Malamulo Gossen monga mmodzi wa mfundo zenizeni za chiphunzitso chakuti anthu mmphepete

Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810-1858) adalandira chilamulo chake digirii ndi zaka 37 zakubadwa anapuma ndipo anadzipereka kwathunthu kwa zachuma. Iye ndi woyambitsa wa ntchito limodzi, lofalitsidwa mu 1854, ndipo chaka chomwecho kuchotsedwa zogulitsa chifukwa chosowa wathunthu wa akumufuna.

Zikamera wa yachilendo mu chuma

Kudzera mwa khama la zachuma French Walras ndi English nzeru zapamwamba mfundo Jevons buku, wolemba alibe sindinatenge kutchuka kapena chuma, anapeza ndi mwayi mu laibulale, anali tinalisindikizanso mu 1927. Ntchito imeneyi anatsimikizidwa chiyambi cha zikamera wa njira zatsopano ndi choyambirira kwa chikhazikitso cha chuma ndale, makamaka kufotokoza phindu la chuma chonse ankadya, zotsatira zawo pa akumufuna. Olemba kuvomereza woyambitsa wa yachilendo. Chiphunzitsochi mwamukaniratu malingaliro zoyambirira za chuma chakale ndale, pamene injini waukulu patsogolo, amene anapereka kutsogolera chitukuko cha anthu, anali sewerolo capitalist, ndi "zachabechabe" bourgeois ndale chuma kwathunthu ananyalanyaza kupanga ndi kupereka patsogolo mowa. Ndi dzina lake zotukwana zinali Marx chifukwa oimira Njira sukulu malamulo zofunika zachuma ulembedwe zofooka kalasi ya malingaliro awo. Kusintha zachikunja, likuyandikira, kutanthauzira, malangizo chuma anali choopsa. Iwo yapindula tanthawuzo la "zisinthe."

mtengo Gossen

Gossen anayamba ndi chuma m'Malemba za chiphunzitso cha zofunikira mmphepete ndi zinthu zikuluzikulu. Imodzi mwa mfundo zofunika dzina lake monga otsatira: lamulo la Gossen. Tanthauzo la wolemba mu chuma dziko chawonjezeka mwakuti mu 1997 unakhazikitsidwa mphoto mu dzina lake mwadzina mtengo wa mayuro 10 000. Amaitcha iye, ngati Prize Nobel mu zachuma chifukwa cha zimene anatulukira kapena chiphunzitso luso munda, ndi cholinga chapamwamba - kusintha kwa moyo wa anthu kapena anthu onse.

The zili postulates chititsimikizira

Mwachidule malamulo Gossen angathe chimaonetsera. Mfundo yaikulu ya woyambayo, ngati kumwa chilichonse ndi mosalekeza mu nthaŵi, mtengo uliwonse wa gawo lotsatira adzagwa poyerekezera kale ntchito. Pa chitsanzo cha chakudya - chidutswa lotsiriza la mtengo (ngati chakudya udzakhala wokwanira) ndi ziro.

SUMMARY lamulo lachiwiri ndi ili - yabwino kapangidwe kufunika (mowa) analandira pamene pansi madigiri muyeso wa pamaziko a katundu zilipo. Kachiwiri, pa chitsanzo cha chakudya - mbale yaikulu ndi mbale mbali ayenera pamodzi ndalama zimenezi komanso kuti ndalama zimenezi kuti mowa awo wabweretsa phindu kwambiri.

Lamulo loyamba ndi lachiwiri la Gossen chinathandiza pofuna kukwaniritsa maganizo a zachuma, anapanga maziko a mitengo, anafotokoza makonzedwe ena a kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma, iwo amagwiritsa ntchito masamu a kapezedwe capitalist ndi kufunika. Pali maganizo malamulo anafotokoza zovuta kuzimvetsa mpaka malo pa chifukwa lonse achabechabe diamondi ofunika zokhudza mtengo poyerekeza ndi zofunika madzi moyo wa munthu.

Chiphunzitso cha zofunikira mmphepete

Lamulo loyamba Gossen amasonyeza zinthu zotsatirazi: ngati ubwino wake ndi ambiri, ndi achabechabe. Iye ananena kuti ngati kumwa anthu abwino ukuwonjezeka, okwana ukuwonjezeka zofunikira, koma zofunikira mmphepete amachepetsa. anapeza onse Gossen m'Malemba mwamasamu ntchito kuwerengetsera algebraic komanso masikimu. Choncho, akuluakulu a sukulu ya masamu (chuma ndale) amaona kuti kuloŵedwa m'malo mwachindunji.

Poyamba, lamulo la Gossen anali mabuku, kapena kuti zochita zake anagwa mu mtima wa munthu ndi zosowa. Ndiye, absolutism izi anaikonzanso, kuyambira nthawi zina lamulo la kuchepetsa zofunikira anabweretsa zotsatira zosiyana kwathunthu. Iwo anali anapeza kuti ntchito kokha ku bwalo m'malo yopapatiza katundu zofunika ogula (likupezeka chakudya) komanso kusangalala samabwera chilamulo ichi.

chiphunzitso Gossen ya kutanthauzira

Oimira masukulu osiyanasiyana "zachabechabe" bourgeois chuma ndale ankakhulupilira kuti malamulo a Gossen amathandiza Ngopambana woyenera kuonetsetsa kukula kwa mafakitale. Izi zimachitika motere. Ngati zofunikira mmphepete mwa wabwino choperekedwa pamwambapa ena, ndipo patsogolo ulimi ake amakhala n'kopindulitsa ndi koyenera, msika ladzala, mtengo wa phindu lenileni kugwa pa ubale ndi kawambidwe kena katundu, izo zimakhala zofunika kupanga awo. Ndiye, chifukwa chosowa ubwino woyamba mu msika (kuyambira kupanga ake anachepetsedwa) mmenemo kukufunikira. Zonsezi kumapangitsa kukula kwa mafakitale.

Ndipo apa pakubwera mu mphamvu lamulo la Gossen, yemwe wolungama ndi masamu, ali anthu aone kuti pali ndi dera, kuphatikizapo chitsanzo cha "mphwayi pamapindikira". Amakhala yachiwiriyo. The yoyamba ikufotokoza kudzikonda zili unit wa zachuma (ulimi ang'onoang'ono), anaikidwa kudzipatula kwambiri. Cholinga zimenezo - kukhazikitsa kufunika kupanga zomveka ndi kumwa katundu.

njira wake lotsatira amapereka kwa nkhani yeniyeni ndi zochepa za ndalama, ndi mitengo akonzedwa mu chuma chofunika. Kuti ndi mowa limiters katundu ndi mitengo ndi chikwama. Cholinga - mu mayesero kupeza momwe akadakwanitsira kuchuluka kwa ubwino zilipo pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, munthu amatha kupulumutsa kukhutitsidwa pazipita.

Otsatira Gossen malamulo amenewa chifukwa cha mawerengedwe a kufunika ndi mitengo. Ngati tikambirana zinthu zopanda ichi chitsanzo cha mlungu ndi mlungu chokwana munthu wina, zidzakhala wofanana ndi zofunikira mmphepete, kaya ndi chakudya chokoma kapena mkate gawo lotsiriza la chiwerengero cha mankhwala anagula. Lamulo limeneli limatchedwa lamulo lachiwiri Gossen.

Kutsutsa chiphunzitso

The kutsutsa yaikulu ya chiphunzitso mwakuchita Gossen ndi ziphunzitso amafotokoza anatsindika zotengera malingaliridwe-idealist njira kugawika ndi kumwa katundu, kuphatikizapo maziko awo pa chitukuko cha dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo ananyalanyaza kwathunthu kupanga ndi chofunikira ake chikhalidwe. Mokhudzana ndi "zonyansa" ya mmphepete zofunikira chiphunzitso cha Marx anali chitsanzo cha zofunikira za kusankha pakati pa apulo ndi zeze. Ataipeza n'zosatheka ngakhale mwina funso limeneli mkati chifukwa.