Lamulo la mimba. bilu A kuletsa mimba mu Russia

Mimba latsopano la Russia anatsimikiza pa mlingo malamulo. ndondomeko izi zimachokera ku bajeti boma. Ngati zaka gestational wa masabata 12, mimba amachitidwa pa pempho la mkaziyo. Ngati Kutalika kwa nthawi ya masabata 12-22, ndondomeko amachitidwa pa nkhani ya kukhazikitsa mfundo za kugwiririra. Pa siteji iliyonse ya mimba akhoza kutha mankhwala.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Lamulo la mimba mu USSR anali kudzipatula mu 1920. Soviet Union anakhala dziko yoyamba padziko lonse, analola ndondomeko pa mlingo boma. Mu UK, mwachitsanzo, kusankha anatengedwa mu 1967, ku United States - mu 1973, ku Germany West - mu 1976, ku France - mu 1975. The Union mimba chiletso unayamba kumbuyo mu 1936. The kupatulapo anali mimba uchi. zikuonetsa. Komabe, nthawi zambiri, ndondomeko zinachitikadi mozemba. Ban mimba mu Russia anali mu mphamvu mpaka 1955

mphamvu

Malinga ndi kafukufuku, chiwerengero cha mimba mu dziko usokoneze kugwa kuchokera 1980 chaka chilichonse. Komabe, mitengo wonse kukhalabe ndithu mkulu. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mimba, ngati chida cha nthawi lamulo ndi chiwerengero cha ana, kutaya pansi kwa ntchito ya kulera ano. Zotsatira makamaka amalembedwa mwa achinyamata.

zenizeni panopa

Mawu akuti "mimba" ndi mankhwala amatchulidwa kukhala "padera". Zimakhala mowiriza mofuna kapena yokumba. Kuchotsa pathupi m'gulu mndandanda wa mitundu ya chithandizo ataphimbidwa ndi inshuwalansi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nzika iliyonse ya dziko kulandira ntchito ku chipatala cha ndondomeko likuvutika bajeti boma. Malinga ndi chikhazikitso cha malamulo malamulo gawo thanzi, mkazi aliyense mwayi wosankha paokha za amayi awo.

kulunjika

Mimba unsembe yokumba ndi milungu 12. Monga tanena ikuchitika ndi pempho anthu. Choncho pa masabata 4-7 ndipo 11-12 ndondomeko imagwiridwa osati kale kuposa pambuyo 48 h. Atakhala ku chipatala, kwa masabata 8-10. - osati kale kuposa masiku 7. Maonekedwe a boma linasiya kuletsa mimba unalembedwa 12-22, ngati mimba chifukwa kugwiririra. Pamene ndondomeko mankhwala amachitidwa kaya kutalika kwa nthawi ndi chilolezo cha mkazi.

mokoma

azaumoyo ndi ufulu kukana kuchita mimba pa zikhulupiriro zawo. Kupatulapo ali pamene mimba tifunika umboni, kapena simungathe m'malo dokotala. Ngati nzika wamkulu wakhala anazindikira sangathe, mimba amaloledwa mokakamizika dongosolo khoti. Posankha zoti adzatengedwa pamaziko a yofunsira wopita nthumwi ya akazi. Pa July 1, 2014 anapereka chilango cha ndondomeko oletsedwa. Izo wavomerezedwa kukhala ndi kuphwanya utsogoleri.

Maganizo a boma ndi anthu

Panthawi zosiyanasiyana kwakhala ndi maganizo osiyana pa kuchotsa mimbayo pogwiritsa yokumba. Maganizo a boma cha anthu chimadalira pa makhalidwe a dongosolo la ndale, zikhalidwe ndi zachuma mu dziko, osalimba ndi chiwerengero cha nzika amakhulupirira. Patapita zaka 15-18. etching kwa mwana wosabadwayo ntchito zamdziko, kapena kutchula mzamba ndi mkazi superimposed zilango 5-15 malita. Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 17. Mfumu Alexis lamulo wapadera loletsa mimba anali naye. Pakuti kuphwanya kuphedwa wakhazikitsidwa. Peter akamasuke ziletso mu 1715. Malinga ndi makonzedwe a chilango cha 1845 kuchotsa mimbayo anayerekezera kuti anawo. Pa nthawi yomweyo wolakwa akuzindikiridwa ndi akazi, ndi iwo amene anathandizira kukhazikitsa ndondomeko. Powalanga anaika yakalavula gaga kwa zaka 4-10 kwa dokotala kuti ku Siberia, kuwayika akazi mu malo ndende chifukwa malita 4-6. Malinga Art. 1462 Ulozhenie udindo amene anaphwanya lamulo la mimba, ngati ntchito opambana mosatsata limati ndi malangizo malo akutali. Ngati kuchotsa mimbayo anachititsa zoipa thanzi la mkazi, mwamuna, kukhazikitsa izo, anaopseza kuti zaka 6-8 ntchito ya kalavulagaga. Pankhaniyi, pamaso pa medobrazovaniya yake ankaona monga mkhalidwe kukulitsa.

Kusintha malamulo

Pamaso zitasintha, linakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa mimba, chimene, mayi wolakwa pa kupha mwana wosabadwa, mwaganizapo kuti trehh zaka m'ndende za nyumba ya kukonzedwa. The chilango chofanana anapereka kwa munthu aliyense kuthandiza ndondomeko. Pankhaniyi, ngati munthu amene anaphwanya lamulo loletsa mimba, anachita mzamba kapena dokotala, khoti akanakhoza kukana iwo kuthekera kuchita kwa nthawi ya zaka zisanu ndi kuulula chigamulo chake. Chilango anapereka kwa wachitatu maphwando, ngakhale nawo ndondomeko kapena yokonzekera ndi chilolezo cha mayi oyembekezerayo. Ndi udindo anakopeka othandiza onse, amapereka zipangizo zofunika kutanthauza kupha mwana wosabadwayo. Ngati kusokoneza zinachitika popanda chilolezo cha mkazi, lobadwa adzakhala zaka 8 yakalavula gaga. Osasamalira mimba si envisaged.

The zinthu zitasintha

Ndi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks ufulu chikondi anamukwiyira amaona chimodzi cha zinthu kiyi kwa Kumasuka akazi. Popeza nthawi ya kulera ngati mtima limene lachititsa kuwonjezeka mofulumira chiwerengero cha ana apathengo. Zimenezi zofunika kuchotsa okwana kuletsa mimba. Chifukwa cha akazi onse chidwi mamimba awo mu bungwe lapadera kwaulere.

Lamulo 1920

Mimba analoledwa yekha mu chipatala anthu ndi dokotala yekha. Kwa ndondomeko, zinali zokwanira wa nzika chilolezo. Asapatsire kuti anali ndi ufulu:

• Ubongo.
• amayi unamwino (mpaka mwanayo miyezi 9.).
• Odwala ndi kutupa pachimake impso, chindoko, matenda a mtima, TB, 2 ndi 3 tbsp.

Anandilola mimba pa chuma chawo. Pakuti ndondomeko komanso ali ndi ufulu:

• Large.
• Amayi osakwatiwa.
• Osowa.
• Anagwiriridwa.
• Alibe malo okwanira malo a.
• Chinsiriro ataledzera.
• Anthu amene amaopa amayi.
• Kulandira kudana mwamuna wake.
• Nzika, m'mudzimo zambiri ndi zina zotero.

Komabe, mu 1924 ndi zozungulira wapadera kwavomelezedwa. Iye zimasokoneza akazi. Kotero, kuyambira tsopano kufunika citizenesses izo zinali kupereka chilolezo chapadera. Iwo linaperekedwa pamaziko a zikalata monga:

• Certificate mimba.
• Certificate wa banja.
• Chikalata pa malipiro a.
• Poti za matenda.

zoletsa

Mu 1925, anthu zikwi akukhala m'mizinda ikuluikulu, nkhani pafupifupi 6 milandu mimba. Lamanja la zinthu zoti ndondomeko kuphedwa ntchito kwenikweni ogwira ntchito za mafakitale ndi zomera. Komabe, pasanapite nthawi legalization kutaya watha. boma pang'onopang'ono anawonjezera ulamuliro wake m'madera onse a anthu. Pofika mu 1930, mphamvu aloŵa mu dera la kubereka ana. wachilekaniro loletsa mimba ndipo anavomereza mu 1926 kwa akazi apakati nthawi yoyamba, komanso kugwira zimatenga miyezi yosakwana sikisi zapitazo. Mu 1930, amalipiritsa ndi polima kwa ntchito. Pofika 1931, ndondomeko ndalama za 18-20 tsa, mu 1933 -. 2-60 tsa mu 1935 -. 25-300 p. Mu zaka 1970-80-XX. akazi kulandira 80-100 p., I analipira mimba 50 rubles. Free kuchititsa ndondomeko akanatha kudwala chifuwa cha TB, misala, khunyu, komanso kukhala obadwa nawo a mtima chilema.

kuchepa chonde

Kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha njira mimba zinachitika mu kufanana ndi akuchuluka za moyo zaziwerengero mu dziko. Kale patapita zaka 4-5 pambuyo legalization ntchito kubadwa inagwa kwambiri. Pankhaniyi anali tabled kusodza loletsa mimba. Mu 1936 ndipo anavomereza. Tsopano, kwa kuphwanya kamba anaopseza udindo pa chigawenga. Komabe, mimba analoledwa pa malo. Ban mimba Gululi ankafuna kusintha zinthu zaziwerengero. Popeza kulera pa nthawi sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa kulibe awo, muyeso makamaka chinathandiza kuwonjezeka chonde. Komabe, ndi gawo ili fungulo la chuma mthunzi anayamba ntchito oletsedwa. mimba Wachifwamba Choncho, akhala ponseponse. Chifukwa chakuti ntchito ya nthawi zambiri kuyendetsedwa ndi anthu omwe alibe maphunziro apadera, akazi nthawi zambiri amatenga osabereka. Ngati mwakumana ndi mavuto nzika ngati simungathe ndikaonekere ku chipatala boma chifukwa dokotala anali kubweretsa izo kwa nyumba ya polojekiti. Motero, lamulo loletsa kutaya mimba mu Russia, osati sizinathandize mlingo kubadwa, koma Abisalomu anapitiriza kuchepetsa izo.

watsimikiza 1955

The Presidium wa USSR Council Supreme anatenga kusankha kwake kuti ntchito zoletsedwa. Malinga ndi yovomerezeka kwa lamulo, ndondomeko amalola akazi onse amene analibe contraindications kwa izo. Maonekedwe ayenera kucitika ntchito kokha mabungwe mankhwala apadera madokotala. bilu A kuletsa mimba mu zipatala payekha anapitiriza ntchito. Ophwanya malamulo anaopseza udindo pa chigawenga. Makamaka, adokotala akhoza kupondeleza ufulu kwa nthawi ya chaka chimodzi, ndipo ngati wodwalayo anafa pa opaleshoni - mpaka zaka 8. Mu 1956, malangizo apadera kuti zonse kuti ntchito linasindikizidwa. Mu 1961, m'chikalata normative anasintha amene kogwirizana ndi issuance wa mapepala chilema.

Kulemba

Ngakhale legalization tsankho ntchito mu dziko akhala khola kufunika kwa ntchito zawo. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti pambuyo ndondomeko, mkaziyo anali kukhala nthawi pamalowo dokotala. Itatha nthawi iyi iye analandira kalata zachipatala, imene "matenda" anati "mimba." Osati nzika zonse ankafuna kuti anthu za moyo wake. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ambiri yochezera private ntchito. Tikumbukenso kuti pamene maloya anakambirana kuthekera m'malo matenda kuti "choipa ogula." mwatsatanetsatane chifukwa chokhala ndi mfundo yakuti, ngati mimba, izo siyikhuzana malipilo chikhalidwe. Mfundo imeneyi Komabe kuchita sichinayambe akuyendera.

The vuto kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20

Kumayambiriro a 1980. moyo wakhala kuchuluka, amene analoledwa kutsirizitsa mimba mpaka milungu 24. Mu 1987 chiletsocho mimba pa masabata 28. Zikatero, ntchito anafunika kutsatira zinthu zina. Makamaka, akazi saloledwa kuchotsa mimba ngati:

• mwamuna wanga 1 kapena 2 gm. kulemala.
• Mkazi anafa pa mimba mkazi wake.
• Ukwati anali tinalepheretsa.
• Mwamuna kapena mkazi ali m'ndende.
• Mwamuna / mkazi, kapena onse nthawi imodzi akumanidwa ufulu makolo kapena kuponderezedwa iwo.
• The mimba pambuyo kugwiririra.
• Banja lili ndi udindo lalikulu.

outpatient opaleshoni (mini-mimba) - Mu 1989, zingalowe kukhumba wakhala mwake. Mu 1996 iye anali mwalamulo adzafupikitsidwa tsiku lomalizira kwa kuchotsa mimbayo mpaka milungu 22. Pa nthawi yomweyo ife anawonjezera mndandanda wa zizindikiro nawo pa ndondomeko. Mndandanda zikuphatikizapo:

• Kusowa kwa nyumba.
• Mayendedwe a anapita kukagwira / kwawo.
• Osakwanira ndalama banja (m'munsimu osachepera ang'onoang'ono).
• Mayendedwe a ulova.
• Nezamuzhestvo.

Izo ziyenera kuti lamulo m'banja pogona mimba, ankaona dziko mmodzi wa owolowa manja kwambiri.

mchitidwe

Malamulo alipo zachotsa Nkhani malamulo a mimba yoletsedwa ku zipatala payekha. Choncho, anawonjezera zosiyanasiyana nkhani zimene angapereke ochotsera mimba. Monga njira zoyambirira za ndondomeko amachita dilation ndi curettage. njira Izi anazindikira ndi WHO achikale. Komabe, malinga ndi Federal State Kafukufuku Service, mu 2009, cholowa cha ntchito zonse kuchotsa mimba 70% mu zipatala anthu. Pankhaniyi, njira otetezeka - zingalowe chiyembekezo ndi mankhwala mimba - akugwiritsidwa kokha mu 26,2% ndi 3.8%, motero. Pa nthawiyi n'kuti sanali boma mabungwe ziwerengero anyamata. Medical mimba ntchito 70% ya milandu.

ziwerengero

Yachokera pa zotsatira za kuyang'anila kuyambira 1990 chiwerengero cha mimba mu dziko pang'ono ndi pang'ono yafupika chaka. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2012, milandu 1.063.982 akuti, ndipo mu 2013 - kale 1012 399. Komabe anapezazo ndi zovuta chifukwa chakuti amaganizira osati milandu yokumba mu zochitika za pa boma komanso mimba lachibadwa. Kuwonjezera Rosstat, zotsatira za kafukufuku kofalitsidwa ndi unduna wa zaumoyo. Komabe, kafukufuku sakhala onenepa. Rosstat ziwerengero kuganizira osati mfundo mabungwe zachipatala subordinated kwa Utumiki, komanso mabungwe ena ndi mabungwe komanso zipatala payekha. Ambiri wotuluka imagwera pa boma (90%). zipatala Private pafupifupi 8% mwa njira. Childs, kuchotsa mimbayo azimayi amene ali m'banja ndi kale ana 1-2. The zowonjezera amanena kuwonjezeka kwa zaka pafupifupi akazi kupita mabungwe kwa 28 zaka 29,37. Akatswiri amanena nyamukani mu lolemba la achinyamata kuti zambiri ntchito kulera ano. Zimenezi, ali zotsatira zopindulitsa zakulera.

Mimba ndi ntundu

Kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mimba, ngakhale pang'onopang'ono, koma khola ndithu lero. Iwo adza motsutsa maziko a kuwonjezeka kukonzekera mlingo kubadwa m'dziko. Mu 2007, chiwerengero pachaka kubadwa kuposa chiwerengero cha mimba. kusiyana amamuchititsa kuonjezera. Komabe, Akatswiri kuti sitili pa ulalo mwachindunji ndi chiwerengero cha wotuluka wuse. Mwachitsanzo, kanjedza anali pansi kuchokera 1990 mpaka 1993 pa nthawi yomweyo. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa posachedwapa, mbali yofunika kuthetsa mlingo kubadwa zinthu za kugonana ndiponso ukwati. akazi ambiri mu zaka zawo za kubala, musati wofuna kukhala amayi chifukwa iwo alibe naye mpaka kalekale.

anachita pagulu

Pali mayanjano misonkhano yokopa loletsa pa mimba. Russian Federation - ndi demokalase kuti amafuna kuonetsetsa kuteteza ufulu wa munthu ndi nzika. Choncho, zisudzo za boma, akuti mfundo zosiyanasiyana view ndi wolandiridwa mu dziko. Nthawi zambiri, anthu kusunga malingaliro ndale. Ambiri, anthu salowa kuti agwirizane kayendedwe kuletsa mimba, koma ambiri amakhulupirira kuti njira zimenezi kungasokoneze pa umoyo wa amayi. Part wene kuthandiza oyamba zoletsa zina. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi "Levada Center", mu 2007 57% a mdziko anali ndi mimba ya chiletso. Ndi 2010, chiwerengero chawo utachepa kuti 48%. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu zaka zitatu chiwerengero cha kumbali ya ntchito chigamulocho basi mankhwala, kuchuluka 20 mpaka 25%. A kutsatira chitsanzo chapamwamba za mimba chiletso chawonjezeka ndi 1%. Mu 2011, boma Duma ali ankaona ntchito njira asagwiritse yoyenera kuchita ntchito. Malinga ndi zipata Superjob unachitika ngati kafukufuku, 91% nzika kuthandiza oyamba malipoti kuvomerezedwa zotsatira za mimba, 45% anali mokomera malangizo a kumvetsera kugunda akazi a mwana m'mimba, 65% lingalirani bwino kupereka mayi woyembekezera "Nthawi Kulankhula" kuganiza za chisankho chake. Pa nthawi yomweyo 63% amene anafunsidwa amakhulupirira kuti lamulo kutipatsa chilolezo kwa mwamuna wake kugwira ndondomeko zidzapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa milandu ntchito oletsedwa pakati pa odwala wokwatiwa, 53% anali ndi osati mimba kwa mndandanda wa ntchito ufulu medetsinskogo.

The Kusintha kwa lamulo la maguluwo wa Samara

Mu 2013, gulu kanthu polojekiti polima, chimene chikuyembekezeka kusintha Art. 35 Chilamulo Federal malamulo ndondomeko ya inshuwalansi mankhwala mokakamizidwa. Malinga ndi Kusintha okonza mimba mulibe mu mndandanda, anapereka ntchito ufulu. Kupatulapo ali pamene mimba likuoneka moyo wa mkazi. Koma bilu unali kubwezedwa kwa akuluakulu, mu sanali kugwilizana ndi malamulo h. 3 tbsp. 104 la Constituion ndi Art. 105 Boma Duma Malamulo. Samara ziwanga sanaone maganizo ku boma. khama ena Sadadzipangire kuti kukonzanso.