Kuzanskiy Nikolay: nzeru mwachidule ndi mbiri. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za nzeru Nikolaya Kuzanskogo mwachidule

Mmodzi wa lalikulu nzeru zapamwamba, wasayansi ndi wandale Nikolay Kuzansky anabadwira kumwera Germany, m'mudzi Cuza mu 1401. Monga wachinyamata, Nicholas anathawa kunyumba kwawo pambuyo masana ake chobisa Chiwerengero Theodoric Von Manderscheid, amene ankalimbikitsa iye mu moyo. Moti mtetezi anamutumiza kuphunzira Holland. Pamenepo, sukulu "Abale moyo wamba" anaphunzira Greek ndi Latin, ankachita nawo ndemanga ndi kukopera mabuku nzeru ndi zamulungu. Nditamaliza maphunziro, anabwerera Germany ndipo anapitiriza maphunziro ake ku yunivesite ya Heidelberg.

Nikolay Kuzansky nzeru, yonena ndi kukhala

Kufika mu amapemphera mu 1417, Nikolay Kuzansky anayamba kuphunzira malamulo ovomerezeka. Koma lamulo lina luso achinyamata sikunali kokwanira, iye anayamba kuphunzira mankhwala ndi masamu, malo ndi zakuthambo, mbiri zachilengedwe ndi sayansi. Mu amapemphera anakumana anzake tsogolo Paolo Toscanelli ndi Yulianom Tsezarini, iwo anaika Nicholas kufuna nzeru ndi mabuku.

Iye analandira digiri mutu wake wa chilamulo ovomerezeka, mu 1423 Nikolay Kuzansky anapita ku Italy, kumene anakumana ndi Chancellor wa Rome Podzho Brachcholini, amene ali ndi chidwi adaponya yake zamulungu. Nditabwerera ku Germany, anayamba kuphunzira ntchito zamulungu ku Cologne. Mu 1426, monga wansembe, anaikidwa mlembi wa kazembe wa papa, Cardinal Orsini, ndipo kenako anayamba rector wa Mpingo wa ku Koblenz.

Mu zoyambirira za m'ma 15, ulamuliro wa Mpingo wa Katolika wakhala kuonongedwa ndi feuds ambiri pakati pa Cathedral ndi Papa, mafumu ang'onoang'ono ndi atsogoleri zinachititsa kuti kugawanika mu dziko mpingo. Kubwezeretsa mphamvu ya mpingo unkasowa kusintha, makadinala ambiri amanena zoletsa chisonkhezero papa ndi kulimbikitsa mphamvu ya tchalitchi. Cathedral mu 1433 ndipo anadza kwa Nikolay Kuzansky, amene analankhula kwa walekana ndi papa ulamuliro wapamwamba.

Kusintha Nikolaya Kuzanskogo mu mpingo ndi boma

malingaliro Reformative anachitira ndi onse mpingo ndi boma wonse. Kuzanskiy Nikolay, amene nzeru zimaoneka mu ntchito yake yoyamba "Pa chilolezo cha Akatolika," adamfunsa chikalata, otchedwa chopereka cha Constantine, amene adati kulanda mpingo, osati mwauzimu komanso mphamvu zosatha ndi Mfumu Constantine. Nikolay Kuzansky komanso analengeza lingaliro akufuna kale Ockham, pa chifuniro cha anthu, wofanana ndi boma ndi mpingo. Ndipo wolamulira - chotengera chifuniro cha anthu. Iye akufuna kupatutsa mphamvu ya mpingo ndi boma akuluakulu.

Atamuopseza mliri wa asilikali Turkey Agiriki ndi Byzantines unachitikira nkhani kucheza ndi mipingo kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo, amene anadza ndi Nikolay Kuzansky. Kumeneko anakumana ndi Vissarion ndi Plethon kudziwika panthawi Neoplatonists, iwo zatenganso mbali ulili maganizo tsogolo la nzeru zapamwamba wa.

Mfundo za kusintha zimene akufuna kuti Nikolay Kuzansky, nzeru, maganizo zofunika ali mwachidule anafotokoza, ndithudi, n'zovuta - anauziridwa ndi chikoka cha chi, kusemphana ake, kulimbana chibadidwe zosiyanasiyana. Only akutulukira maganizo ang'onoang'ono moyo, komabe amadalira kwambiri pa maganizo akale ndi moyo. Rise chikhulupiriro, austerity kwambiri, akuchonderera sanavunde thupi, izo mwamtheradi si pamodzi ndi kukondwera nyengo. chidwi omveka kudziwa malamulo a chilengedwe, ziyenera a nyota za masamu ndi zina sayansi yeniyeni, chikoka cha kale nthano - uyu anali nzeru ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Nikolay Kuzansky anali wakhama mu mpingo ndi mmene ndale, koma pa nthawi yomweyo anathera nthawi yake yochuluka maphunziro sayansi.

Nzeru ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, pantheism. Nikolay Kuzansky, Bruno

Ankadziwa Ambrogio Traversari, Lorenzo Valla, Silvio Piccolomini (tsogolo Papa Pius II) kudziwika humanists wa nthawi amene anakhudza maganizo a dziko Nikolaya Kuzanskogo. Ponena za zinthu zakale nzeru zaumunthu, anawerenga mu Proclus choyambirira ndipo Plato.

Kuzama ntchito zakuthambo, cosmography, masamu, zinthu wamba zogwirizana kuti humanists, monga mnzake Toskanelli. Philosophy osawerengeka Nikolaya Kuzanskogo, mogwirizana ndi nthawi. mfundo Scientific amafuna dongosolo la kuphunzira masamu, ochuluka, kuyeza, masekeli. Sysytem "Pa zimene zinachitikira masekeli" sitepe yoyamba kwa nyengo yatsopano patsogolo sayansi ndi luso. Mu ntchito Nikolay Kuzansky amakhudza sayansi komanso mphamvu, statics kuti wamaliza kumanga pamodzi chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe. Iye choyamba analenga mapu lawolawo ku Ulaya, komanso kusintha akufuna wa kalendala ya Julius, amene adakali uphungu ina, koma pokhapokha m'ma hafu.

Nzeru Nikolaya Kuzanskogo ndi Giordano Bruno mu zofanana. Maganizo pa ankaganizira, anali maganizo kwambiri yamtunduwu Copernicus ndi anakonza njira mtundu wa ziphunzitso za Bruno. Iwo anasiya kwambiri ntchito sayansi zamulungu, nzeru, mitu achipembedzo ndiponso andale, ogwirizana ndi lingaliro lofanana wa chilengedwe wopandamalire. The kusintha kwa mwambo akale zinasonyeza nzeru za Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Nikolay Kuzansky akufotokozera mfundo malire, ntchito kufotokoza Mulungu ndi kanjedza mu masamu.

Mulungu ndi dziko, ndipo dziko ndi Mulungu. Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wa

The vuto lalikulu mu maganizo Nikolaya Kuzanskogo anali chiŵerengero cha dziko ndi Mulungu, Theocentricism nzeru zake zinali mlendo kwa zamulungu akale. chidziwitso ankaonetsetsa wa Mulungu Cusa ankatsutsa chiphunzitso cha "anaphunzira umbuli," womwe unawonjezera dzina la ntchito yake yoyamba aumunthu.

Maphunziro umbuli sikutanthauza kukana Mulungu ndi chidziwitso cha dziko, izi si kusiyiratu kukayikira, ndi kusonyeza ukulu wonse wa chidziwitso mwa mfundo ankaonetsetsa. Philosophy ayenera kupita pankhani ya Mulungu ndi dziko lapansi, ndi kwa umbuli ndi mfundo incommensurable ndi malingaliro za chinthu. Pantheism mu nzeru ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano Nikolay Kuzansky anafotokoza osati kuchokera mfundo achipembedzo maganizo, koma m'malo ku aumunthu. Kuzindikiritsidwa kwa Mulungu monga lonse lapansi ndipo ndicho zonse, anapanga chifukwa cha nzeru zake. Izi zinathandiza kuti lichoke ku chipembedzo ndi personalizing Mulungu, malingaliro chosavuta za uzimu ndi sublimity zinthu zonse.

Pamene Iogann Venk mlandu Nikolaya Kuzanskogo mu eretizm, podziteteza, iye anafuna kulekanitsa Mulungu - kulambira phunziro, zochokera maganizo kulambira mpatuko kwa Mulungu - chinthu kuphunzira. Choncho, Nikolay Kuzansky, ikani Mulungu monga nzeru zaumunthu maganizo ake, ndipo si monga vuto zamulungu. Pankhaniyi, akunena za chiŵerengero cha zinthu yomalizidwa ya dzikoli dziko la wopandamalire, choyambirira.

Nkosafuna kudzifutukula pazipita mtheradi, mfundo koyamba Buku

Mulungu amene anaona renunciation kwathunthu kwa zinthu za mdziko - chiyambi cha munthu wamkulu, pazipita mtheradi. Chimenechi ndicho chiyambi cha zonse ndi lonse ndi zonse zimene anthu ankanena Kuzanskiy Nikolay. Philosophy amachokera kuti Mulungu lili china chirichonse. Ndipo ndi wapamwamba pa zonse.

Ndilo lingaliro zoipa Mulungu amene anabweretsa Nikolay Kuzansky, amene ubale nzeru akana kusakhala ake, Chili ndi dziko. Zioneka kuti kusesa dziko, ndipo dziko ndi Mulungu. udindo uwu uli pafupi pantheism, popeza Mulungu sakudziŵikabe ndi chikhalidwe, mtendere ndi mwachilengedwe mwake, monga Iye ali munthu.

Pakuti mapangidwe ndondomeko Kuzanskiy Nikolay, nzeru za chimene chili kusintha kwa Mulungu kuti wamba, limagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "analamula". Lokha zikutanthauza zimasonyeza Mtheradi, izi zimabweretsa bwino kwambiri za umodzi wa dziko, chiwonongeko cha mfundo masanjidwe.

Kodi kufotokoza wasayansi monga Nikolay Kuzansky, nzeru, maganizo yaikulu ya zimene unazunguliridwa mu mfundo akamanena za amene ali mawonekedwe a apangidwe mwa mtendere wa Mulungu kudzifutukula ndipo pali gulu, nthawi - m'kanthawi, ndi kutumizgika mzere - mfundo. Mu chiphunzitso ndi maziko a dialectical mwangozi wa zotsutsana dziko ndi Mulungu. Creation, kutanthauziridwa monga analamula akhoza kukhala osakhalitsa, chifukwa chilengedwe - ndi Mulungu aliko, ndi kosatha. Choncho, chilengedwe, osati kuwonetseredwa zosakhalitsa kufunika kuti osati dongosolo Mulungu anaphunzitsa chipembedzo.

Akatswiri mu malingaliro a Cusa. Lingaliro la malire a chilengedwe ndi chofunikira Mulungu

Chilengedwe kulibe sadzatha analamula mulungu, chifukwa chokha, pazipita mtheradi, angathe kukhala boma langwiro kwambiri mu akonzedwa, liwu lina, ndi mulungu chilengedwe kungakhale kokha pang'ono chabe. Izi ndi malire - chizindikiro chachikulu cha otherness wa Mulungu kwa chilengedwe chonse. Monga umaimiridwa ndi Nikolay Kuzansky, nzeru mwachidule anafotokoza vuto ndi amafunika kukonzanso. Ankaonetsetsa chithunzi cha dziko, pamene dziko analenga, kukhomera nthawi okha kulephera kuyenda kwa zakuthambo, ndi kuzindikiridwa ndi Mulungu sikuti lifanane ndi chiphunzitso, zomwe zinakambidwa ndi Nikolay Kuzansky. Philosophy, mfundo yaikulu ya zimene unazunguliridwa mu lingaliro pantheistic wa Mulungu ndi wamba, limafotokoza lingaliro la Mulungu ndi dziko chozungulira wokhazikika mkati ndipo palibe paliponse nthawi yomweyo kulikonse.

Space mwa munthu, ndipo munthuyo Mulungu

Kuchokera pa mfundo imeneyi akuyerekezera Mulungu ndi malo achilengedwe, dzikoli bwalo yake, koma malo ake ali paliponse. Koma dziko si wopandamalire, mwinamwake iye akanakhala ali wofanana ndi Mulungu, ndipo mu nkhani iyi kungakhale bwalo ndi pakati, zingakhale mapeto moyenera, chiyambi, izo zikanakhala pafupi. Ichi ndi chiwonetsero cha dziko malinga Mulungu kwa ife, anafotokoza Nikolay Kuzansky. Philosophy, mfundo zikuluzikulu zomwe mungathe mwachidule kufotokoza osatha, malinga ndi Mulungu wamba anayamba potelani chodabwitsa kuti kuli thupi ndi okhudza malo. Pa mfundo imeneyi, tinganene za ankaganizira. Likukhalira, Earth si likulu la dziko, ndi circumference ake sangathe atathana matupi akumwamba, malinga Kuzanskiy Nikolay.

The nzeru za akatswiri mwayi limaletsa m'dziko limene poyamba anali kuziona ya pakati pa chilengedwe chonse, ndipo Mulungu amakhala pakati pa chirichonse, pa nthawi yomweyo anafotokoza zoyenda a Dziko Lapansi. Kukana malo chapakati ndi kulephera kuyenda kwa dziko lapansi, sakhala azipereka chiwembu cha kayendedwe ka matupi kumwamba kale kwambiri kumasula ndi kungoganizira za dzikolo, iye chinabweretsa chitukuko cha akatswiri ndi mosatsata geocentricism zomveka kulungamitsidwa.

Kumvetsa alili la Mulungu, umbuli sayansi

Kuwononga maganizo achipembedzo a chilengedwe chonse, chomwe ndi khalidwe la Neoplatonists, Nikolay Kuzansky sinali atsikira mulungu, kutsikira mlingo wa munthu zakuthupi, koma ngati chiwonetsero cha zomwenso apamwamba Mulungu. Choncho, dziko limaoneka ngati chilengedwe wangwiro Mulungu, amene amalola inu kuwona ukulu wa Mulungu ndi luso losiyanasiyana. Perishability zinthu zonse sangachoke anthu otchuka cholinga cha Mulungu. Kukongola kwa dziko, amene amanenedwa ndi Nikolay Kuzansky, nzeru za mgwirizano wa chilengedwe chonse ndiponso mgwirizano wa chilengedwe wolungama. Pa chilengedwe cha dziko Mulungu anagwiritsa ntchito masamu, masamu, zakuthambo, nyimbo ndi luso zonse ntchito munthu.

Kugwirizana kwa dziko bwino anasonyeza mwa munthu - chilengedwe wankulu wa Mulungu. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi Nikolay Kuzansky. Philosophy, lingaliro zikuluzikulu zomwe ali malongosoledwe a zonse ndi wokongola, amene analengedwa ndi Mulungu, izo umakhudza kuphunzira ankaganizira ndi maphunziro azachilengedwe pantheistic. Munthu amaonedwa kuti chilengedwe wapamwamba wa Mulungu. Kuwayika kuposa onse ndi kuvala enaake mu utsogoleri wolowezana, tikhoza kunena kuti akuoneka kuti anafa. Motero, iye ndi munthu wamkulu, adalowa dziko lonse.

kukopa kwa zotsutsana ndi kutchulidwa moyo wa munthu: khalidwe la onse chidwi ndi zomwe. Compliance ndi pazipita adagulung'undisa Mulungu ndi danga Yopangidwa osawerengeka zikupezeka mu chikhalidwe cha munthu, otchedwa yafupika dziko. Izi ndi ungwiro wathunthu ndicho Mulungu, limene achilendo kwa anthu onse, osati munthu. Munthu, kuuka kwa apamwamba msinkhu, kukhala ndi izo, Mulungu yemweyo, anazindikira Mulungu-munthu.

mgwirizano zokhudza anthu ndi uMulungu n'chotheka mu Mwana wa Mulungu, Yesu. Motero, chiphunzitso cha munthu umakhudza Christology, ndipo - ndi kutumizgika chiphunzitso atapereka ndi Nikolay Kuzansky. Philosophy mwachidule ndi momveka bwino kuti ndi chikhalidwe zabwino zokhazokha wa Mulungu Mwana ndi curtailment chikhalidwe cha anthu, monga malo mu mkhalidwe anakomoka, ali Mulungu. Zopezeka umunthu Khristu ali wopandamalire, koma zochepa za munthu, ndi amalire. Motero, munthu wamphamvu - amalire kukhala. Chizindikiritso cha umunthu wa Khristu ndi Nikolaem Kuzanskim anamuthandiza kusuntha lingaliro la chilengedwe cha munthu chibadidwe ziphunzitso za mpingo. Amaganizira anthu pokhala monga chirengedwe, koma monga Mlengi, ichi ndi chimene anayerekezera zomwenso Mulungu wawapatsa. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi luso la maganizo a anthu kuzindikira dziko ali wopandamalire, kuphunzira zinthu zatsopano.

The nzeru za pantheism Nikolaya Kuzanskogo ndi otsatira ake

Ndi nzeru za pantheism Nikolaya Kuzanskogo zokhudzana lingaliro kwa ubale wa chidziwitso ndi chikhulupiriro. Chikhazikitso cha chiphunzitso zidayika view malo monga buku ochokera kwa Mulungu, kumene Mulungu anaululira anthu amadziŵa. Choncho chikhulupiriro ndi kumvetsa ndi chofunikira Mulungu sanamvere, ili mwa munthu. Koma, Mosiyana, ndi kuzindikira za chilengedwe anawonjezera, kuzindikira kuti Mulungu aliko - nkhani ya maganizo a anthu, amene sakhoza m'malo mwa chikhulupiriro akhungu. Chosadziwa za Nikolay Kuzansky anasiyanitsa kuganizira za aluntha, amene amapereka lingaliro la kukopa kwa zotsutsana. Kudziŵa zimenezi amasonkhanitsa masomphenya laluntha kapena yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale, kuzindikira za chikomokere, ndi chikumbumtima, mwa kulankhula kwina, sayansi umbuli.

Chilakolako kumvetsa tanthauzo lenileni, kulephera kumvetsa kukula amasonyeza yosatha zinthu. Ndipo choonadi limaoneka ngati chinthu cholinga, koma mumangire, monga cognition, kuphunzira sitingaleke, koma choonadi wopandamalire. Cusa ankaganiza kuti nzeru za anthu wachibale, ndi ro zosiyanasiyana kudziwa chipembedzo. Choncho, chipembedzo chirichonse chokha chosonyeza pafupi choonadi, kotero muyenera n'kudziphatika kwa kulolera zipembedzo ndi kukana zachipembedzo monyanyira.

A wolemekezeka nzeru zapamwamba, woganiza, kapena osokonezeka?

Mfundo zofunika Nikolaya Kuzanskogo anasonyeza kuti kuberekana kwa pofuna kukwaniritsa mfundo zimene anthu pang'onopang'ono. mmene kuti chitukuko cha sayansi zachilengedwe, umunthu, wakonza wotchuka katswiri wa za Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Chiphunzitso cha dialectic, ndi kukopa kwa zotsutsana chinapangitsa anapitiriza kukula kwa chabe German mu nzeru ya zaka 18-19.

Wamphamvu chikoka pa maganizo a dziko, ndipo anali ndi akatswiri, zoti chilengedwe wopandamalire, kusowa kwake bwalo ndi pakati. Kenako nchito ya wotsatira wa Cusa, Giordano Bruno.

Atazindikira kuti munthuyo ndi Mulungu, Mlengi, anathandiza kuukitsa kufunika Cusa anthu. Iye anali kutamanda ndi nzeru za munthu kudziwa malire, ngakhale, izo zinali zosagwirizana ndi ndiye ulaliki wa mpingo wa munthu ndi kumaoneka ngati eretizm. Ambiri a malingaliro Nikolaya Kuzanskogo mwake dongosolo ang'onoang'ono ndi kuonongedwa ulamuliro wa Mpingo. Koma iye amene anaika maziko a nzeru Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi wasanduka nthumwi zapadera za chikhalidwe cha nthawi yake.