Likulu mkombero: siteji chilinganizo. kayendedwe ka likulu

Mu masukulu osiyanasiyana a zachuma mfundo likulu kawirikawiri kutanthauziridwa mu njira zosiyanasiyana. Malinga ntchito Ricardo, mawu ndi Amowabu gawo la chuma dziko anayesera kupanga. Ndipo Karl Marx otchedwa likulu katundu, pamene bwino ntchito, aloleni kuti kuwonjezera phindu kachulukidwe kudzera pakuika kupanga.

Chikhulupiriro chamakono cha

Capital si chinachake munthu kapena mankhwala, kapena ndalama, koma kuti yamasika, ndithudi, iye ali pa siteji pamene anaika mu kupanga phindu. Zili ngati kuti ndi njira wamba wa materialization pa chuma, dera la mwini ndalama, umalimbana kupeza ndalama zina. Ndipo chifukwa pansi lingaliro ambiri likulu zikutanthauza chilichonse chimene angathe kupanga ndalama. Choncho, kungakhale njira ya ulimi, ndi katundu watha, ndipo Cuma.

ndondomeko Kukhazikika mukukonzeratu

makope likulu - ndi njira yomwe ayenera kukhala gulu mosalekeza mwa kupanga ndi kufalitsidwa kumadera amene amaonetsetsa chilengedwe cha mtengo zotsala ndi kubalana watsopano. Mu zikhalidwe ubale msika panopa bizinesi amaonedwa kukhala kofunika kwambiri. Izi kukuchitika chifukwa chakuti iwo ali gawo la magawo kulenga. Ndipo ichi ndi chigawo chimodzi chomwecho chimene amanyamula ndalama zake padera mu mankhwala kumene analenga zonse, kenako mapeto a M'dera lililonse anabwerera wamalonda-industrialist ndalama, amene adzakhala mu chiwerengero chachikulu kuposa zimene padera. Kumene ndizoonekeratu kuti likulu ntchito wakhala ndi udzakhala i zofunika kwambiri kudziwa phindu la ulimi.

likulu Dera: chilinganizo 1 ndi Gawo №

Pa gulu la likulu icho chimapita kupyola magawo angapo, wotchedwa magawo, ndiyeno abwelela ku mawonekedwe wapachiyambi. Ndiko kuti, mapanganowo poyamba mu mawonekedwe a ndalama, iye udzadutsa magawo atatu a chithandizo.

Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo zinthu zimenezi: likulu, limene njira siidzasoŵa ndi kalata D (ndalama) anakhala wazamalonda, mwachitsanzo ngati ali ndi ndalama, njira ya ulimi (ikhale C), ndi chilemetso (PC). Ndipo C, ndi PC mu gawo lino la dera la katundu likulu anagulidwa kwa gulu la njira yopanga kumalo a ntchito. Chifukwa chakuti akuthamanga ntchito ayenera osati ntchito zida, kugula amene pali gawo la likulu, koma amafunanso ndi ntchito antchito wolembedwa mu njira amagwiritsidwa ikhale chofunika ndi - chifukwa Kugawilidwa kwanthaka ndalama kwa malipilo awo.

Gawo 2 №

Komanso likulu mawonekedwe kusinthako, "ndalama" (D), akulowa "zipatso" (P). Motero, ntchito ndondomeko kupanga, kumakhaladi mawonekedwe zambiri malonda (T). katundu chopangidwa, kumene amasiyana anapeza mu gawo loyamba, qualitatively (mbali kunja kwa mankhwala kumene Adalenganso) ndi quantitatively (pa Pamudzi ndi khama mtengo mowa kuphatikiza zotsala munali). Mwachitsanzo, woyamba D gawo pa mbali ya ku likulu la Anagula makina osokera, zipangizo, etc., komanso ganyu wodula, seamstresses ndi zina. Kudzachita. Chabwino, pa lachiwiri U-gawo anali sewn tracksuits. Chitsanzo chimenechi chikusonyeza bwino kusiyana kwa mankhwala gawo loyamba chifukwa ndondomeko kupanga.

Gawo 3 №

Wachitatu likulu dera siteji ankapitabe kachiwiri zipita dera la kufalitsidwa: wazamalonda kumabweretsa kumsika kukagulitsa chopangidwa katundu kumeneko, kulandirira ndalama ntchito pa iwo ndi ndalama zochuluka zina. Mapeto ali padera ndalama kusandulika kwa mawonekedwe chofunika (T) kumbuyo mu ndalama (D).

Mu gawo lachitatu kayendedwe ka likulu - ndi malonda kupanga katundu ogula. Akubwerera kwa chuma ndi phindu anawonjezera mu mawonekedwe a ndalama (D) zitanthauzanso kuti zoyenda ake zozungulira atamaliza anabwera kwa mtundu wapachiyambi udindo pachiyambi. Only tsopano, wamalonda wakhala kuchuluka kwambiri ndalama kuposa poyamba. Kuwonjezera apo, restarts kayendedwe ka ndi makope likulu mawonekedwe wina ndi mzake, kachiwiri atagwira magawo ake atatu chithandizo. Ichi ndi chifukwa kupitiriza kwa ndondomekoyi.

kupitiriza

Chotero, zimene zanenedwa pamwambapa, tikuona kuti likulu mkombero ikukwaniritsa kudutsa magawo atatu a ntchito zinchito. Kodi lachiwiri, imayenda, amaona zofunika kwambiri chifukwa mwa iye pali chilengedwe cha mtengo zotsala. Njira siriyo ndime iliyonse siteji ya kusintha kwa likulu mawonekedwe wina ndi mzake. Ndipotu nkhani ya kayendedwe ka likulu sati okha dera limodzi lokha, ngati wazamalonda lidzakupyoza iwe mobwerezabwereza zikutanthauza zoyenda, ndi cholinga zomveka - kupereka nokha ndi ntchito yanu kwambiri ndiponso mopitiriza kwambiri kukula mtengo zotsala. A kupitiriza njira yopanga n'zotheka kukwaniritsa ngati likulu osati kusuntha kwa mtundu wina ndi mzake, koma nthawi zonse kupezeka imodzi m'njira zonse zitatu.

Kusankha likulu ntchito

Zida kuti kutumikira ndondomeko ya ntchito motero mwachindunji nawo chilengedwe cha zinthu zatsopano, komanso mu ndondomeko ya kugulitsa katundu, amalola m'mbali kuti likulu ngati ntchito. cholinga chake chachikulu - kuonetsetsa kupitiriza ndi kayendedwe ka dera ndalama kupanga ndondomeko. Anapeza njira ya ulimi (C) ndi dzina lina - ". Ankapitabe likulu" Mfundo za iye monga C, nayenso lagawidwa zinthu za ntchito nawo chilengedwe cha mankhwala malonda ndi ntchito (PC), iwonso kusiyana zinchito nawo ndondomeko kupanga.

Kusiyana lofunika

The peculiarity wa ntchito likulu kuti si zimawononga, musati zimawononga, ndiponso pasadakhale zosiyanasiyanazo ndalama panopa malonda. Cholinga cha kupita patsogolo koteroko ndi kulenga kufufuza kulamula mwa zigawo zotsala za ulimi kuti kuonjezera chiwerengero cha ulimi wa chotsirizidwa ndi gulu zikhalidwe zambiri bwino kukhazikitsa bwino.

Pakuika kukhazikitsidwa kwa kupanga

Zonena zikutanthauza kuti Kugawilidwa kwanthaka ndalama kwa mmbuyo kupanga pambuyo akamaliza lililonse mkombero mu dera la likulu, womwenso:

1. Kupanga kupanga.
2. kugulitsa kwa ogula.
3. Kupeza ndalama malonda.

Mwachidule, ndi chifukwa ndalama kuchokera kugulitsa katundu chopangidwa imadzitembenuzanso gawo la chuma zapamwamba, mwachindunji, ndi kubwerera ku chapachiyambi (D) phindu. Choncho, zimaonekeratu kuti likulu ngati ntchito. Iwo akhoza yodziwika monga kutolera ndalama zonse kuthamanga pa gulu la kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko kupanga pogwiritsa ntchito chuma Buku ndipo panopa mafakitale ndalama.

likulu yopanga

Njira ntchito m'gulu la zili yaikulu ya chuma cha chuma zipatso, monga chochuluka dipatimenti ndalama, zipangizo ntchito ndi kupanga zida zina pankhani zokhudza chitukuko mfundo tsogolo la ogwira ntchito pofuna kuonjezera profitability.

Kaya kulekana kwa likulu la ogwira ntchito lokha, waukulu, ngongole, kapena Kukhazikika mukukonzeratu, komanso nthawi zonse kapena variable, ndi mu ndondomeko zonse za kayendedwe mosalekeza, yekha mu njira zosiyana, chifukwa kukhala mu siteji makamaka, amene panopa akuthamanga dera la ndalama ndalama.

zikutanthauza kupanga

Mwa njira ya ulimi ndi zinthu za ntchito, kuphatikizapo zipangizo, zipangizo, zigawo, mankhwala theka-yomalizidwa ndi zina zotero. Onsewo ali nawo yopanga ndi mkombero luso, chinkhoswe pa dera likulu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kwathunthu ankadya pa nthawi kutalika kwa bwalo wotereyo. Ndalama mwamsanga kutembenuka, kuphimba mtengo wa moyo ntchito lokhalamo amene amalenga mofanana zazitsulo kupanga mkombero wa mankhwala malonda.

liwiro kayesedwe

Imodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kuwunika, polongosola dera ndi kufalitsa likulu, ndi kudziwa liwiro la kayendedwe ake. Woyamba muyeso liwiro - ndi mtengo wa imeneyi nthawi imene capitalist ndi wabwerera monga ndalama patsogolo iwo Uwerenge lonse la ndalama nthawi yomweyo chinawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa phindu. Izi imeneyi nthawi 1 nayenso.

The gawo lachiwiri la ntchito mlingo likulu - chiwerengero cha ofunsira patsogolo kuphatikana 1 chaka. kayesedwe Izi zichokera kwa woyamba, kuchita masamu ndi kugawa pachaka miyezi 12 pa nthawi, apanga Poyankha wina.

Amapita padera gawo woimira kayendedwe ka likulu makampani, zigwire makhalidwe munthu wa chuma ndi njira yopanga ndi chuma adzakhala wokutidwa ndi imathamanga osiyana.

Koma njira ya ntchito, monga nyumba, nyumba, makina, makina ndi zipangizo zina, nthawi ya opaleshoni otere masamu zaka zingapo makumi angapo. Iwo ali gawo la chuma ndi luso m'munsi mwa makampani mafakitale ndi zonse yogwirira ambiri kupanga ndi m'zinthu sayansi.

akulimbana mankhwala

Ntchito likulu chofunika kuthandiza mu kuchuluka kuonetsetsa Utsogoleri optimizes pa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito yopanga. Kuti tichite zimenezi, muyenera kusankha pa chiphunzitso cha mbewu, zolinga njira.

Mwachitsanzo, makhalidwe ndi zachuma kupanga - ndi liquidity ake, ndiko kuti, kuthekera woweruza chuma mu ndalama kuti athetse udindo malipiro. mkulu mlingo wake mokwanira kwa ogwira ntchito iliyonse - ichi ndi khalidwe lofunika kwambiri pa ntchito bata. Imfa ya liquidity ungabweretse osati zina ndalama, komanso nthawi wotseka njira yopanga.

pamlingo wochepa wa m'malo likulu sadzatha bwino akhalebe ntchito yopanga. Choncho, imfa mwina liquidity, malfunctions ndipo monga Motero, phindu otsika. Pakuti aliyense kampani pali msinkhu mulingo woyenera pa zimene phindu pazipita zotheka.

Pomaliza

masiteji onse kudzera lomwe likulu, m'maderawa ake, umafananirako mukudalira pa wina ndi mzake. Ndipo ndithudi, gawo lachiwiri ndi mu mndandanda wa metamorphoses yovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa panthawi imeneyi ndi kulenga zikuluzikulu za ndondomekoyi, pamene mankhwala amapangidwa ndi kutitengera phindu latsopano. Ndipo chifukwa cha kutembenuka kwa zokolola likulu mu mawonekedwe a uphungu ndi kusinthika kwenikweni pa Seraya, monga kuyenera metamorphosis ake pa siteji 1 ndi 3, limene pali kusintha mtundu umodzi mu zina, koma palibe kuwonjezeka likulu. Apa yomanga imeneyi, otaya zozungulira ndalama ndi ntchito za ulimi imangidwa.