Kale: kufotokoza, mbali ya kulima, mitundu, zithunzi

Masika pamene minda ali kanthu, ndi udzu ziweto chimaonekadi chinazilala, mukhoza kuona munda yowutsa mudyo ndi watsopano zomera. kale na ichi, chimene si mantha chisanu. Mu kusintha kwa dzinja zakudya zomera walola kuti ziweto ngati n'zotheka kupereka wobiriwira chakudya milandu yawo. Kale kwambiri amakonda ng'ombe, mbuzi, akalulu ndi nyama zina mu khola.

A mbiri pang'ono

Europe anafotokoza zokoma mbewu yaikulu kwa nthawi yaitali. Kutchula koyamba za iwo kugwa mu mabuku akale Greek ndi Aroma. chikhalidwe pang'ono ndi pang'ono kundisiya mayiko m'mphepete mwa nyanja European mu dziko. Baibulo limeneli la zochitika zachokera chakuti mitundu ya kabichi zam'tchire imapezeka pa gombe la Europe, mu Asia sali.

The kale na Russian zinachitika m'nthawi ya 18. Komabe, mulibe wamkulu kwambiri. Chikhalidwe kwa nthawi yaitali musati mizu mu dziko lathu, chifukwa anthu samazindikira kuti ndalama kakang'ono ndithu tidzalipira yokha nthawi zambiri, ndi chilemetso khalidwe nyama Adyetsa. Pakali pano, chikhalidwe wakula osati Russia komanso m'minda ya Ukraine, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Estonia, ndi zina zotero. Komanso mitundu yambiri asamukira kunja kukula bwino mu America, Africa, New Zealand ndi Australia, ndi ndinazolowera zikhalidwe m'deralo nyengo.

General Kufotokozera za chikhalidwe

Kale, amene amalankhula dzina kokha, si ntchito saladi. masamba ake ndi amphamvu kwambiri pa izo. Izi masamba cruciferous wa banja kabichi, zomwe zimaonetseratu ndi anasiya mitu. Mumagulu maphunziro, mitundu amadziwika pansi pa dzina Brassica subspontanea Lizg.

Pakuti chikhalidwe biennial mtanda kubereketsa zomera amakhala ndi wandiweyani ndodo nthambi muzu thickening mu gawo chapamwamba. Chomera chilili wandiweyani Stumpy (stebleplod), awiri yake mpaka masentimita 5. The tsinde akhoza kukhala cylindrical kapena spindle woboola pakati. wamtali - kuchokera 35 200 masentimita Kabichi masamba azeze zojambulidwa pamiyala woboola pakati kapena ovate-oblong .. Iwo lalikulu ndi monzama. Pali mitundu iwiri zachilengedwe, zomwe amasiyana mlingo wa potelani ndi mtundu wa masamba:

1. Scotland - ali crimped masamba lopotana ndi imvi wobiriwira mtundu.
2. Siberia - zochepa lopotana, masamba ndi bluish-wobiriwira mtundu.

Onse mitundu ya petioles tsamba yaitali stebleplod pansi ndi pamwamba - truncated.

Maluwa, zipatso kale na

Kale maluwa m'chaka chachiwiri cha moyo. Impso, kumene adzapita maluwa mphukira, ankakhala mu axils wa stebleplod. Maluwa akuwombera mkulu (160 cm), nthambi ndi masamba angapo. Inflorescence kale na ndi ofooka lotayirira burashi. m'litali ndi za 80 cm.

Pambuyo maluwa, ngolo limapezeka yosalala cylindrical mawonekedwe. Ndi chipatso cha kale na. Mkati muli mbewu yosalala anamaliza, amene zosiyanasiyana mtundu ku buluu imvi wakuda.

N'chifukwa kukula kale na?

Samalani kale na waima ngati chifukwa timatha kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya wobiriwira nyama ngakhale pamene frosts m'dzinja. Koma si makhalidwe onse zothandiza chikhalidwe. Kale wapadera zopatsa thanzi. Lili ambiri salt mchere ndi mavitameni. Ngati ntchito monga silo, ndi chakudya ndi pafupifupi 18% ya zakudya zomanga thupi, zambiri kuposa 15% mapuloteni, 3.4% mafuta ndi oposa 46% asafe-free extractives.

makilogalamu 1 kulemera tsamba kumeneko 100 mg wa vitamini C ndi oposa 42 mg wa vitamini A. Lilinso phosphorous, calcium ndi sulfure zimene zimapangitsa kale na zakudya mankhwala ziweto. Nyama ndi nkhuku zosiyana kudya silage ku chikhalidwe. Iye fungo labwino, zosavuta kupukusa, ndipo chifukwa mkulu mlingo zomanga thupi ndi carotene, mwamsanga osabwereranso kumeneko mpaka zitanyowetsa.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kale na sasiya katundu ngakhale pambuyo kuzizira. Thawed masamba amakhalabe zotanuka ndi sasiya mtundu ndi kununkhira. Nyama osati disclaim thawed wobiriwira, amene amachepetsa nthawi ya kudya yozizira. Mu zina European mayiko masamba kale na chongopeka zouma ndi kusungidwa mu mawonekedwe a mapuloteni wolemera chakudya youma.

Woyendera nthambi za mbewu chakudya

alimi ambiri akudabwa momwe zinthu mabacteria osiyana nyengo ya kale na pa? Photos nakulitsa minda kuwapeza m'madera ozizira (Murmansk, Novosibirsk), ndi kuchokera ku zigawo kum'mwera kwa dziko lathu. Malinga nyengo ndi kuthirira mabacteria mbewu zokolola lingayambire pakukhala matani 300 950 pa zotsalira zazomera wa mahekitala 1. The bwino malo zokolola ukufika 1500 quintals ya misa wobiriwira pa mahekitala 1.

Chikhazikitso cha luso ulimi

Russian State Register (2006) zikuphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana Takwanitsa ndi hybrids angapo Dutch (Redbor ndi reflex). Kuwayika chikhalidwe anayambitsa chakudya kapena masamba kasinthasintha mbewu. Kale anabzala pambuyo nyemba ndi mbewu monga chimanga. Monga njira yomalizira, pambuyo udzu. Nthawi zina pali precursors oyambirira masamba, bola ngati mbewu zawo anawomberedwa palibe pasanafike June. Pankhaniyi, pa theka lachiwiri la chikhalidwe dzinja lili nthawi kupanga kukolola. Pa nthawi ina kale na mbewu iliyonse zaka 3-4.

kukula kale na

M'minda kwa kulima adagona chikhalidwe m'njira zitatu:

1. Bezrassadnoj njira momwe kale na (mbewu) obzalidwa mwachindunji mu nthaka.
2. Mmera kulima pamene nthaka ndi kunditumiza ku nurseries zomera 30-40-day zakubadwa. Mbande pa ankafika pa wapanga 4-5 masamba.
3. Private njira, amene anayamba kupanga m'dera Leningrad. Pankhaniyi, ntchito nthaka oyera kapena herbicide kwambiri zothandiza. Seeding ikuchitika njira wamba, kupatulira si anachita. mbewu unakhuthala bwanji mapangidwe stebleplod. Mu phytomass lapadziko kumaonjezera kuchuluka kwa masamba.

Nonseedlings njira: mbali

Bezrassadnoj kuyamba kukula mu April oyambirira. Nthaka pansi mbewu zakonzedwa, angaimbidwenso ndi kamukamu. Kubzala nthaka kugwiritsidwa ntchito masamba planter. Ikani shirokorjadnyj yofesa. Cm -. 70 masentimita pa 1 mita seeded kuchokera makilogalamu 1.5 kuti 4 mbewu. seeding kuya - 3 cm.

A masiku angapo pambuyo kufesa, wotopetsa, kapena amafuna chiwonongeko cha makasu nthaka kutumphuka. Pamene mbande unachitikira kupalira mizere. Otsiriza kukonzedwa lonse kukula nyengo maulendo 4. Pamodzi ndi izi umuna asafe ikuchitika. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa okololawo kukolola forage popanda akupera zida. Kuchotsedwa zokolola kuchokera August kudzera December (malingana ndi nthawi yofesa).

Mmera njira: mbali

Mmera njira kukula kale na angathe kuonjezera zokolola za misa wobiriwira. Thirani nthaka ikuchitika nthawi yomweyo monga yofesa mbewu. Njira akuwatsimikizira nyengo ya kukula mbewu, imbaenda chinawonjezeka forage zokolola.

Mbande chakula njira ozizira (mu nurseries unheated). Ikani tepi ndi njira wamba kuti kubzala. Pamene anapanga masamba 1-2, zomera achinyamata thinned. Pa gawo la 2-3 masamba kuchita kudya. Pa munda, mbewu imagwera pa 4-5 kukodzedwa masamba.

mbande chodzala zikugwira pambuyo kasupe kufesa mbewu. Shirokorjadnyj ntchito njira ndi timipata 70 masentimita mtunda pakati pa mbeu mu mzere - .. Mpaka masentimita 40 Ngati nthaka n'kwakukulu, ndiye mbewu obzalidwa pa zitunda.

A sabata pambuyo ankafika malo ladzala ndi kuukira mmaudindo. Pa kukula nyengo chikhalidwe amafuna 3-4 interrow processing. Choyamba - kwambiri kumasula ndi 8 cm, wotsatira - 12-15 cm.

Kukolola lidzayamba pambuyo kutha kwa zomera zikule. Unachitikira ngati n'koyenera, m'madera ena kuti lidakali mpaka December.

The mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya kale na

Mu lonse mafakitale mitundu zotsatirazi Kale wakula mu Russia, Vologda Brain wobiriwira, ndikuganiza wobiriwira Siverskaya, Chikwi, pafupi Moscow, kumalo ozizira, Takwanitsa.

M'madera wakunja kwatawuni kale na wakula osati chakudya, komanso ndi zolinga kukongoletsa. Dachniki zambiri anasankha pepala litapotanitsidwa Redbor wosakanizidwa F1. Chomera ali mawonekedwe palmovidnuyu ndi wokongola burgundy mtundu wa masamba.

Komanso m'madera umapulumuka reflex wosakanizidwa F1. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito osati azikongoletsa dera, komanso mu saladi. Chomera ali wokongola masamba lopotana ndi wotumbululuka wobiriwira.

Kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono cholinga chachikulu amakhalabe kabichi Takwanitsa aft. Iwo amalola kuti zokolola pazipita misa wobiriwira popanda makhalidwe mtengo zaulimi. Ngati chikhalidwe asamalire wabwinobwino, zokolola apamwamba kungakupatseni.