zinthu zina:

• carotenoids;
• porphyrins;
• melanin.

The inki wa gulu loyamba kubala lalanje, wachikasu, wofiira ndi pinki mithunzi. zinthu izi lidzasinthidwa nthenga mbalame ku chakudya kuti ukunyeketsa. Ngati pali mankhwala osakwanira munali krotinoidov, nthenga yake kusintha kwa imvi mu zakudya za nyama.

Porphyrins kutulutsa mitundu wobiriwira.

Melanin anapanga zofiirira ndi wakuda mtundu wa nthenga. Iwo akhoza kulenga ena mithunzi ya chikasu.

Komanso, chekeni mbalame amadalira osati pa pigment ali mu nthenga, koma dongosolo la barbs a dongosolo loyamba ndi lachiwiri. Malinga ndi mmene barbs ndi ili ndipo anakonza, nthenga kusonyeza dzuŵa ndi adziwana dzulo. Choncho, nthenga adzawala dzuwa.

Popeza yopanga inki ambiri mu thupi malamulo ndi mbalame chiwindi, kusintha mtundu zingasonyeze matenda ena, monga chlamydia, vitamini A akusowa, owonjezera nthaka ndi ena.

Kodi kusamalira nthenga mbalame?

Izi mbalame utakhala maola pafupifupi awiri pa tsiku.

Kuyeretsa nthenga angathe m'njira zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, bystroletayuschie mbalame monga swifts namzeze, terns, ndi choviikidwa mu madzi ntchentche. Ena wothira nthenga ake Madzi a mvula. Komanso amasamalidwa mbalame akhoza kutenga malo osambira fumbi.

Chotsani zinthu zakunja otsekeredwa mu nthenga, mbalame ntchito mlomo.

Palinso wothandizila wapadera yopatsa elasticity nthenga ndi kuthetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Izi mafuta kuti adzamasulidwa preen England wa mbalame. Choyamba mbalame ntchito kwa mapazi ake, ndiyeno kuzitikita yoteroyo wake pansi.

Mankhwala zolembera, mbalame zina mwapadera sichikupindulitsani zisa. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu thupi la mbalame afika asidi formic. Amathandiza kuchotsa tizilombo ndi tizilombo tina timene amakhala nthenga ndi.

Kutsiliza: nthenga-akatswiri

The nthenga yaitali opezeka mbalame, monga roosters kukongoletsa Japanese. kutalika mamita oposa 5. Iwo ili mchira.

Komanso, nthenga yaitali monyadira Argus - mbalame, ngati pikoko a. The awiri nthenga pakati pa mchira wake mpaka masentimita 150 m'litali.

Mbalame ndi nthenga wokongola kwambiri tinganene kuti nkhanga. nthenga awo akuyang'ana zikomo zokongola kwa kapangidwe wapadera nthenga barbs mchira kuti kuonetsa kuwala.

Ngakhale pakati pa mbalame wokongola kwambiri ndi nthenga angatchedwe paradaiso. Nthenga angakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana. A nthenga mchira akhoza kukhala yosiyanasiyana zotalika ndi mosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, iwo akhoza anapotoza mu mawonekedwe mwauzimu.