Kufanana kwa DNA ndi RNA. Poyerekeza makhalidwe a DNA ndi RNA: tebulo

Chamoyo chilichonse ali m'dziko lino si lofanana ndi ena. Amasiyana mzake osati anthu. Nyama ndi zomera za mtundu umodzi komanso asemphana. Chifukwa cha ichi si osiyana moyo ndi zomwe zimachitika m'moyo. The payekha aliyense chamoyo yaikidwa M'menemo zinthu chibadwa.

mafunso ofunika ndi chidwi za zidulo mkati

Ngakhale asanabadwe chilichonse chamoyo waika yake imene imachititsa kuti Mzimuyo mwamtheradi mbali zonse za dongosolo la. Sizoti ndi chovala mtundu kapena tsamba mawonekedwe, mwachitsanzo. Majini amakwiriridwa ndi makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri. Ndipotu, amphaka sangathe kubadwanso hamster, mbewu tirigu kukula malambe m'mayiko.

Ndipo ndalamazo zonse zopezeka kukakomana ndi zidulo mkati - DNA ndi RNA mamolekyulu. kufunika zovuta Musaone. Ndipotu, osati kusunga zambiri m'moyo wawo wonse, iwo kuthandiza kukhazikitsa ndi thandizo la mapuloteni, kuwonjezera, zimafalitsa m'badwo wotsatira. Kodi iwo amachita izo, nkobvuta ndi dongosolo la DNA ndi RNA? Kodi iwo amaoneka ngati nanga kusiyana? Mwa ichi chonse ife adzamvetsa mu zigawo zotsatirazi pepala ili.

mfundo zonse ife tidzaona bwinobwino m'madera, kuyambira ndi zofunika kwambiri. Choyamba, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti zidulo mkati, iwo zinatsegulidwa, ndiye kulankhula za dongosolo lawo ndi ntchito. Kumapeto kwa nkhaniyi tikuyembekezera tebulo poyerekeza ya RNA ndi DNA, imene mungagwiritse ntchito pa nthawi iliyonse.

ndi asidi mkati Kodi

Mkati asidi - ndi mankhwala organic ndi mkulu maselo kulemera, ndi ma polima. Mu 1869 anali woyamba kufotokoza Fridrihom Misherom - yanga ku Switzerland. Iye anafotokoza chinthu wapangidwa phosphorous ndi asafe ku maselo mafinya. Kungoganiza kuti kuli kokha mu mtima, wasayansi amanenela nukleina. Koma kodi amakhalabe pambuyo kulekana kwa mapulotini, ena amati asidi mkati.

monomers ake ali nucleotides. kuchuluka kwawo mu molekyulu asidi payekha lililonse mitundu. Nucleotides ndi tinthu zigawo zitatu:

• monosaccharide (pentose), akhoza kukhala a mitundu iwiri - ribose ndi deoxyribose;
• nitrogenous m'munsi (mmodzi wa zinayi);
• phosphoric asidi zotsalira.

Kenako ife tiyang'ana pa kusiyana ndi kufanana kwa DNA ndi RNA, tebulo kumapeto kwa nkhaniyi adzakhala n'cigwagwa okwana.

Features dongosolo la: pentose

Chinthu choyamba kufanana kwa DNA ndi RNA ndi kuti iwo ali monosaccharides. Koma iwo ndi osiyana aliyense acid. Ndiko kuti, malingana ngati molekyulu pentose, asidi mkati, anagawa ndi DNA ndi RNA. Kapangidwe ka DNA ali m'gulu deoxyribose, monga RNA - ribose. Onse zidulo pentose opezeka okha β-mawonekedwe.

Mu deoxyribose wachiwiri mpweya atomu (ikhale 2) palibe mpweya. Asayansi amati sanamwe:

• shortens mgwirizano pakati C ₂ ndi C _3;
• Iwo kupanga DNA wolimba;
• Iwo amalenga kwa wazolongedza yaying'ono ya DNA mu phata la.

Kuyerekezera nyumba: zapansi nitrogenous

Poyerekeza makhalidwe a DNA ndi RNA - si kophweka. Koma kusiyana Tingaone kuyambira pa chiyambi. zapansi Nitrogenous - ndi zofunika kwambiri "nyumba zingatipunthwitse" mu mamolekyulu wathu. Iwo timanyamula mauthenga chibadwa. More ndendende, osati m'munsi, ndi kuti awo mu unyolo. Iwo purine ndi pyrimidine.

The zikuchokera DNA ndi RNA monomers zimasiyanasiyana kale mlingo: mu deoxyribonucleic acid tikhoza kukumana adenine, guanine, cytosine ndi thymine. Koma m'malo thymine mu RNA lili uracil.

zapansi izi zisanu ndi chachikulu (lalikulu), nawonso ambiri zidulo mkati. Koma popanda izi, aliponso ena. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri, ndi anthu zazing'ono m'munsi. Ndipo iwo onse opezeka zidulo onse - izi ndi kufanana kwina pakati DNA ndi RNA.

The ndondomeko ya zapansi nitrogenous (ndi safanana nucleotides) mu unyolo DNA imalongosola zimene mapuloteni akhoza lithe chipindacho. Amene mamolekyulu analengedwa pa nthawi zimatengera zofuna za thupi.

Tiyeni titsegule ku misinkhu ya gulu zidulo mkati. Kuti poyerekeza khalidwe la DNA ndi RNA kupeza lathunthu ambiri ndi cholinga, tiona dongosolo lililonse. Mu DNA zinayi, ndipo chiwerengero cha kuchuluka kwa bungwe mu RNA zimadalira mtundu wake.

Kupezeka kwa DNA kapangidwe mfundo kapangidwe

zamoyo zonse anawagawa prokaryotes ndi eukaryotes. Gawo ili zachokera kapangidwe pachimake. Anthu ndi DNA ena muchipindachi mu mawonekedwe a DNA. Kapangidwe yapadera imeneyi imene deoxyribonucleic asidi molekyulu womangidwa kwa mapuloteni. DNA ali milingo anayi a gulu.

Kapangidwe chachikulu ukufanizidwa ndi unyolo nucleotides, akuyambira chimene mosamalitsa anaona aliyense chamoyo ndi amene ali inakula phosphodiester kumangigwa. patsogolo yaikulu mu phunziro la kapangidwe ka unyolo DNA anafika Chargaff ndi ndodo yake. Iwo anapeza kuti chiŵerengero cha zapansi ndi nitrogenous imvera malamulo ena.

Iwo ankatchedwa malamulo Chargaff a. Woyamba wa limati izi kuti chiwerengero cha zapansi purine ayenera kukhala wolingana ndi kuchuluka kwa pyrimidine. Iwo idzawonetsedwa mutawerenga kapangidwe yachiwiri ya DNA. Chifukwa cha mbali yake ayenera ulamuliro wachiwiri: a molar chiŵerengero A / T ndi T / C wofanana umodzi. Ulamuliro N'chimodzimodzinso ndi zidulo chachiwiri mkati - kuti kufanana kwina kwa DNA ndi RNA. Only pa malo lachiwiri la thymine nthawi zonse ofunika uracil.

Komanso, asayansi ambiri anayamba m'kagulu DNA a mitundu yosiyanasiyana pa nambala yaikulu ya malo. Ngati Uwerenge "A + T" kwambiri "D + C" DNA amenewa amatchedwa AT-mtundu. Ngati M'malo mwake, tikulimbana ndi GC-mtundu DNA.

sekondale dongosolo chitsanzo anali akufuna mu 1953 asayansi Watson ndipo Crick, ndipo iye akadali bwino losadziwika. Lachitsanzo ndi helix awiri, chomwe m'magawo awiri antiparallel. Makhalidwe chachikulu cha dongosolo yachiwiri ndi:

• zikuchokera aliyense timafupa DNA ndi mosamalitsa enieni mitundu;
• chomangira wa hydrogen pakati unyolo, aumbike pamaziko a mapolojekiti a zapansi nitrogenous;
• polynucleotide unyolo entwine mzake, kupanga pravozakruchennuyu mwauzimu, wotchedwa "Helix";
• zatsalira asidi phosphoric linali kunja zapansi mwauzimu nitrogenous - mkati.

Komanso, lolemererapo, kovuta

Kapangidwe ukachenjede ya DNA - ndi superspiralizirovannaya dongosolo. Kuti ali Komanso kuti molekyulu ndi maunyolo awiri anapotoza ndi mzake, chifukwa compactness bwino DNA ndi chilonda pa mapuloteni wapadera - histones. Iwo agawidwa m'magulu asanu malinga zili lysine ndi arginine.

Mlingo atsopano a DNA - khromozomu. Kuti muone mosamalitsa izo zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo chonyamulira cha uthengawu ku maselo, zotsatirazi: ngati Tower Eiffel anapita mu magawo onse a compaction, komanso DNA, zikhoza anaikidwa matchbox a.

DNA ndi umodzi (chromatids zigwirizana wina) ndi iwiri (wapangidwa chromatids awiri). Iwo amapereka yosungirako odalirika mudziwe majini, ndi akhoza kutembenuka ndi mwayi lotseguka kwa malo namfunsa ngati n'koyenera.

Mitundu ya RNA mbali structural

Kuwonjezera pa mfundo yakuti RNA aliyense amasiyana ndi DNA dongosolo lake lalikulu (pakalibe thymine, pamaso pa uracil), mabungwe otsatirawa komanso milingo yosiyanasiyana:

1. Transport RNA (tRNA) ndi umodzi-Shackleton molekyulu. Kuchita ntchito zawo magalimoto amino zidulo kuti malo kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni, ali zachilendo kwambiri dongosolo sekondale. Njirayi imatchedwa "clover tsamba". Aliyense kuzungulira iyo imagwira ntchito yake, koma chofunika kwambiri ndi acceptor tsinde (izo amakhulupirirabe asidi kwa amino ndi) ndi anticodon (amene ayenera lifanane ndi codon la mtumiki RNA). Kapangidwe ukachenjede ya tRNA anaphunzira pang'ono, chifukwa zovuta kudziwa molekyulu popanda kuswa mkulu mlingo wa bungwe. Koma mfundo asayansi kumeneko. Mwachitsanzo, mu yisiti kutengerapo RNA ndi mu mawonekedwe a kalata L.
2. Mtumiki RNA (umatchedwanso mudziwe) akuchita ntchito ya kusintha mfundo DNA malo a kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. Iye amauza wotani mapuloteni pamapeto pake tichoke mu kaphatikizidwe ribosome. Kapangidwe zake zikuluzikulu - wosakwatiwa-Shackleton molekyulu. Kapangidwe Secondary imavuta kwambiri, m'pofunika molondola kudziwa chiyambi cha kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. mRNA aumbike mwa mawonekedwe a zikhomo, yomwe ili pa malekezero a zigawo zina za chiyambi ndi mapeto processing mapuloteni ndi.
3. Ribosomal RNA ali ribosomes lapansi. organelles awa wapangidwa subunits awiri a limene lili malo rRNA. Asidiyu mkati ndiyo kaikidwe ka mapuloteni onse ribosomal ndi malo zinchito organelle izi. RRNA dongosolo chachikulu ukufanizidwa ndi zinayendera nyukiliotayidi monga mu Mabaibulo asidi m'mbuyomu. Amadziwika kuti chomaliza wagona rRNA mating mapeto zigawo ndi unyolo wina. Mapangidwe petioles aŵa kumathandiza kuti compaction a dongosolo lonse.

ntchito DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid amachita monga zapamwamba za uthengawu ku maselo. Ndi mu nyukiliotayidi ndondomeko yake "zobisika" mapuloteni onse mu thupi lathu. DNA iwo osati kusungidwa, koma bwino otetezedwa. Ndipo ngakhale kulakwitsa kumachitika pamene kukopera, adzakhululukidwa tikonze. Choncho, zinthu zonse majini kukhala nufikira ana.

Pofuna popereka mauthenga ana, ndi DNA amatha pawiri. Zimenezi amatchedwa kugawanika. Poyerekeza tebulo ya RNA ndi DNA adzatiuza kuti asidi wina mkati sangathe kutero. Koma ntchito zina.

ntchito RNA

Mtundu uliwonse wa RNA amagwira ntchito yake:

1. Choka asidi ribonucleic amapereka kwa amino asidi yobereka kuti ribosomes, kumene mapuloteni amapangidwira. tRNA umabweretsa osati chuma nyumba, nawonso nawo kuzindikira codon lapansi. Ndipo ku ntchito yake zimadalira mmene mapuloteni adzamangira molondola.
2. Mtumiki RNA limati mfundo DNA ndi kusintha kwa malo kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. Apo iye ali Ufumuyo ribosome ndi kuzichita dongosolo la amino zidulo zomanga thupi ndi.
3. Ribosomal RNA amapereka kukhulupirika organelle dongosolo, nthawi ntchito za malo onse zinchito.

Ndicho kufanana kwina kwa DNA ndi RNA: iwo onse kusamalira mfundo majini adatengedwa ndi khungu.

Kuyerekezera DNA ndi RNA

Bungwe onse mudziwe pamwamba, tikhoza kulemba mu tebulo lonse.

Kotero, ife mwachidule za kodi kufanana kwa DNA ndi RNA. Table adzakhala chida chofunika kwambiri pa kuona kapena chikumbutso yosavuta.

Komanso taphunzira kale tebulo anali mfundo zina. Mwachitsanzo, luso DNA pawiri zofunika magawano selo kukonza maselo onse analandira zinthu majini mu uthunthu wake. Ngakhale RNA anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri mu sazindikira. Ngati mukufuna wina molekyulu selo, izo synthesizes DNA Chinsinsi.

Kaperekedwe DNA ndi RNA kulandira mwachidule, koma ife kuphimba mbali zonse za kapangidwe ndi ntchito. chidwi kwambiri yomasulira ndondomeko - kaphatikizidwe zomanga thupi. Pambuyo kudziwana ndi zimaonekeratu lalikulu bwanji ntchito ndi ankaimba ndi RNA mu moyo selo. A ndondomeko ya anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri DNA yosangalatsa kwambiri. Kuti yokha ndiyo womwetula wa helix awiri ndi kuwerenga aliyense nyukiliotayidi!

Kuphunzira zinthu zatsopano tsiku lililonse. Makamaka ngati ndi watsopano izo zikuchitika yonse yochepetsetsa ya thupi lanu.