Kapangidwe ndi osalimba a palafini ndi ndondomeko kukonzekera

Kwa nthawi yaitali, anthu ayesera kupeza yosavuta ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha, kuwala ndi mafuta. Nthawi yoyamba pamene izi zinali mtengo wamba udzu, anthu kenako anaphunzira kuti ndi ntchito peat. Ndiye anthu anapanga yojambula kwambiri sayansi ambiri - ndipo mu gawo mafuta makamaka, anayamba ntchito palafini.

Ndi osakaniza chimasanduka otentha pa kutentha 150-250 ° C. Ndi bwino, wochuluka, flammable madzi akamagwira distillation wa mafuta. Malinga njira processing ndi zikuchokera mankhwala palafini zingaphatikizepo zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka aliphatic mtundu, mankhwala naphthenic, mankhwala bicyclic, zosiyanasiyana zosafunika wa mpweya, sulfure kapena asafe zinthu.

Chinthu chachikulu ntchito palafini zoweta kugwirizana ndi Kutulukira mu 1823 godu fakitale unit. Ndipo kuyambira 1950, pamene anayamba mwachangu kukhala turboprop ndi ndege ndege, imalankhula wina wa mtundu umenewu amatchedwa "kwakusiyana mafuta". Zakonzedwa ndi chimodzi ndi zina mafuta palafini ndi distillation. Pa yaikulu mafuta processing lidzayeretsedwa ndi zosafunika zosiyanasiyana ndi madzi (Dziwani kuti osalimba a palafini zochepa osalimba a madzi). Ndiye kale mwayeretsa zikuchokera pansi pa munthu distillation mwachindunji, imene kuwira mfundo hydrocarbon mafuta kachigawo adzamasulidwa ndi mafuta yotsalira.

Pafupifupi palafini kachulukidwe ndi za 0,78-0,85 ga pa centimeter kiyubiki, ndi mfundo kung'anima ranges kuchokera 28 mpaka 72 ° C. osalimba a madzi kuyaka kuigwiritsa ntchito pa zoweta, wofanana makilogalamu 830 pa mita kiyubiki, ndi pophulikira ake ndi za 35-40 ° C. Izi ndi zizindikiro ambiri. palafini osalimba, ntchito zofukiza pa migodi ndi ziwiya ang'ono ndi makilogalamu 860 pa mita kiyubiki. Flashpoint mtundu uwu wa madzi n'kutheka kuti 90 ° C. palafini kachulukidwe ndi osachepera 780 makilogalamu pa mita kiyubiki. Chotero palafini ntchito zitsanzo ndege subsonic ndege.

Ndi kerosine amamvedwa mtengo osalimba amene anatsimikiza ndi chiŵerengero cha unyinji wa mafuta kuti buku lake. Kudziwa kachulukidwe wa mafuta madzi ntchito pycnometer - chipangizo chamagetsi mwapadera anafuna kudziŵa kachulukidwe zosiyanasiyana zakumwa ndi zolimba.

Yoganizira amafuna pycnometer imodzi angathe kukhalabe kutentha pa 20 ° C, wosatsogoleredwa mpope, wosatsogoleredwa desiccator, thermometer ndi palafini. Ndondomeko palokha ndi kuwerengetsa kachulukidwe ake lagawidwa magawo angapo. Choyamba, bwinobwino kuchapa ndi zouma pycnometer kulemedwa. Igwani graphite akugona ndi kulemedwa kuti amponye Iye. Ndiye botololo unatsanuliridwa palafini (theka buku), ndi kuziyika izo mu desiccator kumene unachitikira kwa ola limodzi.

Lachiwiri siteji kusanthula pycnometer, kuchotsedwa desiccator ndi kwathunthu ndi paraffin, anaikidwa kwa ola limodzi mu makina. Patapita nthawi zina nthawi chipangizo atachotsedwa uvuni ndi kudziwa misa. Ndiye, mu pycnometer chomwecho, koma kale bwino anatsuka ndi youma acimbadzoza, anatsanulira palafini ndi amateronso onse, koma popanda Kuwonjezera graphite. masitepe ofanana ikuchitika ndi kuthira ndi pycnometer ochiritsira ndi madzi otchezedwa.

Palafini kachulukidwe kuchita masamu pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zotsatirazi: kachulukidwe wa madzi kuchulukitsa ndi kusiyana kulemera kwa pycnometer ndi palafini ndi graphite ndi unyinji wa pycnometer kanthu mwamtheradi, ndipo chotsatira lagawidwa ndi kusiyana misa ya pycnometer ndi madzi ndi kulemera kwa pycnometer kanthu.

The divergence analola pakati pa zotsatira za determinations awiri kufanana ikuchitika sayenera upambana 0,01-0,02 g / cm.