Kupanga ulusi. Kupanga polyamide CHIKWANGWANI

Kupanga ulusi anayamba kupangidwa m'mafakitale opangidwa mu 1938. Panthawi umene pali kale angapo mitundu khumi. Onsewo ndi ofanana ndi nkhani yoyambira ndi otsika kulemera mankhwala maselo kuwasandutsa ma polima ndi kaphatikizidwe mankhwala. Kutha kapena kusungunuka kwa ma polima analandira kukonzekera ikuchitika wa akamaumba kapena kupota njira. Iwo anapanga ku njira kapena kusungunula, ndiyeno iwo okha zagonjetsedwa kumaliza.

mitundu

Malinga zinthu zomwe kapangidwe ka macromolecules, ulusi kupanga zambiri ogaŵikana hetero ndi mpweya unyolo. Akale ndi anthu anachokera ku ma polima amene macromolecules ena kuposa mpweya, ndi zinthu zina alipo - asafe, sulfure, mpweya ndi ena. Zikuphatikizapo poliyesitala, polyurethane, polyamide ndi polyurea. Carbochain ulusi kupanga yodziwika mu unyolo yaikulu anamanga maatomu mpweya. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo polyvinyl enaake, polyacrylonitrile, polyolefin, polyvinyl mowa, ndipo fluorine munali.

Ma polima kutumikira monga maziko yokonza hetero-ulusi akamagwira polycondensation ndi mankhwala umapangidwa kuchokera Sungunulani. Carbochain akamagwira unyolo polymerization ndi mapangidwe zambiri kuchokera njira, mu nthawi zina, ku Sungunulani. Mukhoza kuwona limodzi kupanga polyamide CHIKWANGWANI, imene inkatchedwa siblon.

Kupanga ndi Kutsatira

A mawu ngati siblon ambiri ndi mlendo kwathunthu, koma kale pa pepala la totsegulira zovala akhoza anawona acronym BBM, kuwulula viscose mkulu modulus ulusi. Ndiye alimi ankaganiza kuti dzina limeneli kuyang'ana wokoma kuposa siblon kuti akhoza kugwirizana ndi nayiloni ndi Caproni. Kupanga mtundu wa ulusi kupanga ndi mitengo, ngati sankanyoza amazipanga.

Features

Siblon anaonekera oyambirira 70 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Ndi bwino rayon. Mu ndime yoyamba, ntchito yokonza zamkati nkhuni, izo n'kopanda mu mawonekedwe woyera. Nambala lalikulu ali thonje ake - 98%, koma chifukwa cha ulusi wa thonje, ndipo popanda izi ulusi wabwino kwambiri. Choncho, matabwa ntchito kubala zamkati, mu softwood makamaka, momwe muli 40-50%, ndi zina - ndi zigawo zosafunika. Iwo ayenera kuchotsa mu ulimi wa ulusi kupanga.

The ndondomeko ya kulenga

Kupanga ulusi amatuluka pang'onopang'ono. Pa gawo loyamba la moŵa ndondomeko, imene tchipisi nkhuni zinthu zonse superfluous anasamutsa mu njira, ndi kubala opulukira unyolo yaitali polima pa zidutswa osiyana. Mwachibadwa, sikuti kuli mtengo wa madzi otentha, zina zosiyana-siyana cokonzedwa reagents: koloko ndi ena. Only kuphika ndi Kuwonjezera sulfates imapereka zamkati amene ali abwino kwa siblona kupanga, popeza ali zosafunika zochepa.

Pamene zamkati kale m'mimba izo imatumizidwa oyeretsa, kuyanika ndi kukanikiza, ndipo kenako amasamukira kumene mukufuna izo - ndi kupanga pepala, cellophane, zikatoni ndi CHIKWANGWANI, ndiko kupanga chachikulu. Kodi lotsatira zimachitika kwa iye?

aftertreatment

Ngati chofunika kupeza zenizeni ndi ulusi zachilengedwe choyamba zofunika kukonzeketsera njira kupota. Mapadi ndi olimba amene ali ovuta kupasuka. Choncho, nthawi n'kukhala ndi asidi efa ditiougolnoy madzi sungunuka. The ndondomeko ya kusintha mu chinthu yaitali ndithu. Choyamba yotentha soda mapadi, kenako mankhwala madzi m'thupi, mu njira kanthawi kusuntha zinthu zosafunika. Pambuyo sangathenso misa wasweka kenako anaikidwa m'chipinda wapadera komwe predsozrevanie akuyamba - pali kufupikitsa mamolekyulu ndi mapadi ndi pafupifupi theka chifukwa kudzitsitsa zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni. Kenako pali zimene mapadi soda ndi mpweya disulfide kupereka xanthate. misa ili la lalanje-ngati mtanda ditiougolnoy asidi Ester kuyambira zakuthupi. Izi njira yothetsera kukhuthala ake amatchedwa "viscose".

Kenako pakubwera kusefera kuchotsa zosafunika lomaliza. Kusungunuka mpweya akatulutsidwa mwa "effervescence" efa mu vacuo. Ntchito zonsezi kuyambitsa chakuti xanthate amakhala ngati uchi mnyamata - chikasu ndi stringy. Mu kupota ili njira ndi wokonzeka.

kupeza ulusi

Njira yothetsera anali extruded mwa spinneret lapansi. Amapanga ulusi kupanga chiyani osati anawomba nsalu mu njira ya makolo. Opaleshoni imeneyi ndi yovuta kuyerekeza ndi nsalu osavuta kuti akhale olondola kunena kuti ndi ndondomeko mankhwala kuti amalola mamiliyoni mitsinje ya ulusi madzi viscose kukhala olimba. Pa gawo Russian wa viscose zamkati anapeza siblon. Mtundu wachiwiri wa CHIKWANGWANI ndi nthawi theka wamphamvu kuposa munthu woyamba, amakhala ndi kukana kwambiri alkalis, minofu amasiyana therefrom hygroscopicity digiri apansi shrinkage ndi crease. Ndi kusiyana njira ya ulimi wa viscose ndi siblona pa nthawi imene coagulation kusamba pambuyo akamwalira ali monga "anthu" ulusi kupanga.

umagwirira thandizo

Pakuti viscose mu kusamba ladzala ndi asidi sulfuric. Chinali cholinga cha kuwonongeka kwa efa, umene choyera mapadi ulusi. Ngati kuli kofunika kupeza siblona kusamba Chinawonjezeka nthaka sulphate pang'ono hydrolyzed Ester kupereka chowalepheretsa, kotero filaments adzakhala ali yotsalira xanthate. Choncho zimene amapereka? ulusi ndiye anali pansi anatambasula ndi kupanga. Pamene ulusi polymeric ndi zotsalira za xanthate analandira kukokera unyolo polymeric mapadi pamodzi CHIKWANGWANI olamulira, osati kuziika mosintha, monga mmene chifukwa viscose ochiritsira. Pambuyo kujambula yodzakokera ulusi ndi kusema shpatelki 2-10 millimeters m'litali. Pambuyo angapo njira ikuchitika kukanikiza ulusi mu bales. Tonnes matabwa okwanira kupeza makilogalamu 500 zamkati, amene amapangidwa kuchokera 400 makilogalamu siblona ulusi. mapadi kupota ikuchitika za masiku awiri.

Kodi kuchita ndi siblonom?

Mu Mipingo, izi ulusi kupanga ntchito monga zina kuti thonje kuti thonje anawomba nsalu bwino osati ong'ambika. Kuyambira siblona anapanga gawo lapansi pansi pa khungu yokumba, ndipo ntchito zake kupanga asibesitosi. Ndiye akatswiri sanali chidwi ndi chilengedwe cha zinthu zatsopano, chofunika CHIKWANGWANI ngati kuli kotheka kuti kuzindikira.

Mu West pa nthawi mkulu modulus viscose rayon ulusi kuti apange nsalu zomwe amasiyana mphamvu ndi cheapness poyerekeza ndi thonje, koma bwino chosakanikirana chinyezi komanso kupuma. Tsopano Russia sakhala chuma cha zigawo thonje, kotero siblon amayembekezera. Only kufunika kwa si koma lalikulu kwambiri, choncho ngati nsalu ndi zovala kupanga m'banja tsopano pafupifupi palibe kugula.

ulusi polima

Iwo kawirikawiri ogaŵikana zachilengedwe, kupanga ndiponso yokumba. ulusi achilengedwe amene mapangidwe imagwiridwa m'mikhalidwe achilengedwe. Iwo kawirikawiri wachinsinsi ndi chiyambi, zomwe kudziwa mipweya awo pa nyama ndi masamba. Woyamba tichipeza mapuloteni, ndicho carotene. Izi silika ndi ubweya. Yotsirizira zigwirizana mapadi, hemicellulose ndi lignin.

Amapanga ulusi kupanga akamagwira mankhwala processing wa ma polima zomwe zili mwa chilengedwe. Iwo anavomereza kuti nthochi, rayon, alginate ndi mapuloteni ulusi. Monga zipangizo kukonzekera zawo kraft kapena zamkati sulfite nkhuni. Kumasulidwa ulusi kupanga chopangidwa mu mawonekedwe a zofewa ndiponso zingwe, komanso mu mawonekedwe a CHIKWANGWANI chakudya chimene kukonzedwa pamodzi ndi ulusi ena pa kupanga ndondomeko ya nsalu zosiyanasiyana.

Kupanga polyamide CHIKWANGWANI kuwapeza ma polima anachokera chongopeka. The feedstock ntchito mu ndondomeko ngati Ulusi polymeric anapangidwa kuchokera macromolecules kusintha liniya kapena nyumba pang'ono nthambi ndi yokulirapo misa - oposa 15,000 amu ndi yopapatiza maselo yogawa kulemera. Malinga mtundu wa ulusi kupanga amakhala ndi digiri yapamwamba ya mphamvu, ndi phindu wachibale elongation ndi, elasticity, kukana kuti katundu angapo, ang'ono yotsalira mapindikidwe ndipo mofulumira kuchira pambuyo kuchotsa katundu. N'chifukwa chake kuwonjezera ntchito mu nsalu akhala ngati chinthu ikuthandizira mu kupanga nsanganizo, ndipo onse zinachititsa kuti katundu wapadera ulusi kupanga.

Pomaliza

Mu zaka zingapo zapitazo, munthu akhoza kusunga Kuwonjezeka kwambiri chiwerengero cha patsogolo chitukuko cha ulusi latsopano polymeric, makamaka Para-aramid, polyethylene, kutentha zosagwira, gulu, amene kapangidwe - ndi pachimake-chipolopolo heterocyclic ma polima, monga particles osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, siliva kapena zitsulo zina. Tsopano nayiloni zakuthupi - uwu si pamwamba zomangamanga, tsopano pali nambala yaikulu ulusi latsopano.