Keyala ngolo: malongosoledwe. Mayendedwe achitsulo. Russian Post - processing ndi yobereka makalata

Mail - khalidwe n'kofunika kwambiri kuposa kulankhulana, amagwilizanitsa anthu a m'mayiko onse ndi anthu. Amithenga mauthenga kwambiri m'masiku a Farao. Kuyambira pamenepo, njira yoperekera makalata akhala mosalekeza bwino. Kutumiza Mail Vans makalata ndi maphukusi kwenikweni akuyendera kuyambira chiyambi cha yomanga mizere yoyamba sitima.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Kutumizirana mauthenga amithenga kavalo ankachita kuchokera kalelo. Mu XV atumwi ndi popularization a positi makalata buku kuchuluka kwambiri, chifukwa panali woyamba positi ngolo. patapita zaka, ndi ngolo labu ndi sleds n'kuyamba zina zamakono m'nyumba mabogi okonzeka ndi absorbers mantha, magetsi ndi makhalidwe ena patsogolo sayansi.

The analogue kwambiri a ngolo positi ndi "sitima" - yokokedwa ngolo kuthamanga pa njanji. Iwo anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX ndipo anali ofanana kwambiri, makamaka UK ndi m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya.

Pa kavalo kuti nthunzi samatha

Mu 1825, Chingerezi injiniya ndi zatsopano Dzhordzh Stefenson anamanga woyamba sitima experimental pakati pa mizinda ya Darlington ndi Stockton pa-Tees limene cruised "nthunzi ophimba" kulengedwa wake. A yachiwiri njanji pakati Manchester ndi Liverpool achita m'Mphamvu mu 1830. mzere anayamba kuthamanga ndi sitima zonyamula zonyamula katundu ndi galimoto imene, mwa zina, kupulumutsa mauthenga.

The British anazindikira kuti akafuna zoyendera chingatithandize kufulumizitsa yobereka achitsulo. Poyamba, ngolo positi katunduyu n'kufika nsanja wapadera. Komabe, potsegula / katundu ndondomeko zochuluka nthawi. 06.01.1838, pa mzere London-Birmingham athamangisa woyamba odzipereka makalata galimoto. Kuchokera September chaka chino, makalata ndi maphukusi anayamba kuthetsa njira, n'zotheka kuchepetsa nthawi pakati mauthenga ndi chiphaso ake.

zinachitikira dziko

Popeza kuti zoyendera njanji kokha pang'ono amadalira vagaries a nyengo, moti ndiponso litsatira ndandanda okhwima, iye ndinayamba njira yaikulu ya kubala uthenga. Pambuyo England ndi makalata galimoto anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko ambiri patsogolo:

• Belgium (1841);
• Germany (1848);
• France (1848);
• Russia (1861);
• USA (1864).

Russian ufumu

1837 chaka cha kubadwa kwa mabasi ndi magalimoto njanji ku Russia. Pa 27 kilometre Tambasula za "St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo - Pavlovsk" cruised sitima kuchuluka mphamvu kunyamula m'basimo 300. Popeza zinachitikira British, dipatimenti yotumiza ali ndi ndi Tsarskoselskaya yakumadzulo / mayendedwe makalata d. Maphukusi akuvutika mu katundu galimoto, maphukusi ndi makalata zaperekedwa ndi mthenga.

Woyamba mwapadera zipi njanji ngolo kuti kupita kusamalira makalata, anayamba ntchito mu 1861. Lisanaperekedwe, njira yoperekera anali "kwambiri": a ophimba Katundu mu bales ndi ochepa wotembenuka magalimoto galimotolo ngolo yonyamula katundu nsanja, amtokoma, etc.

Mu 1869 inakhalapo adiresi sitima zoyendera kasamalidwe. Pa nthawiyi, mauthenga ndi maphukusi kunyamulidwa ndi 35 yakumadzulo / mizere D, kuphatikizapo kunja. Pakutha 1903 ku Russia opareshoni pafupifupi 600 Vans positi.

USSR

Dziko la Soviet Union inapita chiyambi cha yomanga mizere latsopano sitima. Panali injini mkulu-liwiro m'badwo watsopano: dizilo ndi sitima magetsi. Pa mizere nodal lalikulu prizheleznodorozhnye pochtampy inakhazikitsidwa. Keyala ngolo anakhala m'munsi, galimoto yodalirika ya kubala makalata.

Kuyambira 1962 anayamba kuthamanga sitima pambuyo katundu, kuphatikizapo mpaka 12 e-mail, ndi kwa magalimoto 8 katundu. Aliyense wa zikuchokera zigawo mosavuta undock ndi angagwirizanitse kuti zikuchokera ena. Kenako, kwa sitima ya dziko anasamukira 23 sitima awa ndi chiwerengero cha ngolo positi anali kuyandikira mayunitsi 900. Pa makalata kuti asagwidwe mwa mayendedwe a kubwereza, kukhala wapadera sitampu - "PV".

Russia

Mu XXI m'ma akadali ikuchitika yobereka "Mail la Russia" makalata mwa njanji. Komabe, buku la otumiza anakana kwambiri. Ngati mu chaka chatha la Soviet Union anachita mu 1319 ngolo positi ndi mayunitsi 2007 mu 1079 anakhalabe mu zigawo. Masiku ano, pali kawiri monga zochepa.

Komabe, sangathe kulankhula za kuchepa kwa makalata sitima. M'madera ambiri, yakumadzulo / anthu d zoyendera - ndi odalirika kwambiri (zambiri yekha) njira zolankhulirana. Mu 2005, St. Petersburg mbewu "Vagonmash" anamanga makalata latsopano 61-531 kusintha galimoto. Mu limatipatsa chilengedwe yabwino antchito, ndi TV, mayikirowevu, mpweya, telefoni. Kugwiritsa moto yimitsira dongosolo adzapulumutsa katundu wapatali.

Modern makina otumizira dongosolo angathe kugwira kuchoka kwa antchito onse awiri, m'malo asanu. Chifukwa cha malo kuchuluka yosungirako, potsegula mphamvu galimoto chinawonjezeka matani 22. The akafuna zoyendera adzakhala muli reusable, zitadzaza mu muli.

Popeza 2009, yobereka "Mail la Russia" ikuchitika, kuphatikizapo magalimoto atsopano Torzhok mbewu. Model 61-906 lakonzedwa kuti makalata yoperekera mu muli. zofunika:

• Analola liwiro: 160 Km / h.
• Mphamvu: matani 22.
• Number antchito: 4.
• Chiwerengero cha zitseko kwa potsegula 4.

galimoto ali okonzeka ndi mpweya, Kutentha, mpweya wabwino.

kusanduka

The zitsanzo woyamba wa mabogi makalata anali opanda ungwiro. Short ndi yopapatiza, anapereka danga pang'ono kwa ogwira ndipo makalata. Pang'onopang'ono bwino kamangidwe. Mu England, anatulukira chipangizo kuti amalola kuti mwamsanga, pa ntchentche kutsegula matumba a maphukusi ndi makalata. Pa nthawi zida malo, kumene ogwira ntchito angathe pokonza ndi mauthenga, chipinda enawo ndi chakudya mtundu. Ena zitsanzo anali omasuka chipinda utsogoleri pamwamba.

N'zochititsa chidwi panali chitukuko magalimoto makalata US mwangofikira pa "Wild West." Chifukwa cholimbana pafupipafupi achifwamba, iwo ndinayamba, mpaka inasanduka linga mawilo. M'munsili makalata ngolo zinachitikadi ogwira zida. alumikizana anali oti muli nazo zida, ili kukafika kutsogolo kwa munakhazikitsa kwa kuwombera pa lotseguka alili mankhwala enaake a miyuni aunika m'deralo makilomita angapo.

Modern makalata galimoto - kuipidwa, amene ankachitira ndi kuchoka kwa mtundu uliwonse. Chimathandiza phwando, yosungirako, kusanja ndi zoyendera mwa njanji muli ndi matumba a maphukusi, makalata, maphukusi, matelegalamu ndi zina mauthenga.

mitundu ya magalimoto

ziwembu zosiyanasiyana Vans makalata anakonzedwa kwa zaka theka:

• mthenga;
• positi ndi warehousing;
• positi kusanja;
• mafoni ulamuliro magalimoto;
• anthu;
• ananyema.

ziyembekezo

M'mayiko otukuka, positi aziyenda ndi yakumadzulo / anthu d zoyendera yafupika. Liwiro iye chivomereza ndege ndi zoyendayenda - msewu magalimoto. Komabe, chifukwa katundu mphamvu yapamwamba ndi luso kusamalira kuchoka pa amapita, mtundu wa yobereka akadali panopa.

Limodzi la mayiko woyamba kumene ngolo positi salinso ntchito, anali United States. Mpaka 40s sitima kusamutsidwa tonnes za 300 za maphukusi, makalata, maphukusi. Panali anthu oposa 9,000 njirazo. Poyamba, izo yonyamula makalata anabweretsa yakumadzulo / imelo kampani ndalama waukulu ndi kuphimba zomvetsa ku mayendedwe a anthu. Ndi 1950, chifukwa cha kusintha malamulo US Keyala Service nambala ya mizere zochepa 794-x. Ndipo mu 1962, 262 kunangotsala njira pakati m'mizinda ikuluikulu.

Mu 1967, Keyala Service anapha ndi mayendedwe a consignments mwa njanji. Kulepheretsa wa mapangano yabwino zinachititsa kuti mavuto azachuma yakumadzulo / anthu d makampani anatsekedwa, ambiri maulendo anthu. Mugawo makalata sitima ku United States lankhosa ku New York - Washington 30.06.1977 chaka.

Mu UK, ambiri a makalata adatengedwa ndi njanji. Mu 90s munali Royal Mail wamba makampani boma, dongosolo magalimoto zasintha. Mu 2003, kampani anaganiza suspend yobereka sitima mail, koma gawo kutsogoloku njira wabwezeretsedwa. Komanso, pali makampani omwe amalamulira a msika.

Sitima chilengedwe Asian danga makalata ndi njira yotchuka kupulumutsa makalata. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2016 pa njira Beijing - Moscow kuwonjezera pa katundu galimoto ya kudya mayiko zodutsa zonyamula anapezerapo sitima zonse, wopangidwa basi wa Vans positi. China akufuna kuonjezera mayendedwe makalata ndi maphukusi ku "New silika Road" ndi kutambasuka kwa maulendo ndi m'mizinda ikuluikulu ku Ulaya.