Herzen, "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo": mwachidule mitu. "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo": Ofotokozedwa

Alexander Ivanovich buku "Akale ndi Maganizo", mwachidule zomwe tikambirana inafalitsidwa mu 1868. Imayamba ndi namwino wolemba nkhani za mmene Herzen banja ankayendayenda padziko Moscow, kulamulidwa ndi French mu 1812. Alexander yekha komabe ndinali mnyamata wamng'ono. Itha zikuchitika mankhwala 1865-1868 a, Herzen zidindo ku ulendo ku Ulaya.

Ndipotu, kukumbukira sangathe adzatchedwa m'lingaliro lenileni la mawu, "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo". Chidule mankhwala sapereka lingaliro lathunthu la dongosolo nkhani, motero chisanadze chidwi kuti yekha woyamba magawo asanu (a okwana 8) ife tikupeza mawu a zochitika yotsatana. Kenako, atasamukira ku wolemba ku London mu 1852, kenako nkhani journalistic, essays Komabe, anakonza kuti mumve. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti ena mwa maina aulemu ntchito koyamba m'magawo zinthu zosiyana ( "Robert Owen", "Western arabesque"). Herzen poyerekeza chilengedwe chake ndi nthawi kumaliza nyumba ndi mndandanda wa mapiko, kuwonjezera-mvu ndiponso yophunzitsa.

Mbali yoyamba

"Ana ndi University" - otchedwa gawo loyamba la ntchito "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo". Chidule zotsatirazi ake. Limafotokoza nthawi 1812 ndi 1834. Mu gawo loyamba la ntchito limafotokoza waukulu moyo Herzen m'nyumba ya bambo ake. Zinali wochenjera hypochondriac. Akuoneka kuti mwana (monga Ndithudi, amalume, bambo ndi bwenzi la ubwana), mankhwala lililonse kwa zaka za m'ma 18.

A zimakhudza kwambiri m'maganizo ndi mwana anali zochitika za December 14, 1825. Herzen mu 1827 anakumana ndi N. Ogarev, wachibale wake kutali. Izi ndi ndakatulo m'tsogolo, amene Herzen adzapitirira London kutsogolera ntchito yosindikiza nyumba Russian. Anyamata ndi kusiya Schiller. Pa ubwenzi wawo, amaoneka kuti mgwirizano wa achiwembu awiri ndale. Kamodzi pa Mpheta Hills, iwo analumbira kupereka moyo wawo ufulu.

Herzen anapitiriza kulalikira maganizo kwakukulu pa ndale ndi anakulira, komwe iye anadzakhala wophunzira wa Moscow State University (Physics ndi Masamu Dipatimenti).

Onani kuti zochitika pambuyo pa imfa ya Alexander Ine, ati wolemba Ntchito "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo". Chidule (Part 1, Chapter 3) sangathe, ndiponso pa izi. Komabe, tiona kuti, monga wolemba analemba kuzunzidwa ndale mu ulamuliro wa Alexander anali osowa. Komabe, m'malo mwake Nicholas ankadana kwa pedantry zazing'ono, ozizira nkhanza, kubwezera. The kumangidwa anayamba. Akazi a anthu amene anathawira ku ntchito ya kalavulagaga, akumanidwa ufulu. Iwo anali kuponya onse chuma kuthi ndipo anatumizidwa ku East Siberia pansi kumeneko kukaonekera kupolisi. Zonsezi m'pamene Herzen ntchito zake "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo". Chidule (gawo 1, mutu 3 wasankhidwa ankaimira) akuwatsimikizira zochitika yachiwiri gawo.

Mbali yachiwiri

Iyo imatchedwa "Ndende ndi Ukapolo" limafotokoza zaka kuchokera 1834 mpaka 1838-TH. Ogarev (chithunzi chake chili m'munsimu), Herzen ndi anthu ena a bwalo yunivesite mlandu chipongwe Ufumu Wake. Pa milandu yabodza anamangidwa ku ukapolo.

Moyo m'ndende mwatsatanetsatane woyambitsa wa ntchito "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo". Chidule (mutu 3 gawo lino amapereka umboni wa moyo wa kundende) chimafikira kuti akutumikira Vyatka Hertzen, mu ofesi ya komiti ya zigawo. Statistical ndi wosiyana woyang'anira wake. Mitu ntchito anasonkhana kwambiri milandu chisoni ndi anecdotal kulamulira pa chigawocho. M'gawo chomwecho, AL Vitberg. Herzen adakomana naye ku ukapolo. Herzen mu 1838 kunditumiza ku Vladimir. Mu mzinda uwu, pali mankhwala zina zochitika kuti anadzipereka kwa Mwachidule izi. "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo", gawo 1 ndi gawo 2 zimene ife kale anafotokoza, kupitiriza zikuchitika 1838-39 biennium. Panthawi imeneyi, panali mnzanga wa Herzen ndi chibwenzi chake. Development wa Sua, ndi gawo lotsatira.

chachitatu

"Vladimir pa-Klyazma" - otchedwa gawo lachitatu ntchito "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo". Chidule izo kutiuza za mbiri ya chikondi wolemba ndi Zaharinoy Nataley Aleksandrovnoy, amene anali mwana wapathengo m'bale wa bambo akewo, ndipo analeredwa ndi theka wamisala ndipo choipa azakhali. Koma osati izo kutiuza Herzen. Mwachitsanzo, zochitika za 1834 amatumiza mutu wa "Moscow popanda ine" ntchito "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo" (Chapter 4). Chidule izo superekedwa, popeza kale anauza mu gawo lachiwiri. Ife chitani za ubale wolemba ndi Zaharinoy Nataley Aleksandrovnoy.

Kuvomereza kuti ukwati wa abale simukhala chikondi chipatso cha "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo". Chidule (mutu 3 mbali iyi akutchedwa "Kupatukana") malekezero kusiya Vyatki. Herzen (chithunzi cha zapatsidwa pamwambazi) mu 1838, anafika ku Moscow, ngakhale ololedwa kulowa izo. Iye achotsa mkwatibwi wake, ndi korona wake m'seri. Izi yomalizira gawo lachitatu la Herzen ( "Akale ndi Maganizo"). Chidule cha zochitika zotsatirazi zina anapereka m'munsimu.

Mbali yachinayi

Zapakati pa 1840 ndi 1847 akulongosoledwa "Moscow, St. Petersburg ndi Novgorod." Limanena za m'mlengalenga ophunzira a nthawi mu Moscow. Ogarev ndi Herzen, amene anabwerera kuchokera ku ukapolo, kufupi ku Hegelians - bwalo la Stankevich. abwenzi awo ndi Bakunin ndi Belinsky. Herzen mu "osati athu" (pa Chaadayev, K. Aksakov, Kireevskys, Khomyakov) akuti chomwe chimakakamiza pamodzi mu 40s Slavophiles ndi azungu. Iye anapitiriza kufotokoza kuti chifukwa inu simungakhoze kusakaniza slavjanofilstvo dziko boma. Herzen limakambanso za sosholisimu ndi Russian ammudzi.

Zifukwa maganizo, mu 1846, Herzen ndi Ogarev kuchoka ambiri, makamaka kwa Granovsky. tasiya Personal ukuchitika pakati pa woyambitsa ndi Granovsky chifukwa chakuti munthu sanamuzindikire, ndi zina anavomereza sufa. Kenako akusankha kuchoka m'dziko Herzen. "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo", mwachidule zomwe ife kufotokoza - buku lalikulu la ntchito. Kotero ife tikhoza kulankhula za yekha mu mawu ambiri.

chachisanu

Limafotokoza zaka kuchokera 1847 mpaka 1852-TH. wolemba amalankhula za zaka zoyambirira kuti iye anakhala Europe. Herzen ananena za tsiku loyamba ku likulu French, za zidindo wake wa Paris. Akukamba za "Young Italy", Roma dziko kayendedwe kumasulidwa ndi kusintha mu France mu February 1848 ndipo ena.

Pofotokoza chidule cha nkhani "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo", tiona kuti ulaliki yotsatana zochitika kale mu gawo ili ndi nkhani linasokonekera ndi essays Herzen. wolemba limati mu sideshow lotchedwa "Western arabesque" za imfa ya chitukuko Western, kotero wokondedwa ku Russian owolowa manja kapena zokomera. Akuwononga philistinism Europe, nalanda mwambo wonse wa zinthu ziwayendere bwino. Izi lathu angatchedwe leitmotif ntchito lonse. Herzen anaona kuti njira yokhayo pomanga boma moyo.

Olembedwa mu chaputala zoyenera Proudhon, limatiuza za zidindo wake ndi iye, adati kwa softness mwadzidzidzi munthu kulankhula. Iye akulankhula za buku Proudhon a, "Pa Justice mu mpingo ndi mu zisinthe." Kuyambira woyambitsa wa ntchito imeneyi sitingakhoze kugwirizana Herzen, chifukwa Nsembe chilungamo cha boma umunthu. Ndi zitsanzo ngati boma Herzen zonse kukangana, kubweretsa pamodzi ndi Arakcheyev boma ngati (mwachitsanzo, mu gawo lachisanu ndi chimodzi, mu mutu wakuti "Robert Owen").

Ine sindimakonda Herzen ndi Proudhon ndi khalidwe lokonda akazi - kampani. Iye akukhulupirira kuti wolemba oweruza zinthu zimenezi yopweteka ndi zovuta monga nsanje ndi kuperekedwa, nayenso achikale.

The sewero moyo wa Herzen

The gawo lachisanu chidzatha ndi mbiri banja la Herzen, zaka zomalizira za moyo wa Natalia Alexandrovna. The inalowa la Napoleon III, komanso, kenako matenda mwana wolemera a kwambiri zinthu pa mkazi uyu, ndi propensity osiyana maganizo. Amakambirana ndi ubale ndi wotchuka German zokomera ndi ndakatulo Herwegh. munthu uyu anali pa nthawi imeneyo bwenzi lapamtima la Herzen. Iye anakhudzidwa ndi Herwegh madandaulo kusungulumwa, kuti palibe amene amadziwa. Natalya akupitiriza azikonda mwamuna wake. Zimawawa nkhaniyi ndipo potsiriza anazindikira kufunika kusankha, mkaziyo anafotokoza kuti Herzen. Iye anali wokonzeka kusudzula, ngati akufuna Natalia. Komabe, chimandiswa ndi Herwegh ndipo amakhala ndi mwamuna wake.

Hedzi ikuchitika pambuyo chiyanjanitso nthawi mu Italy. Mu boti limene 1851 iye anapha mayi wa mwini, ndi mwana wake wamng'ono kumukweza Kolya m'ngolo. Herwegh safuna kuvomereza kugonja. Amafuna madandaulo zisanu ndi ziwiri, likuoneka kuti aphe Herzen kapena kudzipha. Mapeto ake amatithandiza abwenzi mwagwirizana za nkhaniyi. Axamwali n'kudziphatika kwa Herzen. Kenako panabwera zosasangalatsa poyera ndi kumenya ndi batire, sakumbukira ngongole yakale, mabuku periodicals. Natalia sanayende zonse. Atabadwa lotsatira, mwina ku chifuwa chachikulu, iye anamwalira mu 1852.

Iwo anamaliza wachisanu wa essays za osamuka Russian ankaimira mu "mthunzi Russian." Herzen pamene kwambiri kucheza nawo. mnzake pa yunivesite Ni Sazonov, anayenda mozungulira Europe, - mtundu wa anthu Russian chabe adawononga ndi "mphamvu phompho," kumene osati akuti m'dziko kunyumba. Kukumbukira anzake, wolemba pano limati ndi "chilungamo" ndi "kuzindikira" kwa anthu amene anali kupereka nsembe kwa zikhulupiriro zawo zonse kuti akanapereka iwo moyo chikhalidwe. Herzen AV Èngel'son - Gen Petrashevists ndi "chowawa losweka", mmene iye, "chachikulu kunyada" kuti zachitika mchikakamizo cha "zazing'ono" anthu ake "nyansi" amene ambiri a nthawi.

chimodzi

Njirayi imatchedwa "England" limafotokoza zaka kuchokera 1852 mpaka 1864-TH. Herzen atamwalira banjali anasamukira ku England. Herwegh anapanga banja sewero wake, ndi wolemba kunali koyenera kuti khoti demokalase European anavomereza kuti iye anali kulondola. Koma Herzen anatonthozedwa osati mu khothi ndi ntchito. Iye anayamba kulemba "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo", ndipo nawonso anayamba chipangizo Russian typography.

Herzen (chithunzi cha limaoneka pamwamba) limati London moyo kusungulumwa zinamuthandiza ndithu. England pa nthawi imeneyo linadzaza ndi kwawo, amene makamaka amene amatchulidwa mu gawo lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Zinali motley khamu, atsogoleri a yomasula dziko ndi kayendedwe zokomera ku Ulaya, limene linali chizindikiro cha wolemba, kuti azondi ndi zigawenga, amene pansi pa amati ndi andende ndale pemphani nokha Buku.

Herzen, wotsimikiza kuti khalidwe dziko alipo, kupatula ena essays expatriates amitundu yosiyanasiyana ( "Germany mu ukapolo", "osamuka Polish" ndi ena.). Mu mutu wakuti "The Germany mu ukapolo", makamaka, ndi zochita za Marx ndi anthu ake - ". Sulfuric zigawenga" wolemba amaona anthu awa kenakake, kuti kuwononga adani awo yandale okonzekera chilichonse. Herzen ndi chidwi kuona kuti mu kugunda ndi mzake otchulidwa kuwonetseredwa dziko. Mwachitsanzo, mu mutu wakuti "The njira ziwiri" anapatsidwa kufotokoza zoseketsa wa review mu English mlandu, ndi duelists French.

chiwiri

Mbali imeneyi ya ntchito ndi odzipereka kwambiri kwa emigration Russian. Kwenikweni, zikusonyeza essays munthu pa Pecherin B. ndi M. Bakunin, mbiri ya "The Mabelu" ndipo Free Russian typography. wolemba akuyamba ndi kufotokoza mmene mosayembekezeka anapita kwa msilikaliyo a. Zikuoneka kuti anali munthu wosadziwa, osati owolowa manja. Komabe, iye ankaona kuti ndi udindo wake kubwera kwa Herzen akuluakulu. Mu chaputala choyamba, "Apogee ndi Perigee," anatero chikoka chachikulu ndi kutchuka "mabelu" mu Russia, amene anabwera pambuyo Moscow moto. Ndipo anati wolemba anaganiza kusindikiza kuthandiza Zitsulo mu 1862, pamene kupanduka kwawo.

chitatu

Chidule Zojambula "Akale ndi ndinaganiza," akupitiriza kulongosola gawo 8. Imafotokoza zapakati pa 1865 ndi 1868. Ilibe dzina, ndipo palibe mutu wamba. Sichangozi chaputala choyamba cha mbali iyi akutchedwa "Palibe kulumikiza". Herzen limafotokoza kuganiza chimene anapanga maiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya mu 60s mochedwa. Europe adakali amaziona ngati malo a wolemba akufa. Izi, iye anati, makamaka mu mutu pa Venice ndi otsutsiratu lachifumu France "mneneri." Chapter "Kuchokera zina dziko" gawo 6 laperekedwa kwa anthu okalamba, omwe poyamba anali anthu otchuka ndi bwino. Herzen ankakhulupirira kuti malo okha ku Ulaya konse, oyenera moyo - Switzerland.

"Letters Old"

"Old makalata" amphumphu mankhwala "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo", chidule cha machaputala a Yehova amene akambidwa m'nkhani ino. Ichi ndi mawu a zilembo ndi wolemba Belinsky, N. Field, Chaadaeva Granovsky, Carlyle, Proudhon. Herzen m'mawu oyamba m'buku lawo Siyanitsani iwo. Kale mu zolemba si kukanikiza na mbanbvu yace yonsene, amene si bukhu. Easy tisaletse iwo amanena mwachisawawa, maimelo tsiku ndi tsiku nkhawa kuyandikira kwa olemba a.

Inde, nkhani ina n'zosatheka kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ntchito ya "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo". Chidule kwambiri ndi oyenera okha kudziwana woyamba naye. Ntchito imeneyi ndi ofunika kuphunzira chifukwa amapereka chifaniziro zithunzi chi. "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo", mwachidule chaputala 1 kuti kumayambira 1812 ndipo umatha kukumbukira chaka 1868 chimakwirira nthawi, olemera zochitika m'mbiri.