Leonid Kravchuk: yonena, zithunzi ndi mfundo zosangalatsa za moyo

Kravchuk Leonid Makarovich (anabadwa January 10, 1934) ndi Chiyukireniya ndale ndi pulezidenti woyamba wa Ukraine, amene wakhala mphamvu kuyambira December 5, 1991 mpaka yosiya wake July 19, 1994 komanso anali wapampando wa Verkhovna Rada, atsogoleri a anthu a Ukraine, zosankhidwa Social -demokraticheskoy gulu la Ukraine (ogwirizana).

Tsoka la Western Ukraine - Leonid Kravchuk dziko - mu zaka za m'ma lomaliza

Kumeneko anayamba ntchito yake, Leonid Kravchuk? Wambiri anayamba mudzi wake Large Zhitin mu Rivne dera mu banja wamba. Ndiye anali mayiko Polish. Mu zaka khumi m'mayiko awo omwewo Leni atatu ozizira mphamvu zasintha. Choyamba, mu September 1939 chifukwa cha kumasulidwa kampeni ya Red Army kumadzulo Ukraine, izo linalanda kwa SSR Chiyukireniya. Kenako mu July 1941 dziko kwa zaka zitatu analanda Nazi Germany. Pomaliza, m'dzinja 1944, apa iye anali kumbuyo Soviet mphamvu. Koma opareshoni yekha masana ndi usiku Western Chiyukireniya midzi anali pansi pa boma la mtundu. Ndipo izi zinachitika kwa zaka zingapo.

Tangoganizirani mmene mavuto onsewa zikupezeka mu chikhalidwe cha anthu kumeneko, makamaka achinyamata? Kuti tipulumuke wotere, tinayenera kuphunzira kubisa maganizo awo, kuganiza chinthu chimodzi ndi kunena china, kukhulupirira munthu aliyense, palibe kukhulupirira. Ndipo anapanga mbadwo wonse wa pambuyo nkhondo Western achinyamata Ukraine, kumene anali, ndipo Leonid Kravchuk.

ubwana

Zochitika za nkhondo zikuchepa bwanji tsogolo la banja ngwazi wathu ndi wa iye mwini. Atate Lenny Makar Kravchuk, ndi kale anali mkulu mgugu apakavalo wa Polish Army ndi Polish wogwira ntchito atsamunda, anam'tenga kuti akhale m'gulu la Red Army mu 1944 ndipo, nthawi yochepa kuchita kumenyana m'chaka chomwecho, nayika mutu wake Belarus.

Amayi anabwerera wokwatira ndipo pamodzi ndi bambo ake anatha kukula Leonid. Iwo ankakhala mu umphawi, Leonid Kravchuk anakumbukira kuti nsapato kuyenda mpaka chisanu choyamba. Komabe, kukanidwa ndi mtima kokha ndi chikhalidwe cha pulezidenti m'tsogolo.

zaka kuphunzira

Nditamaliza sukulu ya sekondale, Leonid Kravchuk, anasamukira ku mzinda anapita ku Cooperative College Rivne. Malinga ndi iye, pamodzi ndi ophunzira anzake, iye lendi m'chipinda zogwiritsa ntchito. Kenako mu 1953, atamaliza maphunziro a ku koleji ulemu, ndi woyenera kulowa popanda Kupenda mu Kiev University State pa luso la Economics.

Phunziro kumeneko sikunali kophweka, maphunziro anali 24 rubles (ngakhale ndi nkhomaliro wophunzira cafeteria ndalama masenti 50!). Kuti apulumuke, usiku ophunzirawo anapita kutula magalimoto ndi nsomba mazira pa processing nsomba mbewu ili pafupi. Pulezidenti m'tsogolo, Leonid Kravchuk, ankakhala dormitory chipinda anthu 12, koma anakwanitsa kuphunzira kuchokera "wolemekezeka" ndi kulandira kochulukira stipend - 30 rubles kale.

Only msonkhano moyo

Yunivesite Leonid anakumana mkazi wakeyu. Okongola ang'ono sumchanka Tonya timapepala yomweyo polonium mtima wake. Iwo anali ndi zambiri zofanana, onse anakulira popanda makolo, anamaliza maphunziro ake kukoleji ulemu ndi kulowa yunivesite popanda bwino. Tonya nayenso Leonid, pa njira loyamba anayamba kusamalira iye, ku khitchini wa wophunzira akamaphika awiri, ndipo Leonid anayesa kupeza tinapezanso mphamvu, pakufunika kutero, kudzaza ndalama.

Dziko wayamba kusintha kwakukulu, ndipo anagwiritsa mu mtsinje wa Kiev ophunzira. Pamene anayamba chitukuko cha m'mayiko namwali, ndi Leonid ndi Tonya pambuyo Inde lachitatu anapita Kostanai Oblast la Kazakhstan, kumene ntchito yoyendetsa thalakita, kuthera usiku mu hema ozizira mpaka autumn mochedwa. Apa Leonid ozizira, moti anakomoka ndipo anatsala pang'ono kufa. Tonya anamupulumutsa iye, amene anapeza galimoto ndipo anatenga akukondedwa kuchipatala kumene adatsitsimuka. Atabwerera ku dziko namwali Leonid ndi Tonya anali okwatira. Ukwati iwo imafika ku nthawi ino.

ntchito yoyamba

Mu 1958, Kravchuk Leonid Makarovich maphunziro KSU ndi kutumizidwa ku Chernivtsi, pamene anawerenga chuma ndale ku koleji ndalama.

Osauka moyo ndi akuthamangitsidwa ndi Leonid monga masoka. Ife kumuika kogona cha akazi, mu "ngodya wofiira". Kwa amene ali wamng'ono ndipo sakudziwa chomwe icho chiri, fotokozani. Choncho mabungwe Soviet otchedwa wapadera (sanali zogona) malo, chokongoletsedwa ndi zizindikiro Soviet (a kugwira la Lenin, mbendera (ngati izo zinali), zikalata zosiyanasiyana, pennants ndi makhalidwe ena a moyo Union). Chifukwa makamaka sadzakhala kuthamanga mu lakuya akazi kapena chimbudzi, mphunzitsi achinyamata anali m'mawa uliwonse ndi usiku kuthamanga pozungulira lalikulu tauni chimbudzi chaanthu onse kusamba, ndevu ndi chikondwerero kufunika achilengedwe. Kupita Kokasangalala? Chopambana nthabwala. Koma Leonid anapirira nkhanza kwa zaka zitatu.

ntchito chipani

Pomaliza, mu 1960, mnyamata wa zachuma ndale mwaona gulu m'dera chipani ndipo umasamutsidwa ku Nyumba ya Education Political mlangizi ndi mlangizi. Pambuyo kusamukira unit wa Chernivtsi Komiti ya Party Communist Regional. Apa ngwazi wathu anachita ntchito chipani zoposa 7 zaka, kukwera kwa malo mkulu wa dipatimenti ya dera propaganda komiti chipani.

Pafupi njira yachibadwa ya Soviet Union wogwira ntchito yaikulu phwando. Zaka zitatu zoyambirira maphunziro maphunziro pa Academy of Sciences Social pansi pa CPSU Committee Central, ndiye khumi zaka chikweza pang'onopang'ono kudzera m'gulu la Komiti chapakati cha Party Communist mpaka mutu wa dipatimenti ya zokopa m'Komiti ya Central, ndiye mutu wa dipatimenti ya mfundo. Kravchuk anakhala mlembi wa Komiti ya Central ndi mu masamba a atolankhani Chiyukireniya anaitana kuteteza Ukraine mu USSR. Pachimake pa ntchito yake chipani - umembala mu Politburo ndi malo mlembi wachiwiri wa Party Communist wa Chiyukireniya.

Monga Kravchuk anakhala wapampando wa Verkhovna Rada

Pambuyo retiring mu 1989, comrade Brezhnev Vladimir Shcherbytskyi Chiyukireniya Communist Party lotsogoleredwa ndi mbadwa ya Poltava Vladimir Iwashko amene anapanga ntchito chipani m'dera Kharkiv. Mu 1990, Ukraine unachitikira chisankho aphungu. Iwashko anasankhidwa ndi kazembe Kiev. Popeza ambiri akuluakulu anali achikomyunizimu ndi zachilendo kuti wapampando wa Nyumba ya Malamulo June 1990, iwo anasankha mutu wa chipanichi, ie, Iwashko. Pambuyo pake, mu mzimu wa nthawi, anasankha mutu latsopano Party Communist wa S. Hurenko kotero kuti mutu wa nyumba yamalamulo ndi kutsogolera asilikali ndale sanali munthu yemweyo.

A Wachiwiri kwa Party Communist, anasankhidwa Kravchuk ndi Leonid Kravchuk. yonena wake akhoza bwino limabwezeretsa ndi zochitika zina zochititsa chidwi ngati Iwashko kuti mwezi sadzipereka chochititsa amapha, amathandiza zikuluzikulu m'moyo wake ndipo tsogolo la ngwazi wathu. mfundo ndi yakuti pa nthawi Pulezidenti wa USSR Mikhail Gorbachev, ndi osakaniza, ndi mlembi wamkulu wa onse-Union Communist Party, kufunafuna njira yochotsera ntchito yawo chipani, pofuna kukaonekera pamaso pa atsogoleri Western (amene poyera unandipweteka) mwapadera mu mawonekedwe a boma, osati chikominisi mtsogoleri. Adafendera ndi udindo watsopano mu chipani - woyamba Wachiwiri mlembi wamkulu - ndipo anapempha Iwashko ake ndi chiyembekezo chodzakhala yotsatira mlembi wamkulu wa nkhani chipani chiyembekezo chakuti ya hegemony la Soviet Union. Iwashko bwino osati "prointuichil", limene likutengera pangozi zoterezi Kusankhidwa anakana Verkhovna Rada wapampando mtengo anachoka Moscow.

zochita zake inayambitsa chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa akuluakulu. Mlembi woyamba wa Chiyukireniya Communist Party Hurenko anabweretsa positi wopanda mlembi wachiwiri wa Komiti chapakati cha Party Communist a Ukraine Kravchuk. maonekedwe ake anali bwino kukondera. Pa dzanja limodzi, iye anali wantchito kuphwandoko wodalirika ovomereza ndi zomwe okonda ziwanga, Komano - zamakolo kumadzulo Ukrainians, limene, mogwirizana ndi akuluakulu a mtundu, anali chitsimikizo cha ufulu wodzilamulira kuchokera ndondomeko Moscow. Kumene pa boma ufulu wa Ukraine ngati palibe wina analankhula mokweza.

July 23, 1990 Kravchuk anakhala wapampando wa Supreme Soviet la SSR Chiyukireniya, kutanthauza kuti mwadzina mutu wa Republic.

Wapampando wa nyumba yamalamulo ndi - Pulezident

Amene tsopano amakumbukira nthawi yovuta ya vicissitudes onse a zaka 25 zapitazi? Kenako, Kutengera wa Gorbachev Chikukambidwa lingaliro la watsopano mgwirizano pangano pakati pa mayiko a kupanga Soviet Union. Gululi njira imeneyi imagwiridwa ndi Kravchuk zotsutsana ndi mtundu mtsogoleri V. Chornovil, mtsogoleri wa gulu "Movement anthu", omwe ankanena poyera kuti kuchoka kwa Ukraine kwa Soviet Union.

Ngakhale pambuyo kulanda mphamvu mu dziko m'chiwembucho kulanda boma mu August 1991, iye anapitiriza kupempha kugwilizana pansi pa boma la Central feduro. Choncho, pa msonkhano wa Verkhovna Rada wa August 19 Kravchuk anati: "Mu Ukraine, boma la mwadzidzidzi sanalowe. Choncho, tipitirize kugwira ntchito zawo momwemo. "

Pa August 24, pamene mamembala a Komiti ya Emergency anali kale mu ndende pamene Soviet Pulezidenti Mikhail Gorbachev, kulankhula kwa akuluakulu a bungwe la Supreme, pamaso kunyozedwa iwo, ndipo Boris Yeltsin pa olankhulira pa msonkhano womwewo, yolembedwa lamulo loletsa Party Communist - yekha utsogoleri wa Verkhovna Rada, lotsogoledwa ndi Kravchuk opanikizika kwambiri cha akuluakulu anapita kuti holo kuvota Chikalata pa boma ulamuliro wa Ukraine, amene analandira.

Posachedwa Chiyukireniya Constitution anali kukonzedwa kulenga malo Pulezidenti wake. Kravchuk anapatsidwa mphamvu Pulezidenti, ndi kuti akhale de A facto ndi de A jure mutu wa boma. Mu chaka chomwecho, December 5, 1991, adzaponye chisanko cha mphamvu yokhala amasankhidwa ndi mutsogoleli wa Ukraine kwa chisankho choyamba Pulezidenti amene anagonjetsa Vyacheslav Chornovil zolembedwa ndalama za kugwirizana ndi Russia, komanso kuteteza limodzi limagwirira dziko chuma danga pambuyo Soviet.

Kravchuk utsogoleri

mawu Mwatsoka palibe mmodzi wa iwo analengeza pamaso kusankha, iye sizinachitike. Ngakhale Kravchuk ndi anasaina mgwirizano pa kulengedwa kwa CIS, koma anachita zonse kwa Verkhovna Rada sanali kulemba malamulo ake. karbovanets - Mu January 1992, latsopano Chiyukireniya ndalama polima. Unachititsa zachilengedwe yopuma zikulumikizana zachuma ndi zibwenzi amakampani Chiyukireniya Soviet Union, kotero dziko waphimba weniweni inflationary mkuntho mu zaka zitatu. Ngati kumapeto kwa 1991 "SKB kapangidwe zokha" kutsogolera injiniya malipiro (Dnepropetrovsk) anali 200 Soviet rubles, mu 1994 pa malo CMC "Yuzhvetroenergomash" katswiri wamkulu, zinali za 2 miliyoni. Karbovancev pa pafupifupi chimodzimodzi kugula mphamvu, ie, .E. ndalama okwanira mu dziko wakula ndi nthawi osachepera 10,000.

Mabizinezi massively anatsekedwa m'misewu ya m'mizinda Chiyukireniya atembenukira ku nyumba zikuluzikulu zinawonongeka kumene anthu anali kuyesa sizigulidwa pittance katundu ndi katundu wa m'nyumba. Kunyumba ndi msika ndi ku nzika kupulumutsa katundu mu ngolo matayala kuti anthu umapereka christened "kravchuchkami". Dziko mofulumira adagulung'undisa kuphompho. Mu zinthu izi, ndi Chiyukireniya osankhika wapita ochepetsa mphamvu ya Pulezidenti ndi nyumba yamalamulo, kudutsa mphamvu ndithu mtumiki pachimake, kuphatikizapo ufulu kuti apereke malamulo amene anali mphamvu ya malamulo. nduna yaikulu kotero wamphamvu zonse anali Leonid Kuchma. N'zoona kuti pakati pa iye ndi mutsogoleli wa nkhondo ndipo zinachititsa pachimake woyamba zinatula pansi udindo mochedwa 1993, ndipo ndi thandizo la osankhika kum'mawa Ukraine, wapanga za chisankho zapadera Pulezidenti umene anagonjetsedwa ndi Leonid Kravchuk. Photo wa nthawi wake utsogoleri chili m'munsimu.

Chithunzi andale a Leonid Kravchuk

Kamodzi pa TV posachedwapa anaphedwa ku Kiev wolemba mtolankhani Oles Buzina Kravchuk anafunsa momwe iye, wakale ideologist mkulu wa Party Communist, ankadziwika kuti nkhondo yake nationalists Chiyukireniya anganene kuti panopa angakuthandizeni awo andale ngakhale wotsatira. Pamenepo Leonid Makarovich, "opanda sumnyashesya" anayankha kuti: "Znaєte scho? Dumka wake mіnyaє osati abo zoipa, abo akufa. Ine sindiri anthu sindi ambiri Other ".

Malinga ndi zomwe ananena Kravchuk, aliyense amene sanali kusiya zikhulupiriro zawo, ngakhale kulipira kuwapha, ndi zitsiru. Kwa nthawi yaitali zandale iye mopitiriza akuyendetsa, kusintha maganizo andale. Kumapeto kwa 2004, mothandizana ndi Yushchenko, iye anathandiza Yanukovych (amene anali, mwa njira, anali mosatsata mutu wa Aulemu Doctor wa Kiev-Mohyla Academy), ndiye chisankho 2009 anakhala zakukhosi wa Yulia Tymoshenko, yemweyo odana Yanukovych.

Pang'onopang'ono, udindo wake wayamba koposa kwakukulu bwino, kufupi ndi maganizo a mosapitirira Russophobia. Choncho, nthawi yotsiriza anadza mpaka Ukraine ayenera nadzawasankhula Donbass pofuna kupewa amadza chifukwa cha zoipa mtundu Chiyukireniya. Izi ndi njira anali zakale commissar andale a Chiyukireniya Communist Party, ndi moto wogwira, amene anawaitana owayang'anira mkulu internationalism proletarian ndi ubale wa anthu, ndipo tsopano ali de A facto malamulo a tsankho pa malo ndale ndi mitundu.

Kravchuk mtima kwa anthu

Mwachidule, ngwazi wathu sakonda anthu. Izi zikugwirizana ndi osankhika ndi anthu wamba. Koma osankhika, ndi Mwachitsanzo kusimba kwambiri tilingirire ichi anapereka Vladimir Litvin, amene zaka zingapo zapitazo, pamene iye anali wapampando wa Verkhovna Rada wa iwo, mu ulaliki wina pa TV Kravchuk wotchedwa "setifiketi hule ndale."

Chizindikiro cha woyamba Chiyukireniya Maidan 2004 Agogo Paraska Koroljuk ankawazazira poyera Kravchuk ndipo anafuna ngakhale kuti atsimikizire mtima chawo kanthu, chotero iye anakakamizidwa kupuma kwa iye pansi pa chitetezero cha thanzi. Ndi mbali ya ubale wa anthu wamba.

Koma Leonid Makarovich akupitiriza kukhala wokondedwa wa atolankhani, ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri mu mafilimu ambiri TV, akupitiriza pampando presidium maonekedwe ambiri anapereka mabungwe chitukuko, mu mawu ena - ndi pamaso pa Chiyukireniya coterie ndale.

nkhani wina anasonyeza mwa chidwi kuti munthu wake - lakuti Mulungu ndi ndani ndi mitundu Kravchuk Leonid Makarovich? dzina lake lenileni, malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, si Kravchuk, ndi Blum, T. E. Iye ankati Myuda. Koma deta izi ndi zokayikitsa kwambiri. Real dzina Leonid Kravchuk, osalephera, amene chimene amadziwika padziko lonse.