Khalidwe mankhwala: zokambirana komanso maluso

mankhwala chidziwitso-khalidwe ndi mtundu wa mankhwala omwe amathandiza odwala kumvetsa maganizo zimene zimakhudza khalidwe lawo. Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchiza osiyanasiyana matenda, kuphatikizapo mwauchidakwa, phobias, nkhawa komanso kuvutika maganizo. Khalidwe mankhwala, maphunziro, choyenera wotchuka kwambiri, makamaka kumatenga nthawi yochepa ndipo makamaka umalimbana kuthandiza anthu ndi vuto linalake. Popereka chithandizo makasitomala kuphunzira kusintha ndi kuzindikira dongosolo ndi maganizo owononga maganizo pa makhalidwe awo kungasokoneze.

imachokera

Kodi zomveka kapena chidziwitso-khalidwe mankhwala? Kuti otsatira psychoanalysis otchuka kukakamizidwa kutembenukira kuphunzira zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za cognition ndi khalidwe lathu?

Wilhelm Wundt, amene anakhazikitsidwa mu 1879 pa University of Laboratories Leipzig yoyamba boma kufufuza maganizo, imatengedwa tate wa zamaganizo experimental. Koma Dziwani kuti zimene ankaona zamaganizo ndiye komanso n'zosiyana kwambiri ndi kuwerenga maganizo experimental lero. Komanso, amadziwika kuti mankhwala panopa kalipo ntchito Sigmund Freud, wotchuka padziko lonse.

Pa nthawi yomweyo kuti Akutsatira ndi experimental kuwerenga maganizo aona kuti chitukuko cha nthaka yachonde United States, anthu ochepa mukudziwa. Ndipotu atafika kuno a Sigmund Freud mu 1911, psychoanalysis anatha kudabwa ngakhale akatswiri mu maganizo. Moti mu zaka zingapo za 95% ya azamisala dziko la aphunzitsidwa mu njira ya ntchito psychoanalysis.

okhawo izi mu US kwa mankhwala mpaka 1970, pamene izo zinali mochedwa mu mabwalo zogwirizana wa World Old kwa zaka 10. Dziwani kuti vuto la psychoanalysis - mwa mawu a mphamvu yake kuwathandiza zosiyanasiyana zofuna anthu pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, komanso umatha "kuona" - inayamba mu 1950s ndi. Panthawi imeneyi, wobadwa mitundu zina za misala. Udindo waukulu nyimbo mwa iwo, kumene, mankhwala chidziwitso-khalidwe. Lezani nokha kuchokera pamene ambiri sankayerekeza kuchita.

Adanyamuka nthawi yomweyo mu madera osiyana a dziko, chifukwa chopereka ndi psychoanalysts amene sakusangalala ndi zida zawo za phukusi ndi kusanthula zomveka emotive khalidwe mankhwala chifalikire ku Ulaya. Iye mu nthawi yochepa wakhazikitsa wokha ngati njira mankhwala akhoza kupereka njira yabwino mavuto osiyanasiyana makasitomala.

Kuyambira pamene tinaona kuwala kwa ntchito ya Yohane. B. Watson pa behaviorism, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala khalidwe, panapita zaka makumi asanu, koma patapita kanthawi kuti anapata mwa ntchito misala malo ake. Koma kusanduka ake anapitiriza zinachitika pa mofulumira mofulumira. Icho chinali chifukwa losavuta: komanso njira zina zimene zochokera maganizo sayansi, mankhwala chidziwitso-khalidwe, kokoka amene apatsidwa m'nkhani pansipa, kusintha limakhalabe lotsegula, Integrated ndi anaphatikizana ndi njira zina.

Iwo yophatikiza zotsatira za maphunziro amene amachitika kuwerenga maganizo, komanso minda ena a sayansi. Izi zapangitsa kuti zikamera a mitundu yatsopano ya alowererepo ndi kusanthula.

Pa mankhwala izi m'badwo 1, amene amakhala ndi kwakukulu kosangalatsa psychodynamic mankhwala odziwika, posakhalitsa Yesu m'ndandanda wa "zaluso". Iwo kale n'komwe chidziwitso mbali aiwala kale. pophatikizana izi chidziwitso khalidwe mankhwala ndi m'badwo wotsatira wa mankhwala khalidwe, amatchedwanso mankhwala chidziwitso-khalidwe. Education izo umachitika pa nthawi ino.

chitukuko zake nthawi zonse, pali njira yatsopano ya mankhwala, amene ali mankhwala kale m'badwo wachitatu.

Chidziwitso-khalidwe mankhwala: ndizosowa

Cholinga chenicheni zosonyeza kuti maganizo athu kumathandiza kwambiri ulili khalidwe la munthu. Choncho, anthu kuganiza kwambiri za pa ngozi msewu wonyamukira ndege, n'zimene mpweya ndi ngozi zina mpweya zikhoza kupewedwa ndi kayendedwe mpweya osiyana. Dziwani kuti cholinga cha mankhwala ichi ndi kuphunzitsa odwala amene ali mbali iliyonse ya dziko sangalamulire, nthawi yomweyo ukhoza kutenga ulamuliro ndithu kutanthauzira wake dziko ndi kucheza ndi izo.

Posachedwapa, mankhwala chidziwitso-khalidwe ndekha ntchito nthawi zambiri. Mtundu wa chithandizo zambiri satenga nthawi yambiri, kotero kuti ankaona kuti kupezeka kwa ena mankhwala. Empirically inatsimikizira nchito zake: Akatswiri anakhazikitsa kuti chimathandiza odwala kuthana ndi makhalidwe osayenera mu mawonekedwe zosiyanasiyana.

zochiritsira

Oyimira a British Association kwa chidziwitso ndi madokotala khalidwe taonera kuti ndi mndandanda wa mankhwala potengera mfundo ndi malingaliro potengera zitsanzo khalidwe la munthu ndiponso maganizo. Zikuphatikizapo osiyanasiyana yaikulu njira kuti ndiyotani pakuchotsa matenda maganizo, komanso maluso odzithandiza okha.

Akatswiri nthawi zonse, mitundu zotsatirazi:

• Chidziwitso mankhwala;
• mankhwala maganizo ndi zomveka-khalidwe;
• multimodal mankhwala.

Njira mankhwala khalidwe

Iwo ntchito kuphunzira chidziwitso. The njira yaikulu - ndi zomveka-emotive khalidwe mankhwala. Poyamba anapereka zopanda nzeru woganiza, ndiye tikupeza zimayambitsa dongosolo chikhulupiriro zopanda nzeru, ndiye pali kufupi ndi chandamale.

Monga ulamuliro, njira ambiri maphunziro - njira yothetsera mavuto. The njira yaikulu - ndi maphunziro biofeedback, amene zimagwiritsa ntchito kuchotsa zotsatira za maganizo. Zikatero zida kuphunzira boma ambiri yosangalala minofu, komanso kuwala kapena lamayimbidwe mayankho amapezeka. Minofu yosangalala ndi maganizo ndithu anatsindika, kenako kumabweretsa wonyalanyaza.

mankhwala chidziwitso-khalidwe: njira zophunzitsira ndi kuphunzirira

The mankhwala khalidwe ndi mwadongosolo ntchito maphunziro zopanda, malinga ndi zomwe n'zotheka kuphunzitsa ndi kuphunzira khalidwe zolondola. Kuphunzira pa chitsanzo ali njira zofunika kwambiri. lophunzira njira zochokera makamaka pa zowongolera operant, kenako anthu kumanga khalidwe lawo ankafuna. A njira yofunika kwambiri kuphunzira onyenga.

Kuyesa mwadongosolo wotsanzira M'MALO nauchenii - munthu kapena chikhalidwe. M'mawu ena, kuti cholowa angalimbikitse nawo ndi mophiphiritsa kapena chobisika.

Mwakhama ntchito pamene akugwira ntchito mankhwala ana khalidwe. Kokoka Pankhaniyi, muli ikuthandizira zolimbikitsa mwachindunji, monga maswiti. Akuluakulu, cholinga ichi anali ndi dongosolo la utumiki ndiponso kudalitsidwa. Asanauzidwe (chithandizo madokotala anatipatsa chitsanzo) pamene bwino lichitidwa phased kunja.

njira otuchivaniya

Odysseus mu "Odyssey" wa Homer, malangizo a Circe (Wanyanga) anawalamula kumanga naye mlongoti wa ngalawa, kuti gonjerani kuyimba sirens ndi kunyenga. Makina anatseka makutu ake ndi phula. Ndi kupeŵa zolaula mankhwala khalidwe imafoola chikoka, pa nthawi yomweyo ikuchitika zina zimene zingachititse kuti n'zotheka kupambana. Mwachitsanzo, khalidwe zoipa, kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa, kuwonjezera ndi kuwalimbikitsa aversive, monga fungo, emetic.

Chidziwitso-khalidwe mankhwala Zochita ndi osiyana kwambiri. Choncho, mothandizidwa ndi chipangizo zochizira enuresis, muchisiye bedwetting - limagwirira wa akuwuka kwa wodwalayo kumayambika yomweyo pamene madontho loyamba la mkodzo.

njira Kupha

Azitsamba kulimbana ndi khalidwe kuchepa. Dziwani kuti imodzi mwa njira zikuluzikulu - ndi desensitization mwadongosolo kuti zochita kuwonongeka mantha ndi ndondomeko tsatane 3: maphunziro a minofu zosangalatsa kwambiri, yolemba mndandanda wa mantha, komanso kusinthana kwa kukondoweza ndi zosangalatsa mantha pa mndandanda kuti akwera.

njira atasemphana

Njirazi ntchito kulankhula mofulumira ndi mantha koyamba zikuchitika wachibale zotumphukira kapena chapakati phobias matenda osiyanasiyana a m'maganizo. The njira yaikulu - ndi madzi osefukira (kumenya zosiyanasiyana zikuchitika ntchito madyerero olimba). Kasitomala Choncho pansi kwambiri kukopa mwachindunji kapena maganizo zotheka zikuchitika mantha onse.

zigawo mankhwala

anthu ambiri kumva kapena malingaliro, chimene chinalimbikitsa iwo mu maganizo olakwika. Zikhulupiriro ndi maganizo kuyambitsa mabvuto khalidwe mwina zimakhudza zinthu zosiyanasiyana m'moyo, kuphatikizapo chibwenzi, banja, kuphunzira ndi ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, munthu yemwe amadwala kudziyang'anira, zingachititse maganizo nokha, luso lanu kapena kaonekedwe. Chifukwa cha ichi, anthu adzayamba kupewa zinthu zimene zimachitika ndi anthu kapena kusiya mwayi ndi ntchito.

Pofuna kukonza, gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala khalidwe. Pofuna maganizo ameneŵa ndi zoipa khalidwe dokotala akuyamba ndi kasitomala kukhazikitsa mabvuto zikhulupiriro. Mbali imeneyi imatchedwanso "kusanthula zinchito", kufunika kumvetsa mmene zinthu maganizo angathandize kuti khalidwe kuchepa. Zimenezi zingachititse mavuto, makamaka ndi makasitomala akulimbana ndi chizolowezi kudzipenda kwambiri, ngakhale chifukwa cha akhoza kuyamba kudzimvera nzeru ndi anapezazo amene gawo kuvomerezedwa lipole.

Chidziwitso-khalidwe mankhwala, ndiponso gawo lachiwiri. Focus ndi pa khalidwe leni, amathandiza kuti chitukuko cha vutoli. munthu wayamba kuchita ndi kuphunzira luso latsopano limene kenako kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu zochitika zenizeni. Choncho, munthu yemwe amadwala mankhwala osokoneza bongo akhoza kukhala ndi luso yogonjetsera kusodza ichi ndi akhoza kupewa zinthu zosangalatsa ndi lingathe kuyambitsa kusuta, komanso kuthana ndi onse a iwo.

CBT nthawi zambiri ndi ndondomeko yosalala, kuthandiza anthu kupanga njira zatsopano kusintha makhalidwe awo. Choncho, chonama chikhalidwe akhoza kuyamba ndi zapamwamba yosavuta okha zochitika zinazake zosangalatsa zomwe amamchititsa nkhawa. Ndiye iye akhoza kuyesera kuyankhula kwa abwenzi, anzawo ndiponso achibale. Ndondomeko ndi kayendedwe zonse kuti cholinga Sizikuoneka choncho zovuta ndi zolinga okha - mwamtheradi kuzikwaniritsa.

kugwiritsa CBT

mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchiza anthu amene amadwala osiyanasiyana matenda - phobias, nkhawa, kumwa ndi maganizo. CBT ndi chimodzi wa mitundu yambiri anaphunzira za mankhwala - m'mayiko ena chifukwa chakuti mankhwala lolunjika pa mavuto enieni ndi zotsatira zake ndi mosavuta kuyeza.

mankhwala Ichi ndi yabwino yoti makasitomala amene sachedwa kudzipenda izo. Kuti CBT anali ogwira mtima, munthu izo ziyenera kukhala wokonzeka, iye ayenera kukhala wokonzeka nthawi ndi khama yosanthula maganizo awo ndi malingaliro. kudzipenda amenewa ndi zovuta, nthawi yomweyo ndi njira yabwino kuphunzira zambiri za mmene boma mkati mwa khalidwe la.

mankhwala chidziwitso-khalidwe ndi lalikulu kwa anthu amene amafunika chithandizo msanga kuti si idzagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena. Kotero, m'modzi wa ubwino wa mankhwala chidziwitso-khalidwe akuti ndi chakuti zimathandiza makasitomala kukhala ndi luso zingatithandize tsopano ndiyeno.

Kukula kudzikayikira

Ziyenera kukhala malo amene chidaliro zosiyanasiyana makhalidwe: luso kufotokoza zosowa, maganizo, kuwonjezera, kuzindikira zosowa ndi maganizo a anthu ena, luso kunena kuti "ayi"; Komanso, kuthekera kuyamba, mapeto ndi kupitiriza kulankhula ndi kutsogolo kwa anthu kulankhula momasuka, ndi zina zotero.

maphunziro umalimbana kugonjetsa mantha zotheka chikhalidwe, komanso mavuto ojambula. amagawanika amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ofuntha ndi ndewu, ndi yambitsa makasitomala amene nthawi yaitali mankhwala a azamisala, ndi retardation maganizo.

maphunziro makamaka akuthamangitsa zolinga ziwiri: mapangidwe luso chikhalidwe ndi kuwonongedwa phobias chikhalidwe. Pankhaniyi, kutsatira njira zambiri Mwachitsanzo khalidwe zokambirana komanso timasewero kusewera masewera, kuwaphunzitsa zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku, njira operant, zitsanzo kuphunzira mankhwala gulu, zida video, njira kudziletsa ndi zina zotero. Choncho, pa maphunziro ndife nthawi zambiri ndi dongosolo ndi ntchito mitundu yonse ya njira mu ndondomeko zina.

Komanso ntchito mankhwala khalidwe kwa ana. mitundu Special maphunziro zinalengedwa ana ndi mavuto ojambula, ndi phobias chikhalidwe. Petermann ndi Petermann, pulogalamu achire kwa yaying'ono chomwe pamodzi ndi gulu ndi kuphunzitsa munthu aliyense kumaphatikizapo kulangiza makolo a ana awa.

kutsutsa CBT

Odwala ena mu lipoti chithandizo mwamsanga kuti, mosasamala kanthu za kuzindikira mokwanira yosavuta irrationality maganizo ena, mmodzi yekha kuzindikira ndondomeko ya ndiyotani pakuchotsa sikuti mosavuta. Tikumbukenso kuti mankhwala khalidwe kumaphatikizapo kudziwa dongosolo deta maganizo, ndipo cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza ndiyotani pakuchotsa maganizo awa ndi nambala yaikulu ndondomeko. Iwo amatha monga timasewero kusewera masewera, mitengo, njira zododometsa ndi yosangalala.

Tsopano tione Zochita zimene mungachite nokha kunyumba.

Progressive minofu zosangalatsa malinga Jacobson

Makalasi ikuchitikira atakhala. mutu ayenera anatsamira khoma, muike manja anu pa armrests lapansi. Poyamba, muyenera anaitana mavuto ake akatumba onse mwa ndondomeko kodi zimachitika pa inhalation. Thandizani kudzimva wachikondi. Pankhaniyi, yosangalala ndi limodzi ndi kudya ndi lakuthwa ndithu mpweya. minofu mavuto nthawi - pafupifupi 5 masekondi, kumasuka - pafupifupi 30 masekondi. Komanso, aliyense zolimbitsa zizichitidwa nthawi 2. Njira imeneyi ndi wangwiro ana.

1. Dzanja minofu. Kokani manja anu patsogolo, ikani zala mu madera osiyana. Tiyenera amayesetsa kulalikira kotero zala pamwamba pa khoma.
2. Maburashi. Clenched nkhonya kwambiri kwambiri. Tayerekezerani kuti inuyo ndinu wa icicles compressible Finyani madzi.
3. Mapewa. Yesani kuwafika makutu mapewa.
4. Phazi. zala kufika m'ma ng'ombe.
5. M'mimba. mimba yake mwala ngati zimakhudzidwanso.
6. Ntchafu, drumsticks. Atathana zala chidendene anamuukitsa.
7. Avereji 1/3 anthu. Makwinya mphuno yake, squint.
8. Upper anthu 1/3. Kuvomereza, kudabwa nkhope.
9. M'munsi 1/3 anthu. Milomo apangidwe "Zikuluzikulu".
10. M'munsi 1/3 anthu. Ngodya m'kamwa kutenga makutu.

kudziletsa malangizo

Onse chirichonse chimene ife tikunena tokha. Ife panopa ndiwalamulira, madongosolo, mauthenga njira yeniyeni mavuto kapena malangizo. Pankhaniyi, munthu akhoza kuyamba ndi verbalization, amene potsirizira pake kukhala mbali ya khalidwe repertoire lonse. Anthu amaphunzitsidwa malangizowa mwachindunji. Pa nthawi yomweyo, nthawi zina amakhala "kontrinstruktsiyami" waukali, mantha, ndi zina kuyan'anila za khalidwe. Mu wololera malangizo ndi mitunduyi pafupifupi ntchito pa magawo zotsatirazi.

1. Konzekerani stressor lapansi.

• "Zimakhala zosavuta kuchita. Kumbukirani nthabwala lapansi. "
• "Ine angalenge dongosolo kuthana nazo."

2. Tsatirani akatiputa.

• "Pamene ine khalani bata, ine ndinali mu ulamuliro wathunthu vuto lonse."
• "Imeneyi, sindingathe kuthandiza nkhawa. Ine ndikutsimikiza mwamtheradi yekha. "

3. Kulingalira zinachitikira.

• Ngati nkhondo ndi unresolvable, "O kuiwala mavuto. Ganizilani iwo - yekha kuwononga yokha ".
• Ngati mkangano likakonzeka kapena kupeza kuthana ndi vuto la: "Iwo sanali woipa monga mmene ndinkaganizira."