Matupi a bowa anapanga ndi chiyani? mbali kandalama thupi la bowa ndi

Ufumu wa bowa zikuphatikizapo mitundu. M'munsi bowa a tizilombo. Onani munthu awo akhoza koma kokha kupyolera mu maso kapena zakudya zisawonongeke. bowa apamwamba ndi dongosolo zovuta chachikulu. Iwo akhoza kukula pa mtunda ndi pa makungwa a mitengo, kuwapeza kumene angapeze zinthu organic. Bowa thupi anapanga woonda, mwamphamvu pafupi wina hyphae wina. Izi ndi mitundu imene ife tinkakonda kusonkhanitsa m'dengu, kuyenda nkhalango.

bowa apamwamba - agaricales

Mwina aliyense ali ndi lingaliro molondola zimene zikuwoneka ngati bowa wamba. Aliyense akudziwa kumene iwo angakhoze kukula ndi pamene angapezeke. Komatu si yapafupi ndi nthumwi za Ufumu wa bowa. Amasiyana ndi mnzake mu maonekedwe ndi dongosolo. Thupi bowa hyphae anapanga plexus. Ambiri a mitundu kudziwika ndi phazi ndi chipewa, sipangakhalenso utoto ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pafupifupi bowa onse kuti munthu amadya, anatchula agaricales dongosolo. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo mitundu monga bowa, kutsinde, bowa, chanterelles, bowa, woyera, volnushki ndi zina. Kudzachita. Choncho m'pofunika kuphunzira kapangidwe ka bowa izi kwambiri.

Kapangidwe ambiri a bowa apamwamba

Bowa thupi anapanga nsalu multinucleated chimphona maselo - hyphae amene amapanga plektenhimu. Ambiri oimira pileate za agaricales kuonekeratu ogaŵikana chipewa wozungulira woboola pakati ndi miyendo. Chotero dongosolo kunja komanso ena mitundu za thupi afilloforovye ndi morels. Komabe, ngakhale mwa agaricales pali kuchotserapo. Mu mitundu ina, mwendo akhoza kukhala mbali kapena kwathunthu kwina. Ndipo thupi Gasteromycetes bowa anapanga kuti magawano choterocho si wapezeka, ndipo alibe kapu. Iwo tuberous, clavate, mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena mtundu wa nyenyezi.

Chipewa amateteza khungu, umene ndi wosanjikiza wa zamkati. Ali ndi mtundu yowala ndi fungo. Mwendo kapena chitsa Ufumuyo gawo lapansi ndi. Izi zikhoza kukhala nthaka, mtengo kapena nyama yamoyo mtembo. Chitsa, kawirikawiri wandiweyani, pamwamba pake zimasiyanasiyana malinga mitundu. Zimakhala yosalala, wazikang'a, velvety.

bowa apamwamba kubereka pogonana ndi asexually. The ambiri mitundu spores. Thupi vegetative wa bowa imatchedwa mycelium. Amakhala wochepa thupi nthambi hyphae. GIFA - izo anawonjezera ulusi umene uli kukula apical. Akhale opanda kakasi, mu Zikatero, mycelium ndi wapangidwa ndi multinuclear wina waukulu kwambiri, kwambiri nthambi maselo. Vegetative thupi la bowa angathe osati pankhani wolemera nthaka organic, komanso mtengo wa amoyo ndi mitengo ikuluikulu akufa, pa stumps, mizu, ndipo kuli tchire.

Kapangidwe ka fruiting thupi la bowa pileate

Fruiting matupi a agaricales kwambiri myagkomyasistye ndi yowutsa mudyo. Pamene inu kupululuka, iwo amakhala kuvunda. Nthawi ya moyo wawo ndi ochepa kwambiri. Bowa ndi maonekedwe a dziko lapansi ndi chomaliza chitukuko zingatenge maola ochepa chabe, nthawizina kumatenga masiku angapo.

Sporocarp imakhala kapu ndi miyendo chapakatikati. Nthawi zina, monga anali tatchulazi, tsinde akhoza kusowa. Zisoti m'makulidwe osiyanasiyana kuchokera millimeters angapo makumi a masentimita. Kuyenda kudutsa m'nkhalango, inu mukhoza kuwona momwe kuchokera pansi pa miyendo wochepa wosakhwima anakula bowa ang'ono ndi chipewa kukula kwa PAD pang'ono chala. Kenako mukhoza kukhala wolemera bowa chiphona. kapu yake zambiri cm 30, wakuda ndi zovuta tsinde. Izi kukula chidwi akhoza kudzitama bowa woyera ndi bowa.

mawonekedwe ndi zipewa osiyana. Kuonetsetsa cushionlike, hemispherical, flattened, belu woboola pakati, nyuzi woboola pakati, ndi yokhota kumapeto kunsi kapena m'mwamba m'mphepete. Nthawi zambiri pa moyo waufupi wa bowa kusintha mawonekedwe a kapu kangapo.

Kapangidwe ka bowa zipewa kuti agaricales

The kapu monga thupi la bowa hyphae anapanga. Pamwamba pa malaya awo wandiweyani ndi cuticle. Komanso imakhala ndi ❖ kuyanika wa hyphae. Ntchito yawo ndi kuteteza minofu mkati pa imfa ya madzi ofunikira. Potero chindiletsa peel atayanika. Iwo akhoza utoto mitundu osiyanasiyana malingana ndi mtundu wa bowa ndi zaka zake. Mu ena peel woyera, ena yowala lalanje, wofiira kapena zofiirira. Zimakhala youma kapena, Kapenanso, yokutidwa ndi ntchofu wandiweyani. pamwamba pake ndi yosalala ndi wazikang'a, velvety kapena warty. Mu mitundu ina, monga mafuta, khungu n'zosavuta kuchotsa kotheratu. Ndipo pano pa volnushek syroezhek ndi imagwera yekha pa mphepete. Mitundu yambiri, ndipo si pochotsa ndipo mwamphamvu olumikizidwa kwa zamkati, limene lili pansi.

Pansi pa khungu, kotero fruiting thupi la bowa anapanga zamkati - wosabala nsalu inamangidwa ndi hyphae plexus. Ndi osiyana ndi kolimba. thupi ndi lotayirira mwa mitundu ina, ena ndinapirira. Zimakhala Chimaona. Mbali imeneyi ya mitundu bowa ali ndi fungo yeniyeni. Zimakhala wokoma kapena nutty. The fungo la nyama ya mitundu ya tsabola Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala kapena kwambiri, chimachitika redechnym ndipo ngakhale kukhudza wa adyo.

Monga ulamuliro, mitundu yambiri ya thupi pansi pa khungu pa kapu kuwala mtundu: woyera, yamkaka, wooneka kapena Kamaoneka. ndi mbali structural wa thupi la bowa mbali imeneyi? Ena mitundu mu malo a wovulala mtundu pa nthawi akanali yemweyo, pamene ena Mtundu kusintha mwadzidzidzi. kusintha anafotokoza ndi zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni ndondomeko utoto. A chitsanzo chapadera cha zodabwitsazi ndi Boletus. Ngati inu kupanga kudula zipatso zake thupi, awa ndi malo mwamsanga mdima. njira zofanana zimachitika Mokhovikov ndi mikwingwirima.

Mu zamkati mwa mitundu monga volnushki, bowa mkaka ndi duwa, ali hyphae wapadera. Makoma awo unakhuthala. Iwo amatchedwa zikwapu yamkaka ndi wodzazidwa ndi madzi colorless kapena akuda - madzi.

Hymenium - chonde wosanjikiza

Sporocarp anapanga zamkati, imene mwachindunji pansi pa kapu wosanjikiza lachonde - hymenium. Izi ndi mndandanda wa tosaoneka maselo n'ngopatsirana kupanga - basidia. The ambirimbiri hymenium agaricales ndi lotseguka kwa Hymenophore. Awa totsegulira yapadera yomwe ili pa underside wa kapu ya.

Hymenophore mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bowa ali ndi dongosolo losiyana. Mwachitsanzo, lisichkovyh izo zikufotokozedwa mu mawonekedwe a makutu wandiweyani nthambi kuti abwere pansi pa miyendo yawo. Ndipo pano pa Hymenophore mabulosi akuda - mu mawonekedwe a spines Chimaona, omwe mosavuta anapambulwa. Mu bowa tubular anapanga timachubu, ndi pa bwalolo, motero, wa mbale. Hymenophore akhale omasuka (ngati Kodi sangafikire miyendo) kapena adherent (ngati mwamphamvu zinaphatikizidwa kuti izo). Hymenium zofunika kubalana. Kuchokera spores kuti tinyamule, anapanga latsopano vegetative thupi la m'bowawo.

mafangasi spores

Kapangidwe ka fruiting thupi la bowa pileate kumva. spores ake kukhala pa maselo zipatso. Onse agaricales bowa ndi unicellular. Monga selo lililonse eukaryotic, mu mkangano kusiyanitsa Kakhungu, cytoplasm, phata ndi organelles ena ma. Komanso ambiri inclusions wapezeka mu iwo. Kukula kwa mkangano - kuchokera microns 10 mpaka 25. Choncho, iwo Tingaone kokha kupyolera mu maso pa kuwonjezereka wabwino. Mu mawonekedwe ali kuzungulira, chowulungika, spindle woboola pakati, zernovidnye ndipo ngakhale nyenyezi woboola pakati. awo chipolopolo ndi osiyanasiyana malingana ndi mtundu wake. Mu ena kutsutsana ndi yosalala, pamene ena prickly, lokhala ndi ubweya kapena warty.

Pamene anamasulidwa mu mikangano chilengedwe zambiri amafanana ufa. Koma maselo okha ali onse colorless ndi akuda. Nthawi zambiri pali mikangano pakati bowa wachikasu, wabulauni, pinki, pabuka-bulauni, maolivi, wofiirira, lalanje ndi ngakhale wakuda. Asayansi mycologists kulabadira kwambiri kuti mtundu ndi kukula kwa spores. Zizindikiro izi ndi khola, ndipo amathandiza kudziwa mitundu ya bowa.

Kapangidwe ka thupi fruiting: stipe

Kuoneka pa fruiting thupi la bowa umadziwika kuti pafupifupi aliyense. Mwendo, ngati kapu aumbike mwa kuli zapiringizana filaments hyphal. Koma maselo amenewa chimphona amasiyana kuti awo chipolopolo ndi thicker ndipo ali mphamvu wabwino. Phazi bowa muyenera kuti andithandize. Iye amanyamula kuposa gawo lapansi ndi. Hyphae mwendo chikugwirizana mitolo amene ali pafupi ndi wina ndi mnzake mu kufanana ndipo oposa. Umu ndi mmene zimakhalira kwa mankhwala madzi ndi mchere ku mycelium kwa kapu ndi. Miyendo kusiyanitsa mitundu iwiri: mosalekeza (hyphae mbamuikha pafupi) ndi dzenje (pamene kuonekera mpata pakati hyphae wa - mlechniki). Koma mu chikhalidwe pali mitundu wapakatikati. miyendo awa ndi yotupa ndi kashtanovika. Mitundu awa, wandiweyani akunja gawo. Pakati pa mwendo ladzala ndi zamkati chofewa ngati siponji.

Aliyense amene ali chithunzithunzi cha mmene Maonekedwe a fruiting thupi la bowa ndi, akudziwa kuti miyendo osati dongosolo. Ali akalumikidzidwa osiyana ndi makulidwe. Mwachitsanzo, syroezhek ndi mafuta mwendo ndi lathyathyathya ndi cylindrical. Ndipo pano pa odziwika bulauni kapu boletus ndi Aspen bowa izo lakamba zambiri uniformly kwa maziko ake. kusiyana A ndi obratnobulavovidnuyu mtundu wa hemp. Sizachilendo pakati agaricales bowa. Chonchi kuwonjezeka noticeable wa miyendo pa tsinde, amene nthawi zina kwasanduka kutupa bulbous. mawonekedwe hemp zambiri anapezeka ku mitundu ikuluikulu ya bowa. Ndi khalidwe la ntchentche agaric, cortinarius maambulera. Bowa, amene mycelium kukula nkhuni, kawirikawiri amakhala ndi mwendo tapered pansi. Iwo akhoza anatambasula ndipo zimayenda chingwe mycelial motsatizana pansi mizu ya mtengo kapena chitsa.

Choncho, kodi bowa thupi agaricales kuti? akuyandikira, kukweza kuposa gawo lapansi ndi kapu pansi pa kuimba otukuka. Mitundu ina ya bowa, monga kuuluka agaric, pambuyo mapangidwe pansi kwa kanthawi yokutidwa ndi ❖ kuyanika yochitidwa. Njirayi imatchedwa "okwana chivundikiro". Monga chipatso thupi la kukula bowa mu magawo ake akhale pa bonnet kuzungulira ndi zochokera hemp ndinasintha meshkopodobnoe mapangidwe - Volvo. Mu ena bowa, ndi mfulu, pamene ena - adherent ndipo zikuwoneka ngati thickening kapena odzigudubuza. Komanso amakhalabe "zophimba wamba" ndi malamba pa phesi la m'bowawo. Zimaonekera mwa mitundu yambiri makamaka gawo oyambirira chitukuko. Monga ulamuliro, achinyamata bowa malamba kuphimba akutulukira Hymenophore.

Zimasiyananso blewits kapangidwe

Ziwalo za thupi la bowa ndi osiyana mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Fruiting matupi a ena sali ofanana ndi kapangidwe tafotokozazi. Pakati agaricales bowa ndi kuchotserapo. Ndipo pali mitundu angapo. Koma mizere okha ndi morels amafanana bowa agaricales. fruiting awo matupi komanso kukhala kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kapu ndi tsinde. Chipewa ali minofu ndi dzenje. mawonekedwe ake zambiri conical. Pamwamba si yosalala, koma ribbed. Mu morel limagubuduzika mawonekedwe osasamba. Iwo ali ndi makutu sinuous mosavuta palpable. Mosiyana agaricales bowa, morels mu wosanjikiza Sporiferous ali oyenerera padziko kapu. Iye ankayimiridwa ndi "matumba" kapena askami. cholandirira izi, zimene zinapangidwa anasonkhanitsa mikangano. Kupezeka kwa mbali zoterozo za matupi bowa, Asuka, ndi anthu onse amakumana marsupials bowa. Mwendo ndi nyemba mu morel ndi dzenje, pamwamba pake ndi yosalala ndi ngakhale, pansi - olemba thickening wa tuberous lapansi.

Oimira kuti wina - bowa afilloforovye kuti shlyapochnye matupi fruiting ndi mwendo amphamvu. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo chanterelles ndi mabulosi akuda. chipewa awo rezinistoy kapena dongosolo pang'ono zake. A chitsanzo chapadera - wa bowa bulaketi, amene ali m'gulu la dongosolo. Monga ulamuliro, afilloforovye siidzaola bowa, monga amapezeka agaricales ndi thupi lawo minofu. Pamene iwo ziume lifotabe.

Komanso osiyana mu dongosolo kwa mitundu yambiri ya bowa pileate kuti clavariaceae. fruiting matupi awo ali kalabu-mawonekedwe kapena matanthwe. Iwo kwathunthu yokutidwa ndi hymenium. Pankhaniyi, mbali yofunika ya dongosolo ili ndi kupanda Hymenophore.

Komanso zachilendo dongosolo ndi kuti Gasteromycetes. gulu limatchedwa tuber bowa thupi. Mitundu za thupi fomu iyi kuti akhoza kukhala yosiyanasiyana: ozungulira, nyenyezi woboola pakati, dzira woboola pakati, peyala woboola pakati ndi gnezdovidnoy. kukula ndi m'malo lalikulu. Ena bowa kuti kuyitanitsa kufika m'mimba mwake wa masentimita 30 chidwi kwambiri chitsanzo Gasteromycetes -. Ndi chimphona puffball.

Thupi vegetative wa bowa ndi

Vegetative thupi la bowa mycelium kuwatcha (kapena mycelia) lomwe lili pansi kapena Mwachitsanzo, matabwa. Amakhala filaments zabwino kwambiri - hyphae amene makulidwe ranges kuchokera 1.5 kuti 10 mm. Kwambiri nthambi hyphae. Mycelium umakula gawo lapansi, ndipo pamwamba pake. mycelium kutalika m'nthaka ndi michere, monga zinyalala nkhalango akhoza kufika makilomita 30 pa 1 gram.

Motero, thupi vegetative wa bowa tichipeza hyphae yaitali. Iwo kukula kokha pa pamwamba, mwachitsanzo apical. chidwi kwambiri kapangidwe ka mycelium lapansi. Mycelium mu mitundu yambiri ya si ma. Iye akapanda partitions intercellular ndi chimodzi chimphona selo. Si chinthu chimodzi, koma zambiri mtima. Koma mycelium mwina ma. Pankhaniyi, pansi maso partitions kulekanitsa selo wina ndi mzake, kuoneka bwino bwino.

Kukula kwa thupi vegetative wa bowa ndi

Motero, thupi vegetative wa bowa imatchedwa mycelium. Kulowa gawo lapansi yonyowa, wolemera mu organic, spores kumera pileate bowa. Ndi chifukwa iwo kukhala ulusi yaitali mycelium. Iwo amakula pang'onopang'ono. Only wambirimbiri okwanira kuchuluka kwa zakudya wa organic ndi mchere zinthu, ndi mycelium mitundu padziko matupi chipatso, yomwe ife timaitcha bowa. zoyamba zawo kuoneka mu mwezi woyamba wa chilimwe. Koma potsiriza kukhala yekha ndi isanayambike nyengo yabwino. Kawirikawiri, kwambiri bowa mu mwezi watha chilimwe ndi autumn, pamene mvula kubwera.

Mphamvu pileate mitundu sizikuwoneka njira mu algae ndi zomera zobiriwira. Iwo sangakhoze okha lithe organic nkhani zofunika. Maselo amenewa mulibe chlorophyll. Iwo ayenera zakudya wokonzeka. Popeza thupi vegetative wa bowa hyphae anapereka ndiye amathandiza kuti mayamwidwe madzi gawo lapansi ndi mankhwala kusungunuka mchere. Choncho blewits amakonda humus kulemera dothi nkhalango. Pasanathe ambiri, iwo kukula mu meadows ndi steppes. Ambiri vuto organic ayenera bowa anatengedwa ku mizu ya mitengo. Choncho, kawirikawiri kukula umakhala pafupi iwo.

Mwachitsanzo, mafani zonse za kusaka chete amadziwika kuti bowa woyera nthawi zonse kupeza ena birches, mitengo ndi firs. Koma bowa zokoma amapezeka mu nkhalango pine. Boletus kukula mu nkhalango birch ndi Aspen - mu Aspen. Izi mosavuta anafotokoza ndi chakuti bowa kukhazikitsa ubale wabwino ndi mitengo. Monga ulamuliro, m'pofunika mitundu onse. Pamene kuli nthambi mycelium kupindika padziko chomera mizu, ndipo iye angochita iwo. Koma si kuwononga mtengo. Chinthu icho, kuti ili mkati maselo, ndi mycelium dothi bere madzi ndipo, ndithudi, yake kusungunuka mankhwala mchere. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo kupeza maselo muzu, choncho, kutumikira chakudya ndi nkhuni. Choncho, atachuluka mycelium amachita ntchito ya tsitsi mizu. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri makamaka mizu achikulire. Ndipotu, alibe tsitsi. Kodi chotero kudalirana wa bowa zothandiza? M'pamenenso zomera mankhwala zothandiza organic ayenera kudya. Pokhapokha ngati ndatopa nawo padziko gawo lapansi ndi osauka fruiting matupi a bowa pileate.