anthu wosazindikira mu mawonekedwe a banja ndi banja analiko njira yakuti aliyense zowathandiza ndi mabanja awo azipeza chakudya, malo ogona, zovala ndi zinthu zina. Komabe, ndi chitukuko cha anthu anali kugawira ntchito. Izi chodabwitsa chifukwa cha amasokoneza, koma amatipeza anachititsanso kuti kupanda phindu aliyense. Mwachitsanzo, wogulitsa nyama sizinali dzinthu, ndi anthu amene kukula tirigu, analibe nkhumba. Zosoŵa za aliyense wa iwo anathandiza nzeru katundu. Koma opaleshoni amayenera kukhala kuchuluka kwa mankhwala otchedwa owonjezera kuti chikhalebe nthawi iliyonse zosowa zawo mu zinthu chopangidwa. Kuti ndi wopha kuti kusinthanitsa nkhumba mankhwala ena, kunali koyenera kwa woyamba kupereka yekha ndi nyama mokwanira, ndiye kupanga kumanzere pambuyo nkhaniyi yaiwisi. Izi ulendowu mwachidule mu mbiriyakale aunika njira ya zodabwitsazi. Choncho, pamaso mawu akuti "katundu" anali kufunika surpluses kupanga. Tsopano mankhwala anapangidwa mwachindunji kuwombola kapena kugulitsa iwo. Kodi mankhwala tsopano? Yesetsani kumvetsa.
Zochitika mankhwala
Kodi mankhwala? Chophweka njira kudziwa mtengo wa chinthu chilichonse - ndi kufotokoza katundu wake. Khalidwe loyamba zodabwitsazi - kulankhula zinthu zina. Choncho, katundu - kanthu kuti si kupezeka. Mbali yachiwiri ndi mphamvu allocated kukumana aliyense wa zosowa za anthu, ndi woyenera kuti munthu. Choncho, tingathe kunena kuti mankhwala - mankhwala a ntchito analengedwa kuti athandize anthu. Ndipo potsiriza, lachitatu limafotokoza cholinga cha khalidwe la yopanga zinthu. Ndipotu chilichonse cholengedwa chopangidwa kuti akagulitse kapena kuwombola. Kukhazikitsa zinthu ndi kulandira madalitso ena. Choncho, ntchito mankhwala opangidwa zogulitsa, ndipo pali chofunika. Ndi katundu ife kumvetsa.
Mfundo za katundu
Mu mabuku, pali panopa awiri njira zofunika kwambiri kuti cholinga cha zabwino. Chiphunzitso choyamba, indedi, Marxist. njira iyi ikufotokoza mankhwala chifukwa zothandiza ntchito ya anthu, omwe ndi zogulitsa. mtima Izi amaganizira luso zosowa anthu mu zinthu zimenezi, cholinga cha kulenga mankhwala ndi kugwirizana awo ndi ntchito anthu. Njira yachiwiri kumvetsetsa zimene tinachita, anapereka School ku Austria wa Economics. Oimira lingaliro ili otchedwa mankhwala opangidwa kwa kuwombola, phindu la za cuma. Choncho, anamasulidwa Mbali ina mankhwala - kuchuluka zake zonse zocheperapo poyerekeza ndi zofuna anthu. Motero, njira imeneyi amaganizira chiŵerengero pakati pa zofuna wabwino ndipo limapezeka. Ziribe kanthu momwe maganizo osiyanasiyana kulibe zomwenso aliyense wa zodabwitsazi ali yemweyo, koma aliyense amayang'ana pa izo mfundo zake view ndi zochokera zofuna wanu ndi zofunika kwambiri.