Kodi mankhwala a chikalatacho: kuona ndi njira zake

Kuti tione zinthu zimene chikalata ndi maganizo otchuka kwambiri kufufuza. mfundo ndi yakuti chibwenzi, makhoti kupereka ambiri anayamba Mapangano, zikalata, linalamula ndi mapangano. chikalata akale ukatswiri ndi kudziwa zabodza.

Pa nthawi yomweyo amaganizira tsiku pa pepala, ndi chilengedwe cha lembalo. Chifukwa ntchito imeneyi ndipo akutenga luso ukatswiri zaka chikalata pa njira imene wapolisiyo kutsogolera choncho. Pempho akhoza kufika ndi anthu okhudzidwa.

Kudziwa zizindikiro wosasintha

Kodi kudziwa mankhwala kwa bukuli? Kuphunzira ichi amagwiritsa njira ziwiri. Choyamba ndi kuzindikira zizindikiro kukhala zikutsatiridwa nthawi. Zikuphatikizapo zili chikalata komanso maziko ake chifukwa poika kulemba chida ntchito, mizere khalidwe, maofesi ndi zipangizo.

Imachitika kafukufuku cholinga chake chofuna kukhazikitsa kugwilizana kupatsa zikhumbo kuti nthawi imeneyi yeniyeni. Kodi mu nkhani iyi imatiuza kuti chikalata Kupenda zakubadwa? Katswiri amasanthula kusatsatira tsiku zafotokozeredwa mwatsatanetsatane lemba, ndipo nthawi imeneyi. Njira imeneyi ndi othandiza kwambiri kukachitika kuti zinachitika mu nthawi anakonzeratu za kusintha yokulirapo mu osiyanasiyana zipangizo kulemba ndi zipangizo, komanso chilankhulo.

Choncho, kupenda zikalata zingasonyeze zofooka kuti:

- kupereka mutu, mawu amene satsatira tsiku ake kukonzekera (mwachitsanzo, mayina a mabungwe, mabungwe, etc ...);
- pa letterhead ndi chidindo deta zilipo pa gulu, amene analengedwa kenako, kuchotsedwa kapena mpaka nthawi mwachindunji;
- mu zili kwa bukuli ali kukamba za zimene zinachitika nthawi ina.

Komanso, mosamala kukhazikitsidwa kwa chikalata mankhwala ikufotokoza za kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe a sitiroko. Yachokera pa kafukufuku awa ife lingathetseretu kuthekera kuphedwa kwa mfundo pamanja kufikira makumi anai ndi cholembera ballpoint, kufikira makumi asanu ndi awiri - gel osakaniza. Koma chilengedwe lemba ntchito makina olembera pakompyuta zinayamba kutheka pokhapokha 70s lapansi. Njirayi imaperekanso mosamala kupanga chikalata mankhwala.

Research poyera ndi zikuchokera zipangizo ntchito kwa ulaliki wa lemba. Izi, makamaka, utoto ndi bleaches m'makalata mu pepala. Choncho, pamaso makumi asanu ndi sizinaikidwe phala kwa makola ballpoint zomwe zizindikiro phthalocyanine utoto. Komanso, monga gawo la kupanga zoweta pepala 60-ntchentche panalibe brighteners kuwala.

Kuphunzira zizindikiro za kusintha zosatha

Monga zinawerengedwera chikalata mankhwala? kumupima angagwiritsidwe ntchito, ndi njira zosiyana maphunziro awo. Ndi kudziwa mbali amene amaoneka chifukwa kusintha ntchito mu katundu kulemba zida ntchito kutsatira mfundo. Ndiponso, njira imeneyi limalola kapangidwe ndi katundu zipangizo pepala. Pankhaniyi, ntchito chidziwitso cha malamulo kusintha katundu lolembapo zida mu njira ya ntchito zawo.

Komanso, pamene Kupenda ngati amaganizira njira zimene zimachitika mu pepala pa yosungirako ake yaitali.

Choncho, kuona zaka chikalata kuphedwa anapanga typewritten, ikufotokoza deta ndondomeko, amene amasonyeza nthawi kupanga makina olembera anapatsidwa mtundu ndi mtundu, avale lamba ndi zina zotero .. Komanso, ganizirani kusintha konse komwe kumachitika nthawi ya ntchito chida. Mapeto a nthawi yokonza typescript anapatsidwa pamaziko a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makhalidwe anachokera kuti akuyerekezedwa ndi zitsanzo ufulu. Zowona yothetsa nthawi Pankhaniyi akhale mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera tsiku lina kwa chaka chimodzi.

Kufufuza ndi kutenga zikalata anaphedwa pa chosindikizira chokhudzana ndi kompyuta munthu. Iwo poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo free, amasindikizidwa pa njira yomweyo. Analysis a mwambo kafukufuku wina anasonyeza kuti mapepala kuona angathe kuchitidwa ndi yolondola kwambiri, anapanga pa chosindikizira ndi inkjet. Ino ndi katiriji, zizindikiro za wosawoneka pa pepala monga "zikhomo ndi masingano."

maofesi kafukufuku

Kupenda mankhwala kulemba chida ntchito:

- zolemba, monga kukonzedwa dzanja;
- malemba tinkawasindikiza ntchito osindikiza inkjet;
- pamanja zolemba;
- amaonekera masitampu, zisindikizo ndi masitampu.

Njira kuphunzira

Kudziwa zinthu zimene chikalata ntchito:

1. organoleptic njira. Ndi thandizo lawo, kusanthula ndi imawunikidwa khalidwe la zinthu zochokera akalozera analandira pamene kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu (kumva, kuona, kulawa, kununkhiza). Maphunziro awa kupereka ziyenera zithunzi chikalata funso. Ndi luster ake, mtundu, kapangidwe cha chuma, ndi zina zotero D..
2. ta njira. Monga ulamuliro, iwo ntchito kulongosola bwino ndondomeko ya masitampu checkboxes amaonekera ndi kupanga zolemba.
3. Zithunzi njira. ntchito zawo chaonekera zikomo zotheka kuti chitukuko cha umisiri wamakono. Zithunzi njira ntchito pafupifupi m'madera onse a forensics, kuphatikizapo akamaona malamulo kulenga chikalatacho.
4. Mankhwala njira. ntchito zawo limalola chekeni kuwunika ndi kulemba zipangizo kulosera katundu wawo kusintha pa nthawi.
5. koromatogarafe njira. Njirazi kulola ife kudziwa mphamvu ya evaporation mankhwala a organic, amene ali mbali ya zipangizo kulemba.
6. Spectrographic njira. Izi ntchito Kupenda kwa kudziwa zikuchokera inks ndi zipangizo kulemba. Mwa njira iyi amayikidwa mu kukhalapo kwa zipangizo zosafunika mitundu, amene ali m'munsi kukapanga imodzi kapena linanena bungwe ena.

Komanso, Kupenda mankhwala amakono a chikalata amapanga ntchito kwambiri sayansi yamakono zambiri. Izi, makamaka, kupanga kompyuta kusanthula chikalatacho.

mfundo patsogolo prostanovki

Monga zingadziŵike mwa dongosolo la bukuli? Akatswiri mu ndondomeko za kafukufuku wawo imatiuza dongosolo la mizere pamwamba ndi zipsera lembalo. Choncho, masitampu, zisindikizo ndi anasaina kupanga chikalata linapanga mu nthawi zosiyana. Mwatsoka, nthawi kutsimikiza ikutsika superposed sizingatheke. Komabe, kupenda zofooka kwa bukuli nthawi zonse kudziwa mwatsatanetsatane wakhala pansi mu malo oyamba - chisindikizo kapena siginecha.

Poyerekeza zitsanzo

Kodi wina anatsimikiza ndi dongosolo la bukuli? awo ukatswiri kafukufuku amagwiritsa ntchito njira zitsanzo poyerekezera. Njira imeneyi imagwira ingagwiritsidwe ntchito timapepala lalikulu zikalata zilipo. Ntchito kutenga zitsanzo za boma mapepala bungwe, chimene zidakwezekanso pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana.

Njira imeneyi adzalola katswiri kudziwa kuchuluka ndi mlingo wa zinthu zimene zachitika, kufika pa maziko a deta awa, mapeto a nthawi yokonza lemba maganizo.

Chikalata zitsanzo zomwe atengedwa kuyerekezera ayenera kuchitidwa ntchito hardware yemweyo (copiers, osindikiza mabuku ndi zina zotero. D.), Ndiponso kwalembedwa ndi chimodzimodzi amangomvera (gel osakaniza kapena mpira). Ayenera kufanana ndi mitundu inki, applicable kusindikiza. Kukachitika kuti mfundo zonse za pamwamba anapereka pa zitsanzo onse alibe chochita ndi chikalata maganizo, katswiri ikugwira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Pankhaniyi, amapatsidwa nkhani ndikosatheka ntchitoyo.

Njira poyerekeza maganizo pepala

Posachedwapa, Kupenda zolemba malamulo a zofooka kawirikawiri amagwiritsa njira kufanizitsa Itanitsani buku la malemba ndi chuma chapadera anasonkhana mu nthawi yomweyo, munali zipsera dongosolo, zolemba ndi zina.

The ntchito njira limachititsa molondola kudziwa tsiku chilengedwe kapena kusinthidwa pepala lovomerezeka. Komabe, njira imeneyi ali ndi zovuta zake. Anaganiza kuti chilengedwe cha Nawonso achichepere ndi kungafune ndalama kwambiri nthawi ndiponso anthu. Zimenezi, kuwukitsa mtengo wa kumupima.

Zida (nkhani) Kuphunzira

Kuona m'badwo wa chikalata mmodzi winanso malangizo. Kumafuna kafukufuku pa kafukufuku wa kusintha zokhudza kapangidwe ndi katundu zipangizo kulemba, komanso mfundo za mapepala boma. Zimene Research asonyeza kuti ndi kwambiri deta mwatsatanetsatane ntchito angathe kuchitidwa ndi kudziwa nthawi ya chilengedwe cha zikalata zomwe inki si zosakwana makumi awiri peresenti ya solvents mkulu-otentha organic. Mndandanda wa zomangira - inks inkjet ndi pastes kwa ballpoint zolembera ndodo. Iwo ali zikuchokera ofanana ndi mitundu inki. The malire nthawi chikalata khama ndi yotsalira zosungunulira okhutitsidwa zikwapu. chizindikiro Izi ndi mpweya madzi koromatogarafe sipekitiramu akamagwira mayamwidwe Tingafinye phala la mapepala nduna dimethylformamide.

Kudzifufuza akale siginecha pa chikalata ikugwira ntchito njira pomvera zikwapu okalamba dongosolo anapanga phala kwa makola ballpoint, mkati limene pali benzyl mowa, fenilglikol ndi aliphatic propylene glycol ethers. M'badwo wa phunziro kufufuza nkhani iyi anatsimikiza zimenezi. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kutenga maonekedwe a zikoti za chikalata adatsutsana ndi chitsanzo wapangidwa ndi chaka, mwezi ndi tsiku poyerekeza ndi ili pa potuluka.

kuyezetsa mapazi

Pali ambiri chithunzi methodical Kupenda malire okhutira wachibale wa chikalata mu utoto zikwapu volatiles. Pamafunikanso zinthu zotsatirazi:

1. Kuphunzira waukuluwo. Ndi kusiya zochimwazo kumathetsa vuto kudziŵa mmene kukhazikitsa zikwapu, komanso ngati ziyenera woyeneradi awo phunziro mabuku.
2. Analysis wa zosungunulira. Phunziro lino cholinga chake kudziwa woyenerera wa zikoti chaka nthawi kuphedwa awo.
3. Investigation ya zipangizo sanali oyaka ali bala (resins ndi utoto). Chotero kusanthula ndi imagwiridwa kudziwa mtundu wa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa zinthu enieni ziyenera ake.
4. Khama la kuchuluka zipangizo oyaka mu zikwapu.
5. Zitsanzo za Pakompyuta Zosonyeza ya ukalamba tsatanetsatane ndondomeko.
6. Direct kuyesa kuphedwa zikwapu nthawi.

Kupenda "owonongedwa" mapepala

Ankathandiza phunziro zipangizo kalero poyera zinthu zilizonse zachiwawa. chakuti kuwala, mankhwala kapena mphamvu matenthedwe amatilola kupereka pepala boma, wa zaka tione. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zovuta kuti agwire ntchito Katswiri. Koma Zikatero, sikuti cha mphamvu ichi kale akulankhula za chikhalidwe kuyan'anila za momwe iwo unakonzedwa.

Mwachitsanzo, pamene zotsatira matenthedwe pa lemba la pepala ndi chidwi "kalilole" kuwala. Pankhaniyi, sikutheka kuti muwone zikwapu grainy. Komanso, mu nkhani iyi pali Madontho pa pepala la tona, ndi zilembo anasonyeza sawona bwinobwino maonekedwe. Pa kudziwika zizindikiro katswiri amapereka maganizo pa chikalata chinaperekedwa nkhawa matenthedwe mu mawonekedwe a kutentha pa zana madigiri.

Khama la kaya zasintha kulembamo

Nthawi zambiri boma chikalata chinyengo anapanga njira podrisovki, erasures, rinsing kapena kaundula etching. Nthawi zina kusintha chikalata ndi overprinting mawu, zilembo ndi manambala, komanso plywood sukulu ndi makadi chithunzi. Pofuna kudziwa mfundo zimenezi ntchito njira akuphunzira zikalata zakuthupi. Chigamulo pa zolemba overprint kapena zina, mungathe kugwiritsa kuphunzira poyerekeza wa colorant lapansi. Kusiyana kapangidwe kake zikuonetsa yabodza. Kudziwa zithunzi plywood maphunziro ndi zomatira. Mu chikalata pano ali limodzi lokha la mtundu wake.

Nthawi zina amasintha mu mawu a mmodzi wa mapepala a boma kupanga pepala ntchito sikana. Chikalatachi analowa mu kompyuta, lolembedwa ndi kusindikizidwa pa makina osindikizira. Zikatero, kuona mapepala onse ongoyendayenda, amene amalola kudziwa zikusiyana nthawi ya chilengedwe chonse.

Khama la malemba oyambirira

Milandu pamene forensics -old chikalata limasonyeza Kukonzanso. Ndiye pali kufunika kudziwa choyambirira zili msika. Zikatero, kuphunzira ikuyamba ndi mosamalitsa chikalata ku cheza cha ultraviolet osasankhidwa. Zotsatira za ntchito imeneyi amapereka kuzindikira padzuwa zotheka pepala ndi zinthu zilizonse zachiwawa. Ngati yeniyeni ya chikalatacho anakonzedwa ndi erasure, ndiye zikuthandizani kudziwa kuona tosaoneka ndi chilolezo. N'kulola zili pachiyambi lemba la zidzatheke pambuyo zithunzi pepala mu anasonyeza cheza ultraviolet komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira processing kompyuta fano chifukwa.

Ngati lemba pa pepala anali anawoloka kapena anatsanulira, topaka kapena kujambulidwa pa tepi, chifukwa chizindikiritso cha kuunikidwa koyamba kulembamo akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyana. Kusankha njira kudzadalira kuphunzira mitundu utoto, amene ntchito kulemba mawu ndi kutseka. Ambiri panopa ntchito kujambula kompyuta processing njira.

Ndikosatheka kumupima

Ngakhale kukula mofulumira sayansi yamakono ndi luso ndi mndandanda mwachilungamo yaitali njira kafukufuku kudziwa zina ndi zina chikalatacho akhoza kuchitika nthawi zonse.

ntchito yosatheka pamene:
- mwadzidzidzi kugonjera zolembedwa;
- kusapezeka kwa chiwerengero chofunika zitsanzo kuyerekezera;
- kuchepa boma boma pepala (kusinthidwa ake kwambiri).