Mabanja malamulo, lingaliro lawo ndi makhalidwe

Kumanja - izi ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zomwe kumanga zonse dziko mphamvu. nkhani yolembedwa wakhala atapereka ndi nzeru ena a masiku ano nyengo. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti boma - si ndale, koma mwangwiro dongosolo malamulo. Choncho, mabungwe bwino ndi owongolera ubale chikhalidwe, popanda imene sangathe kumanga dongosolo boma. Kukhazikitsa mabungwe anachita ndi kupanga yeniyeni ulamuliro - lamulo, zimene zimathandiza inu kuunikila zinthu zofunika kwambiri yunifolomu. mbali mofanana pomwepo m'mayiko onsewa. maonekedwe awo kumatengera zifukwa zambiri: ndondomeko ya mbiri yakale, malo enieni mtima wa anthu, miyambo, etc. The .. Chiphunzitso cha boma ndi malamulo systematization akatswiri unachitikira mfundo wamba ndi osiyanasiyana a lamulo lililonse boma m'dzikoli. Kunadzetsa kugwirizana kwa machitidwe ambiri ofanana milandu banja lonse.

Dongosolo malamulo - banja malamulo ndi n'chofunika

Tikumbukenso kuti malamulo banja zachokera kudzipatula ndi kufanizitsa kwa zamalamulo ndi mayiko osiyana. Mu dongosolo lililonse zimenezi, asayansi akhala allocated kwambiri zofanana ndi zosiyana mphindi kuti anathandiza kupanga zosiyanasiyana wonse. Dongosolo malamulo amatchedwa atatu mchitidwe dongosolo ongokhala dongosolo la chilamulo, chikhalidwe malamulo ndi pravorealizatsii. Zikatero, aliyense wa zinthu izi lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu zigawo zingapo monga:

1. dongosolo ufulu tichipeza makampani boma Boma, mabungwe ndi wosathandiza.

2. Malamulo Culture - .. malingaliro Zamalamulo zochita, mabungwe etc. Waukulu zolimbana malamulo chikhalidwe ndi chikumbumtima malamulo a anthu, amene kumaonekera mlingo wa subordination ya malamulo ndi kuvomereza kuti.

3. mapologalamu ya ufulu - ntchito, kugwilizana, ntchito.

Pamaziko a dongosolo mkati ndi zina monga asayansi kwa magulu osiyanasiyana malamulo m'chilamulo banja. Tikumbukenso kuti chiphunzitso cha mabanja malamulo anaonekera mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano, koma pachimake apamwamba chitukuko anayamba m'zaka za m'ma XX.

Lingaliro la banja malamulo

Chilamulo Banja - akonzedwa a zamalamulo a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, amene akugwirizana polingalira i ena. chiphunzitso anali woyamba akufuna mu 1667 ndi German wasayansi Leibniz. Iye anati lamanja la mayiko ena amalola kuti kuphatikiza iwo mu magulu osiyana. Aliyense wa iwo ati potengera kufanana ndi kusiyana kwa ndondomeko chitukuko cha limati munthu. Pamaziko a chiphunzitso ichi chakhala zinayenda chikhulupiriro chamakono cha banja malamulo. Pakali pano, i chachikulu kulekana kwa mabanja:

- magwero a lamulo;

- terminological, methodological maziko a malamulo;

- makamaka dongosolo malamulo;

- khalidwe la mbiriyakale ya boma;

- udindo wa kukhoti;

- chitukuko ndi chiyambi cha malamulo.

Kumene, zilipo malamulo ndi wapadera, koma asayansi pamaziko a muyezo pamwambapa aphunzira kuonetsetsa zinthu zofanana. Kukula kwa chiphunzitso cha mabanja malamulo kwakukulukulu mukopedwe chitukuko cha sayansi m'munda wa limati kuphunzira. Komanso, pali mpata waukulu kuphunzira boma mu ubale wawo ndi mzake.

Gulu la mabanja malamulo

mabanja onse malamulo apangidwa mu XX atumwi, koma pali njira zambiri gulu awo, omwe ayikidwa patsogolo ziphunzitso zina. "Trailblazer" mu lamulo poyerekeza anali Davide, amene anapanga gulu izi mu 60s ndi:

1) Roma Germany, achingelezi, ndi zokomera malamulo banja;

2) achipembedzo, Hindu ndi Far East.

Pakali pano, gulu izi kwambiri chakale. Ndipotu, Davide anatenga monga maziko okhawo chinthu mbiri. A munjira ina pa mavuto a gulu la mabanja anaphunzira za dzina Ketts. Iye ananena kuti mabanja zotsatirazi:

1) chibwenzi;

2) German;

3) Scandinavia;

4) achingelezi;

5) Far ndi m. P.

Komanso, gulu chosiyana asankha asayansi ndi Behrouz Osakwe. Mchiphunzitso amakono a boma ndi malamulo ndi izi mabanja aakulu malamulo:

1. Romano-Germany.

2. achingelezi.

3. Zipembedzo.

4. Traditional.

5. Far East.

Kuphatikiza pazifukwa mbiri, gulu zachokera limatchula za njira malamulo, amene si mbali yofunika kwambiri mu dziko masiku ano.

Romano-Germany banja

Kumbukirani kuti pali nthawi yodalirika ya banja la mtundu uliwonse, kaya chimango malo. Iwo anapanga ku zinthu zimene zinapangitsa kuti chitukuko cha banja malamulo wonse. Civil dongosolo lamulo lonse la ku Ulaya. udachokera - phwando la chilamulo payekha Roma. Mchitidwe normative adzakhala ndiwo malamulo imati wa banja Romano-Germany malamulo. nthambi zonse za chilamulo, akhala m'gulu magulu awiri: malamulo a boma ndi ena. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti molondola ndi efficiently zonse ubale chikhalidwe. Ambiri a mayiko a dongosolo lino ndi kulemba mitundu malamulo. Mu banja Romano-Germany malamulo pali la "nthambi", amene analenga kutenga nkhani kusiyana kwa ndondomeko mbiri m'madera osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya. Choncho, akatswiri apeza subsystem, gulu mu banja Romano-Germany malamulo.

Subgroups wa banja Romano-Germany

Asayansi mpaka atachira okwana subgroups zazikulu zonse zitatu:

1. Romanesque malamulo gulu, womwenso machitidwe malamulo a mayiko otsatirawa: Belgium, France, Spain ndi Romania, akale French njuchi.

2. M'malamulo German zikuphatikizapo zamalamulo a Germany, Greece, Monaco, Ukraine, Czech Republic ndi Switzerland.

3. Scandinavia gulu malamulo ukufanizidwa ndi mayiko monga Denmark, Norway, Sweden ndi Iceland.

Monga tikuonera, khalidwe mabanja malamulo Romano-Germany mtundu zinachitikadi pa maziko a malo enieni mbali ya chitukuko mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe, komanso mbali zapadera malamulo. Komabe, onse boma magulu a banja Roma Germany malamulo, ndi kusankha awo ali mwangwiro mwadzina.

Common lamulo - ndi Anglo-American banja malamulo

Anglo-American banja malamulo, kapena malamulo wamba, ndi lalikulu mu UK ndi madera ake akale, United States, Canada, New Zealand ndi zina zotero. N. An kholo la dongosolo angatchedwe England, chifukwa miyambo ya dziko lino chogwidwa ndi English- American banja malamulo. Judicial zachilendo - yodalirika ya banja la Anglo-American mtundu. Mosiyana ndi mayiko Romanesque nkhani zisanu ndi ziwiri mu England ndi maiko ena mofananira gaspodstvuyuschaya udindo. Tikumbukenso kuti chitsanzo amakuona ngati mgwirizano mwambo. Iwo umachitira mbali yofunika kwambiri mu njira ya chitukuko ndi mapangidwe ufulu wa mayiko a Anglo-American banja. Choncho, makhoti zoona, anapanga yoyenera. Monga tikudziwa, mu Romano-Germany makhoti banja kumathandiza pravorealizatsii. Komabe, udindo wa lamulo mu UK ndi m'mayiko ena m'banja chawonjezeka kwambiri m'zaka za posachedwapa. Asayansi ena lero anamuika iye pa ndime ndi chitsanzo milandu, ndikufuna nkhaniyi Zatsala maganizo.

ufulu wachipembedzo

Achipembedzo banja - chopereka cha zamalamulo, pamene ndiwo mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha chilamulo ndi chipembedzo mu mawonekedwe a malemba oyera. Tidziwanso kuti udindo malamulo a chipembedzo mtundu banja malamulo woyang'aniridwa achipembedzo. Banja ufulu wachipembedzo pa nthawi anayamba mu maiko achisilamu ndi Ayuda, ngakhale kachitidwe kuzindikira chipembedzo ndi lamulo zaposachedwapa ndi zimachepa. M'mayiko European, ufulu wachipembedzo sanali mizu ngakhale Ages Middle, chifukwa mpingo ndi mphamvu yekha mu mizimu.

lamulo banja miyambo

banja Traditional malamulo ndi amakezana ndi pafupifupi zinatha. Mpaka pano anapeza m'mayiko ena a Central, South Africa ndi Asia ndi Oceania. Mafuko ena Australia kukhala molingana ndi malamulo a chilamulo cha miyambo.

Akamanena za banja mlanduwu ndi asapita yofunika kwambiri pa zimatsatira miyambo anapanga anthu m'madera a mafuko.
Pankhaniyi, malamulo, chitsanzo milandu ndi zina za malamulo mulibe mbali yofunika kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri ndi bwino zotengera malingaliridwe. Monga tanena kale, chikhalidwe banja malamulo ndi amakezana ndi pafupifupi zinatha masiku ano mawonekedwe a lamulo la makhalidwe chikhalidwe.

banja Far East malamulo

Masiku ano, asayansi ambiri amanena kuti mabanja amenewa kulibe, kuyambira zamalamulo a mayiko ambiri Far East ayamba ambiri a mabungwe European. Komabe, mbali zambiri za chikhalidwe malamulo a China, Japan ndi mayiko ena m'chigawo amakakamizidwa kuti aganizire za kukhalako kwa Far East banja malamulo. Pravovoye machitidwe mtundu wa mayiko potengera udindo waukulu wa banja ndi mutu wake, miyambo pochetanii, malamulo abwino , ndi zina zotero. N. Pankhaniyi, mikangano kanthu pothetsa m'banja kapena dera lathu, ndiponso kuthandiza matupi anthu amachita nkhani poipa kwambiri. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti cholinga cha pempho ulamuliro chitetezo malamulo a banjalo osati munthu. Lamulo m'mayikowa kuoneka ngati njira kuonetsetsa mogwirizana anthu a.

Pomaliza

Choncho, m'nkhani inali kuperekedwa waukulu mabanja malamulo amene n'kopanda mchiphunzitso cha chilamulo lero. Estetsvenno, akatswiri ena mulinso pamaso pa mitundu ina, monga Mwachitsanzo, banja chikhalidwe malamulo a malangizo zokomera. Komabe, funso moyo wawo zambiri mtsutso pa asayansi.