Kodi zikutanthauza malangizo mitengo?

Pali njira ziwiri za kuika mtengo. Izi zidalira pa mtundu wa nkhani zachuma, imene ntchito boma. Zokonza mitengo ndi mmene mayiko ndi chuma anakonza. Pankhaniyi, msika ndi pafupifupi ziribe mphamvu pa zinthu msika. Mitengo akhoza kumatanthauza ngakhale pamaso mankhwala mwamsanga-kumasulidwa. A zochitika zosiyanasiyana zimawonedwa mu njira msika. Pankhaniyi, mtengo si anatsimikiza kampaniyo, ndi mchikakamizo cha okwanira ndi kufunika pa kugulitsa malonda pa msika. More pa zimenezi m'nkhani lero.

Tiyeni tione tanthauzo mitengo langizo

Boma likhoza mwachindunji kapena ayi zimakhudza zinthu msika. chiphunzitso zosiyanasiyana zachuma amaona udindo wa boma pa kayendetsedwe ka chuma cha dziko m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Free mitengo - maziko a msika nkhani zachuma. Iwo wolungama chiphunzitso zonse tingachipeze powerenga zachuma. Akukhulupirira kuti kufunika alowererepo boma njira chuma kwa nthawi yoyamba mokhutiritsa anatsimikizira Dzhon Meynard Keyns. Kwathunthu mitengo malangizo - ndi mwayi wapadera wa chuma anakonza. Pankhaniyi, mitengo ya zinthu anatsimikiza ndi gawo la kupanga kapena ngakhale kale. Iwo akhoza kuikidwa kunja mtengo, mtengo adzabweranso, a koefishienti kusintha zotheka. Masiku ano, mayiko ambiri ndi chuma msika ntchito izi kapena njira zina za phukusi mu conjuncture wa chuma.

Mu ziphunzitso za Agiriki

Mmene timaonera udindo wa boma ukasintha anasintha kangapo m'mbiri kudziwika. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka 17-18, pa kubadwa ubale ano msika ofala chiphunzitso anali mercantilism. Iye akhapidziwa kuti chuma cha dziko akhoza silingayende bwino popanda chopinga boma. Komabe, zitatha zaka mazana awiri m'malo chiphunzitso ichi anabwera ndi maganizo otchedwa liberalism zachuma. Kuikiradi wake anayamba Adam Smith ndi David Ricardo. Ananena kuti msika - ndi kudzikonda malamulo dongosolo, mitengo malangizo ake poponya. Bukuli lili pa "dzanja wosaonekayo" - pa zofuna za patsogolo.

Komabe, First World nkhondo ndi zotsatira Great Depression amakakamizidwa asayansi kusintha maganizo awo pa mitengo. Kale mu 1930 izo Analeredwa malamulo apadera kuti kukodzedwa kuchuluka kwa alowererepo boma chuma cha dziko. Zokonza mitengo kwa magulu ena a malonda wakhala wamba.

Features wa zachuma Keynesian

Pambuyo Wamkulu Depression, M'mayiko ambiri olemera anasiya lingaliro la kudzikonda lamulo la msika ndi kuyamba kuthandizapo pa ndondomeko ya zachuma. Keynes kukangana kufunika kuonjezera ndalama bajeti ndi mitengo m'munsi chidwi pa recessions. Kuuza amalenga okwanira, osati mosemphanitsa, monga ankati ndi upamwamba wa. Neo-Keynesians ochirikiza kwa mitengo msika ndi mfundo mu kudalirana. Iwo ndinazolowera mfundo za upamwamba, ndi kukhulupirira kuti boma alowererepo Ndikofunikira kwa kanthawi kochepa. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti chilengedwe sangathe kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga kuti "mankhwala" chuma ku mavuto obwera chifukwa cha ntchito yafupika malonda. Komabe, Wachiwiri-Keynesians akukhulupirira kuti yaitali, msika ndi kudzikonda malamulo dongosolo.

njira ya chikoka

Pali awiri njira ya boma lamulo la mitengo: mzere (lamulo) ndi mosadziwika (chuma). Zoyambazo monga:

• Price chikukonzekera. Mwachitsanzo, nzeru zake yekha, boma akhoza anapereka tariffs zoyendera ndi Mwambo wa maliro.
• mtengo malire. State asalowe munthu pazipita kapena osachepera malire.
• Kukhazikitsa mfundo yovuta ya kusintha mtengo. Mwachitsanzo, m'njira imeneyi kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mawerengedwe a tariffs telefoni ndi gulu makasitomala.
• Atakhala kukula pazipita ankamvetsa malonda. Choncho malamulo mitengo ya uphungu wofunikira, mankhwala ndi zakudya zina.
• Kukhazikitsa mlingo wa profitability. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mtengo mwakamodzi anaika mtengo ena adzabweranso. Mwachitsanzo, amalipiritsa ntchito muli kawirikawiri anaika pomwepo anapatsidwa 25 peresenti kubwerera pa mtundu wa kayendedwe.
• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitengo kungakupatseni. dongosolo zambiri ukugwira ntchito m'munda wa ulimi. Mitengo zakonzedwa ndi matupi wapadera boma. Iwo amagwiritsa ntchito zogula ngakhale chilungamo mtengo msika wa katundu pansipa.

mtengo kulengeza ndi ndondomeko ya yofotokoza boma okhudza mitengo. Kuchita izi, ntchito kwa matupi wapadera boma la kulungamitsidwa chuma cha pempho.

The njira chuma kulamulira monga ang'onoang'ono, alimi malipilo mtengo, ngongole pa mitengo ŵakwenera, maholide msonkho. zonsezi onse akhoza kuchepetsa phindu pamsika wa mankhwala.

M'mayiko otukuka,

Ife kale asanaganize kuti lamulo mitengo. Msika chuma si mowonekera kuzindikira kufunika kwake. Komabe, palibe ndi wokonzeka kwathunthu kusiya ntchito yake. Boma likhoza kukonza malamulo mtengo mu mawonekedwe a malamulo. Amafotokoza mfundo, njira ndi malamulo. Akukhulupirira kuti 10-30% ya mtengo wa mankhwala anapereka malangizo. Koma boma kawirikawiri sakhala pomwepo. M'mayiko otukuka, ambiri mozungulira kulowelera mu mitengo. Zonsezi ananena kufunika kukwaniritsa zomwe zakambidwa chikhalidwe, kuti kuli bwino kwa anthu lonse.

njira zamakono

Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mitengo mwachibwana - chuma lamulo. Koma kwenikweni, lero limati ambiri kuthandizapo mwachangu njira zachuma. Akukhulupirira kuti pamapeto pake msika amatha okha-lamulo, ndipo kwa kanthawi - chosowa zochita zina za chapakati banki ndi boma. Iwo anazindikira kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitengo pazipita kapena osachepera ku zinthu kungachititse chakuti chithunzi ichi sadzakhalanso cholinga. Komabe, palibe amene akukangana chakuti nthawi zina msika limagwirira tiyenera kusintha.

zenizeni zoweta

The ndondomeko ya mitengo mu Russia zambiri papita nthawi. masitepe zofunika monga mu mbiri yake:

• Zikamera wa ndalama imalowetsamo mu zaka 1916-1921.
• Nyengo ya nkhondo chikominisi.
• The Policy Chatsopano Economic.
• mitengo malamulo pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mankhwala mu 1929-1933.
• Zikamera wa okwanira ndi malonda mankhwala pansi pa dongosolo ndi wogula.
• Price liberalization, limene linayamba kugwa kwa Soviet Union kuyambira 1992.