Kachipangizo chamakono, risiti yake

Kachisi yamakono (GOST 7885-86) ndi mtundu wa mafakitale ogulitsa mpweya, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mphira monga kudzaza, kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zake zabwino. Mosiyana ndi coke ndi phula, imakhala pafupifupi kaboni umodzi, mawonekedwe ofanana ndi soti.

Chiwerengero cha ntchito

Pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya utomoni wakuda wakuda umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa matayala, 20 peresenti ya mankhwala a mphira. Komanso, kachipangizo kameneka kamagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi ndi ma varnish komanso kupanga makina osindikizira, kumene amachititsa ntchito ya pigment yakuda.

Chigawo china chogwiritsira ntchito ndi kupanga mapulasitiki ndi zida zamtambo. Pano, mankhwalawa akuwonjezeredwa ngati kudzaza ndi kupereka mankhwala apadera. M'magawo ang'onoang'ono, mdima wakuda umagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'mafakitale ena.

Nkhani

Kafukufuku wamakono ndi chinthu chophatikizapo njira zamakono zamakono ndi njira zowonetsera. Chifukwa cha chiyero chake komanso chodziwika bwino cha thupi ndi mankhwala, sichikugwirizana ndi sosi, yopangidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuchokera ku malasha ndi mafuta a mafuta, kapena mu ntchito ya magetsi oyaka moto osayendetsedwa . Malingana ndi mtundu wakuda wadziko lonse wakuda wakuda umasankhidwa ndi carbon Black (carbon black in English), soot mu Chingerezi - soti. Ntheura, malingaliro awa pakali pano, mwanjira yiriyose ŵakusakanika.

Zotsatira za kukakamizidwa chifukwa cha kudzazidwa kwa rubbers ndi carbon black zinali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa chitukuko cha malonda a rabara kusiyana ndi kupezeka kwa kuwombera kwa mphira ndi sulufule. Mu makina a raba, mpweya wochokera ku zowonjezera zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kulemera kwachiwiri pambuyo pa mphira. Mphamvu ya zizindikiro zapamwamba za kaboni wakuda pa katundu wa mankhwala a mphira ndi zazikulu kuposa ubwino wa zopangira - mphira.

Kulimbitsa katundu

Kupititsa patsogolo zinthu zakuthupi poyambitsa kudzaza kumatchedwa kuti reinforcement, ndipo zoterezi zimatchedwa amplifiers (carbon black, silica). Pakati pa onse amplifiers, kaboni ali ndi khalidwe lapadera luso. Ngakhale musanayambe kusokoneza, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku raba, ndipo kusakaniza kumeneku sikungagawanike mu carbon black ndi rabara pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.

Mphamvu za rubbers zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pama elastomers ofunika kwambiri:

Gome likuwonetsera katundu wa vulcanizates omwe amapezeka ku mitundu yambiri ya mphira popanda kudzaza ndi kudzaza ndi carbon black. Kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe tapatsidwa, tikutha kuona momwe mpweya wokhudzana ndi mpweya umakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mphamvu yolimba ya rubbers. Mwa njira, mapulusa ena omwe amabalalika amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zitsulo za mphira kuti apereke mtundu wofunikila kapena chochepetsetsa chosakaniza, choko, kaolin, talc, okusayidi yachitsulo ndi ena omwe alibe mphamvu zowonjezera katundu.

Chikhalidwe

Ma carbons abwino ndi diamondi ndi graphite. Iwo ali ndi mawonekedwe a crystalline, omwe amasiyana mosiyana kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake. The X -ray diffraction njira imakhazikitsa kufanana mu kapangidwe ka masoka graphite ndi yokupanga carbon wakuda zakuthupi. Maatomu a mpweya mu graphite mawonekedwe akuluakulu a zonunkhira, omwe ali ndi maonekedwe ozungulira, omwe ali ndi mtunda wa 0.142 nm. Magulu awa a graphite opangidwa ndi mafuta onunkhira amadzimadzi amatchulidwa kawirikawiri ngati ndege za basal. Mtunda wa pakati pa ndege uli wotsimikizika ndipo ndi 0.335 nm. Zigawo zonse zikufanana. Kuchuluka kwake kwa graphite ndi 2.26 g / cm ³ .

Mosiyana ndi graphite, yomwe ili ndi magawo atatu, kachipangizo ka kaboni kamangokhala ndi magawo awiri okha. Zimapangidwa ndi ndege zowonongeka bwino, zomwe zimakhala zofanana, komabe zimachoka pambali pa zigawo zomwe zili pafupi - ndiko kuti, ndege zimangoganizira moyenera.

Mwachifaniziro, mawonekedwe a graphite amafaniziridwa ndi mapepala okongola kwambiri a makadi, ndi mawonekedwe a carbon black wakuda ndi bolodi la makadi omwe makhadi amasinthidwa. Mkati mwake, kusiyana kwapakati ndi kwakukulu kuposa ka graphite ndipo ndi 0.350-0.365 nm. Choncho, kuchuluka kwake kwa kaboni wakuda ndikutsika kusiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa graphite ndipo kuli pakati pa 1.76-1.9 g / cm ³ , malingana ndi chizindikiro (nthawi zambiri 1.8 g / cm ³ ).

Kusunga

Mankhwala opangidwa ndi ngongole amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga inki yosindikizira, zokutira, mapulasitiki, ma fiber, mapepala ndi zipangizo zomanga. Amagawidwa kukhala:

• Kutentha kwambiri kaboni wakuda (HC);
• Mtundu wapakati (MS);
• Mitundu Yachibadwa (RC);
• Mtundu wotsika (LC).

Kalata yachitatu imatanthawuza njira yopezera - ng'anjo (F) kapena kanjira (C). Chitsanzo cha kutchulidwa: HCF ndi makala a ng'anjo yamoto (Hiqh Color Furnace).

Mtundu wa mankhwalawo umagwirizana ndi kukula kwa ma particles. Malingana ndi kukula kwake, kachipangizo kabwino kamagawidwa m'magulu:

Kulemba

Zida zamakono za rubbers ndi mlingo wa reinforcing effect zigawanika:

• Kulimbikitsanso kwambiri (kuponda, mwamphamvu). Amasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu yowonjezera komanso kukana kuvuta. The tinthu kukula ndi osaya (18-30 nm). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabotolo othandizira, otetezera matayala.
• Kutsekedwa kwa theka (chimango, zofewa). The tinthu kukula ndi sing'anga (40-60 nm). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zitsulo zosiyanasiyana za matayala, mitembo yautopa.
• Kulimbikitsa kwambiri. Tinthu ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono (pafupifupi 60 nm). Makampani opanga gudumu amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira yochepa. Amapereka mphamvu zowonjezera pamene akukhala otsika kwambiri mu katundu wa mphira.

Mndandanda wathunthu wa carbon black umaperekedwa ku ASTM D1765-03, wovomerezedwa ndi ogulitsa onse padziko lapansi ndi mankhwalawa. Mmenemo, mndandanda, makamaka, umayendetsedwa pamtunda wapadera wa particles:

Kupanga wakuda wakuda

Pali matekinoloji atatu kuti apange makina a carbon black, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kayendedwe kowonongeka kwa ma hydrocarboni:

• Moto;
• Channel;
• Lamoto;
• Plasma.

Palinso njira yowonjezera, yomwe kutaya kwa acetylene kapena gasi yakuda kumachitika kutentha.

Mankhwala ambiri, omwe amapezeka chifukwa cha matekinoloje osiyanasiyana, ali ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana.

Makina opanga zipangizo zamakono

Zopeka, n'zotheka kupeza kaboni wakuda mwa njira zonsezi, koma zoposa 96% zamapangidwe opangidwa ndi ng'anjo zimachokera ku zipangizo zamadzi. Njirayi imaloleza kupeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya carbon black ndi malo enaake. Mwachitsanzo, ku chomera cha Omsk cha carbon black, teknolojiayi imapanga makina oposa 20 a carbon black.

Katswiri wamakono ndi wotsatira. Chojambulacho, chodzaza ndi zipangizo zamakono, zimaperekedwa ndi mpweya wabwino ndi mpweya wabwino mpaka 800 ° C. Mwa kutentha gasi lachilengedwe, zopangidwa ndi kutentha kwathunthu ndi kutentha kwa 1820-1900 ° C amapangidwa, okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya waufulu. M'mawotchi otentha otentha, madzi amadzipangidwanso, amawasakaniza mosakanikirana ndi kutentha mpaka 200-300 ° C. Zipangizo zamakina zimapangidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri, komwe, malingana ndi mtundu wakuda wakuda wakuda, umakhala wosiyana kuyambira 1400 mpaka 1750 ° C.

Pa mtunda wapatali kuchokera ku malo odyetserako chakudya, kutentha kotsekemera kotentha kumayimidwa ndi jekeseni wa madzi. Zotsatira zake za pyrolysis mpweya ndi zotentha mpweya zimadyetsedwa ku mpweya wotentha kumene zimapereka kutentha kwake pamlengalenga omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene kutentha kwa mpweya wa gasi kumachepetsa kuchokera 950-1000 ° C mpaka 500-600 ° C.

Pambuyo pozizira mpaka 260-280 ° C chifukwa cha jekeseni wowonjezera madzi, chisakanizo cha kasupe ndi mpweya chimatumizidwa ku fyuluta ya thumba, komwe teknolojia yapamwamba imasiyanitsidwa ndi mpweya ndikulowa mu fyuluta yopangira fyuluta. Mdima wakuda wakuda wochokera ku fyuluta yazitsulo umayenderera kudzera papepala ndi mpweya (turbo-blower) ku granulation unit.

Amapanga carbon black

Ndalama yakuda yakuda padziko lapansi iliposa matani 10 miliyoni. Chosowa chachikulu cha chogulitsidwacho chiyenera, choyamba, ku malo ake omwe amadziwongolera. Anthu ochita zamakhalidwe a malonda ndi awa:

• Aditya Birla Group (India) - pafupifupi 15% ya msika.
• Cabot Corporation (USA) - 14% ya msika.
• Orion Anapanga Zamakate (Luxembourg) - 9%.

Odzipereka kwambiri ku Russia:

• OOO Omsktehuglerod - 40% ya msika wa Russia. Zomera ku Omsk, Volgograd, Mogilev.
• OJSC Yaroslavl Technical Carbon - 32%.
• OAO Nizhnekamsktehuglerod - 17%.