Karamzin. Mbiri nkhani chidule: "Mkazi Martha-Bwanamkubwa, kapena The Kugonjetsedwa Novagoroda"

Izi nthawi zina zovuta ndi zovuta Russia, amene anavutika anavutika ndi kukana kwa Mongol-Chitata goli. Inali nthawi imeneyi ndi muuzeni anapeka kwa mwachidule mankhwala. "Mkazi Martha-Bwanamkubwa, kapena The Kugonjetsedwa Novagoroda" - buku mbiri ofotokoza mmene ambiri magazi osalakwa anthu anakhetsa kudutsa dziko Russian. Pofuna kupewa izi, Grand Prince wa Moscow Ivan III anakhala kugwirizanitsa ndi maukulu Russian ndi kusonkhanitsa pansi mbendera ake onse amene sanathe kulekerera akapolo a Golden gulu. Komabe, iye anakana kumvera onyada Novgorod State ananena ufulu wodzilamulira.

Komanso izo kulongosola mwachidule mwatsatanetsatane. "Mkazi Martha-Bwanamkubwa" ku nkhani yake lili zosangalatsa za kuti nthawi ya Novgorod anamenyera udzatha awo akale ndi ufulu imene imayamba anawapatsa akalonga kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, dzina la Prince Yaroslav anali inde ufulu wawo.

Karamzin: "Mkazi Martha-Bwanamkubwa wa", yochepa nkhani okhutira

Novgorod anaoneratu kuti azilimbana adzawabwezeretsa m'mavuto, koma sanathe nsembe kunyada kwake. Ndipo m'tawuni veche belu akuitana anthu onse kusonkhanitsa Yaikulu Square yomweyo.

Anthu ochokera konsekonse anathamangira kumeneko, mantha ndi kubangula kwa peal wake muffled. Udagumanyikana ndipo anafuna kuyamba Komiti.

Zotsutsana za nyumba woyera mwala anasonkhana Yaroslav posadniki ndi mendulo pachifuwa pake, ndi boyars ndi mbendera, akulu ndi nkhwangwa siliva ndi anthu ena ambiri.

Mwadzidzidzi, pa Kalvare, kapena, mwinamwake, pa Vadimova, kumene ataliatali nsangalabwi chithunzi Vityazya Vadima anaonekera mtumiki - mfumu anadalira John Prince.

kazembe

Zinali Prince Holm, amene ankayenera kulengeza anthu Novgorod kuti iwo ayenera mwamtendere kugonjera zofuna za Grand Prince wa Moscow osati kubweretsa nkhondo ndi nkhondo. Anawauza kuti anthu okhawo chikondi ufulu wa kuthengo, koma wanzeru - lamulo limene palibe autocracy mu dziko sizingatheke.

Iye anapitiriza kuti mpanda wa Novgorod anabadwa ndi motsimikiza autocracy wa dziko Russian. Magnanimous Rurik anayamba kuno kuchita chilungamo, chifukwa cha ichi ngwazi Varangian a Novgorod anayamba kuopa anthu ena.

Mawu a kazembeyo anali mokhudza kwambiri ndi aukali, anapempha chikumbumtima cha anthu ndipo adawadzudzula Atatero abale Russian pa chifundo cha chiguluchi, ndipo okha pa nthawi ino, zabwino ndi amacheza ndi mwanaalirenji. Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir adakhetsa mwazi wa zokometsera awo. Russian, zida ndi lupanga, kukumana alendo ndi Novgorod avaricious kuwatengera iwo mu mikono yanga, ankasirira katundu kudzikondweretsa awo, golide ndi siliva.

zotsatira amphamvu kwambiri pa anthu ndi zisudzo awo atchulidwa ntchito "Mkazi Martha-Bwanamkubwa, kapena The Kugonjetsedwa Novgorod." Chidule zina amapita kuti Prince John anaphunzira za chiwembucho wa akulu a Novgorod ndi mdani Duchy la Lithuania ndi Poland, ndipo anachenjeza kuti alendo ameneŵa ukapolo, chifukwa nthawi zonse zimachitika kwa anthu amene mosasamala umafuna ufulu kwa abale a. Iye akukhulupirira kuti simungathenso kupewa kugawikana a boma Russian, pambuyo pa mavuto onse amabwera kuno. Nditamaliza kulankhula, Holm wapita mazunzo acimuuza yankho anthu m'malo kusankha mtendere kapena nkhondo.

izo Marfa

Komanso zambiri zosangalatsa amatsutsa chiwembu mwachidule. Mkazi Martha-Bwanamkubwa ndi phokoso akulankhula mofuula mwakachetechete ndi majestically analowa siteji ya chitsulo mazunzo danga. Pa nkhope yake kuwerenga chisoni ndi ulemerero. Iye anamufotokozera anayamba zolankhula yolimbikitsa ndipo ananena kuti kumanja akhoza kukhala kumbuyo ufulu, monga izo zinali bambo ake ndi mwamuna wake mutu wake, nkhondo mzinda waukulu uwu.

Anthu anamvetsera ndi bated mpweya. Ndipo anapitiriza kulankhula naye kuti Sikuti amachititsa anthu kuti iye sanali nawo nkhondo internecine , ndipo iye anasiya Mongol-Chitata agonjetsi, pamene olusa Batu ankafuna kugwetsera mzinda wawo. Iwo lichita ndi makolo amene amadziwa kuti adzafa nkhondo, koma musakhale akapolo, ndi lakuthwa malupanga awo popanda mantha. Tsopano Veliky Novgorod yamphamvu, ndipo ambiri zabodza zopezeka amalonda, kubwera kunyumba yake, kunena kuti mzinda wotere wa kukongola sanaone kwina kulikonse. Ndipo n'zosadabwitsa kuti Yohane tsopano akuona zonse ukulu ndi kukongola kwa Novgorod, akufuna aziwalamulira.

Ndipo kotero kuti malire ngakhale glows chiwembu mwachidule. Mkazi Martha-Bwanamkubwa wa akupitiriza kunena kuti kumwamba ndi molondola, ndipo ngati dyera awapitikitsa, osati ukoma ndi ulemerero, posachedwapa kugunda ola awo mfulu kudzanso lomaliza, ndi imfa ya ufulu udzauma, ndi gwero la chuma ulemerero wa mzinda lidzadetsedwa, ndipo isanduke bwinja chachisoni. anthu kunjenjemera mu mkwiyo ndipo analira "nkhondo John! Tidzafa chifukwa lathu ndi Ufulu! "

Kazembe Moscow adafuna kuti ndinene chinachake, koma sizinathandize - khamu sanamvere ndipo pafupifupi nyema. Iye ndiye ndi chisoni chachikulu cha moyo analankhula zikuluzikulu mawu ake otsiriza: "Pakhale nkhondo!" - ndipo ndinachoka mwamsanga tauni ndi retinue wake.

nkhondo

Kwambiri chidwi limafotokoza kukonzekera nkhondo nkhani "Mkazi Martha-Bwanamkubwa wa", yochepa nkhani zili akunenanso kuti, pamene rung Alamu belu, anthu anayamba kukonzekera kutenga nkhondo yomaliza. Ndipo Martha yomweyo anathamangira kwa olungama achipembedzo mkulu Theodosius, amene, pambuyo pa zaka 70 za utumiki ku dziko lake udachokamo mu amangokhala ali pikitipikiti dziko mu nkhalango yowirira. Ndipo Iye anamuuza iye za vuto mwadzidzidzi, koma Martha anaumirirabe. Anamutengera naye mnyamata mnyamatayo, Miroslav ndipo ankafuna kuti madalitso ochokera kwa akulu kunkhondo. Pambuyo kuti Martha anali pachangu naye kwa mwana wake wamkazi Xenia. Pamaso nkhondo, iwo anakwatirana ndi bishopu anavekedwa achinyamata St. Sophia Cathedral. Choncho Miroslav anakhala mtsogoleri wa Novgorod ankhondo.

Martha zoyembekezeredwa Pskov sadzachitika pambali, iwo kukhala ogwirizana ndi kupereka asilikali ake, koma iwo anakana kuthandiza kupanduka kwa Novgorod. Posakhalitsa anafika uthenga kuti John ndi asilikali anasamuka ku mzinda waukulu. Maalumali Miroslav anasamukira ku Aiwo.

kuyembekezera

Lowopsya chete tinakhazikika mu mzinda pokonzekera, mipingo yekha zitseko zawo, anthu otsala anagwada adawomba moleben kuwerenga. Kwa nthawi yaitali panalibe uthenga. Pa tsiku la nkhondo, Martha, ndi malo okwezeka mazunzo anaona mtambo wa fumbi. Amatseka maso ake, iye anati: "Miroslav anamwalira, Yohane anali wopambana!"

Mu galeta mu mzinda kubweretsa thupi la Miroslav anavulazidwa asilikali ndikuuzeni nkhondo yoopsa. Russian anali motsutsa Russian, asilikali a mbali zonse ankafuna kuti ali Asilavo. mwagwirizana ndi mdano wao ndi chinthu choyipa! ana awiri Marita nayenso anamwalira.

Koma nkhondo anapita, John, mu kugunda mwachindunji sanathe kugonjetsa Ankhondo a Novgorod, ndiye iye anapita pa kuzinga yaitali. City anayamba njala ndi zokometsera ufulu anayamba kufa.

Mkuluyo Theodosius, anasiya chipata chake ndi nafika mu mzinda anakhalanso Posadnik, koma pambuyo chigonjetso iye linapereka mafungulo mzinda mfumu John, napempha kwa iye chifundo kwa anthu, kulonjezedwa pobwezera zimene anthu awa kumutumikira mokhulupirika.

chikhululukiro

Kalonga wa Moscow wasankha kukhululukira anthu a Novgorod, koma sikuthetsa mwachidule. Mkazi Martha-Bwanamkubwa ndi mwana wake Xenia komabe sudzatha ndi chilango chake choopsa. Kwa iwo, posachedwapa kumanga scaffold, kumene Martha monyadira limatuluka ndipo akulengeza kwa anthu amene anafa nzika ya Novgorod, pamene atumikira John.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, akale belu nsanja atachotsedwa natengedwa iye Moscow.

Mwini chidutswa yake yapadera ya "Mkazi Martha-Bwanamkubwa, kapena The Kugonjetsedwa Novgorod." Mwachidule, mwatsoka, sangathe kupitirirapo kuwala kalembedwe wakale ndi kununkhira modabwitsa choncho ndi bwino kuwerenga ntchito kwathunthu.