Geography: zikwangwani - ziri ... Aldan Chishango. Chiyukireniya chishango

Pansi pa Dziko Lapansi ndi sakanikira ndipo imakhala zinthu zosiyanasiyana structural. Kuphunzira Kapangidwe ka lithosphere (olimba Lapansi) pakati zolinga anathamangitsa ndi sayansi ya mapiri ake. Olimba - ndi mbali zoterozo. Ndi za iwo ayankhidwa mu pepala ili woyera.

Pansi pa dzikoli ndi matabwa ake

Waukulu structural zinthu za kutumphuka ndi lithospheric mbale ndi zimene chokhala kapena zikuluzikulu. Izi mitundu iwiri amasiyana dongosolo (mtanda chigawo): wosanjikiza lubwe alipo mu mbale chokhala.

Wotchedwa nsanja khola kwambiri (tectonically) gawo la mbale lithospheric Earth. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iwo ndi mtima (maziko) kwa dziko lonselo. Kuwonjezera pasanathe mbale lithospheric komanso allocated orogenic (apangidwe) lamba - ndi epiplatform epigeosynclinal.

Nsanja - kapangidwe khola ambiri kutumphuka kuti wapanga kumene mamiliyoni mazanamazana zapitazo, panali wamphamvu phiri dongosolo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, iwo zafa, ndi pamwamba angaimbidwenso kuchokera pa malo ano. Choncho aumbike wamphamvu ndi wolimba kapangidwe - maziko. Kenako iwo anayamba kudziunjikira chitayiko pang'onopang'ono kupanga nkhungu wosanjikiza (chivundikiro).

Onse nsanja alipo mu dziko anawagawa wakale (m'mabuku English iwo nthawi zambiri amatchedwa cratons) ndi achinyamata. Mapu chotsatirachi chikusonyeza waukulu (yakale) nsanja ya lathuli. Iwo amalembedwa ndi kum'chitira utoto.

Dziko lapansi kutumphuka dongosolo Maphunziro a sayansi ya madera (kalasi 7). Kenako ife tiyang'ana pa kapangidwe ka nsanja mwatsatanetsatane.

zinthu kandalama a nsanja (madera, kalasi 7)

Nsanja tichipeza zigawo ziwiri: m'munsi galasi (amapezeka pansipa) ndi nyanja chivundikiro (kuphimba maziko).

Mu sayansi Geological kuonetsetsa nyumba ya malamulo anayi amene amapanga nsanja iliyonse. Chishango, mbale, anticline ndi syncline - izi ndi akuluakulu. Kenako, tikambirana izo awo. Bwino ndi nyumba izi si zokwanira kutukula wa Maphunziro "Geography".

Zishango - izo lotulukira dziko lapansili wa crystalline chapansi pa nsanja. Kuchuluka kwa zotuluka amenewa akhoza kufika mpaka makilomita 1,000 kapena kuposa kutalika. Childs, mapanelo ndi yeniyeni nyumba wakale nsanja.

Mbale - m'madera lalikulu la nsanja, omwe kwathunthu ataphimbidwa ndi chivundikiro nyanja. Nthawi zambiri nsanja achinyamata anaphimba chivundikirocho unangokwaniritsidwa. Kotero kuti iwo amatchedwanso mbale.

Anticline ndi syncline - ndi dongosolo la dongosolo 2. ANTECLISE otchedwa wofatsa kuukitsidwa kwa mbale. Syneclise - ndi osaya beseni pa mbaula kapena zochepa ambiri, mkati chishango crystalline.

M'nkhaniyi tiona zikopa nsanja wakale wa Europe ndi ku Asia - ndi Siberia ndi East European. Komabe, tione pamaso pa nkhani ya "chomwe ndi chishango."

Geography: zikwangwani - ziri ...

Mawu akuti "chikopa" chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu sayansi miyala. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu ankagwiritsa ntchito mu Germany Eduard Suess (1903).

Chishango - ndi crystalline chapansi outcrop mkati nsanja wakale. Choncho padziko lapansi zili miyala Precambrian, m'badwo akhoza kufika zaka biliyoni 3,5-4. Iwo kawirikawiri ankaimira ndi granites, quartzites, gneisses, amene poyera kuti malo ndi lalikulu.

Features ya kapangidwe ka matabwa

Matabwa ndi nyumba yaikulu ndi khola ambiri a dziko lonselo. Kawirikawiri, amacheza ndi malamba a miyala apangidwe kwa zaka Mathanthwe. The mapanelo mpumulo zambiri kutchulidwa pang'ono zigwa otukukira kunja ndi mapiri ang'onoang'ono.

Zishango amacheza ndi madera omwe agile ndi mafoni, njira phiri nyumba zalembedwa ndi posachedwapa (mu mawu Geological - zaka miliyoni 100-200 zapitazo).

Zitsanzo wotchuka mapanelo padziko lathuli: Canada, Chiyukireniya, Aldan, Baltic. Mbali zimenezi imakhudzana ndi madipoziti lalikulu la mchere miyala (zitsulo, mkuwa, manganese, golide, faifi tambala, ndi zina zotero. P.). Choncho, mu Aldan Chikopa anapeza madipoziti lalikulu miyala mkuwa ndi apatite. Mu Chikopa Chiyukireniya anapeza dziko nkhokwe yaikulu ya ferruginous quartzite (Krivoi Rog beseni).

Mbiri ya mapangidwe ndiponso dongosolo la Siberia Mal

Siberia nsanja - lalikulu Geological dera lomwe ali ndi lalikulu mu gawo kumpoto kum'mawa kwa Europe ndi ku Asia. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa nsanja yakale kwambiri mu dziko, pa maziko a unakhazikitsidwa kumbuyo mu Archean. Pambuyo pake, iye sanali kamodzi yokutidwa ndi madzi a nyanja, kotero kuti pali unakhazikitsidwa chivundikiro wamphamvu miyala nyanja.

Siberia nsanja ali omveka bwino padziko Lapansi: kumpoto - ndi otsetsereka kum'mwera Byrranga mapiri kumadzulo - m'chigwa cha Yenisei Mtsinje, kum'mwera kwa dziko akuthamanga pamodzi msana, ndi kum'mawa - pa malire m'munsi mwa Lena Mtsinje.

Siberia nsanja chapansi zovuta miyala ya Archean ndi Proterozoic, amene kwambiri ankangodzigwera mu makutu. Iwo gneisses, amphibolites, schist, nsangalabwi ndi ena. m'badwo wawo si olimba: kuchokera 2.3 zaka biliyoni 3,7. Nsanja nyanja chivundikiro wapangidwa ndi m'matanthwe a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana. Kwa nsonga ya nsanja kumpoto kum'mawa amakhala ndi miyala intrusive kuti apange mipope diamondi.

Siberia nsanja ndi modabwitsa wolemera mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana mchere. Pali madipoziti yaikulu ya zitsulo, Mica, apatite, graphite. Chikuto nyanja sachoka nkhokwe yokulirapo ya mafuta ndi gasi, komanso malasha, diamondi, mkuwa, faifi tambala ndi golide ores.

Kapangidwe miyala ya Aldan Chikopa

Aldansky chishango - m'munsi ziyerekezo galasi mu Siberia nsanja. Iwo lili mbali kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa womwewo ndi mpumulo ndi Aldan Plateau ndi nsana. Kum'mwera ndi kumadzulo chishango ali M'mphepete m'dera la nyumba phiri kudutsa mu kachitidwe zolephera kwambiri. Mu kumpoto, kum'mawa izo aphimbidwa wandiweyani chovala cha madipoziti nyanja ya zaka Mathanthwe.

Mtsogolo (mbewu), wakale chapansi wa Aldan Chikopa, mukhoza kutsata zamoyo wa matanthwe a pansi padziko lonse. Choncho, mu gawo m'munsi bedded gneiss, schist, mabo ndipo quartzite granulite. Pansi lotsatira ladzala ndi miyala nyanja-chiphala, metamorphosed zonally. Pansi chapamwamba ukufanizidwa ndi madipoziti pakatikati pa miyala clastic ndi chiphala, komanso intrusions lalikulu.

The osiyana Geological nyengo tectonic njira mu Aldan akatero kwambiri kulalikira mwakhama. Izi zachitika Paleozoic, Mesozoic ndi pafupifupi Cenozoic. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zimasiyanitsa lino crystalline chishango.

Pa dera la Aldan chishango kugwirizana ndi miyala ya mchere ambiri. Kotero, apa atadziŵa ndi kufufuza nkhokwe yaikulu ya chitsulo ndi mkuwa ores, Mica, apatite, kimberlites, malasha, golide, ndi osiyanasiyana miyala theka-mtengo wapatali.

Mbiri ya mapangidwe ndiponso dongosolo la East nsanja European

East-European nsanja - imodzi yaikulu komanso wolimba kwambiri nsanja ya kutumphuka ano padziko lapansi. Munthu wotere kuchokera ku Scandinavia Peninsula ku mapiri a Ural, agwilitse ambiri a North ndi East Europe.

Pa kapangidwe ake awiri mphamvu linanena bungwe galasi m'munsi - Chiyukireniya ndi Baltic chishango. Pano padziko mu malo ambiri kunyalanyaza miyala wakale - makamaka lubwe ndi quartzite. Makamaka iwo apanga outcrops mkulu thanthwe ndi maphompho wowoneka bwino kwambiri. Mu mlengalenga pakati pa zishango ndi wabwino Belarus anteklizy Voronezh.

Foundation nsanja zovuta igneous ndi miyala metamorphic wa zaka Precambrian, amene kuli kuligaŵa ndi zolephera kwambiri tectonic. East-European nsanja anapanga maziko ake mu mochedwa Proterozoic. Nsanja chivundikiro tichipeza pang'ono olumala nyanja ndi miyala chiphala a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana miyala.

chuma mchere wa nsanja East European

Mu East nsanja European kufufuza olemera miyala ya mchere zosiyanasiyana. Ena mwa iwo ogwirizana ndi maziko a dongosolo miyala, winayo - ndi pachikuto pake nyanja.

Kutuluka malo pa maziko nsanja pamwamba sachoka madipoziti yaikulu zitsulo (Krivbass, Kurskaia maginito anomaly Kremenchugsky dziwe, etc.), mkuwa, titaniyamu, faifi tambala ores ndi apatites. Ndi nyanja chivundikiro nsanja kugwirizana ndi miyala ya gasi (Volgouralskaya m'chigawo mafuta, Dneprovsko-Donetskaya maganizo, etc.), malasha ndi lignite (Donbass, Moscow dera), mankwala thanthwe, bauxite ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana nyumba (miyala, nsangalabwi, dolomite ndi zina zotero. D.) .

Kapangidwe miyala ya chishango Chiyukireniya

Chiyukireniya crystalline chishango - ndi protrusion maziko a nsanja East-European pa mzinda wake kum'mwera kumadzulo. Iye analitambasuladi ndi makilomita thousand (mkati Ukraine ndi Belarus mbali) pa Gorin mtsinje kumpoto kugombe la nyanja ya Azov kum'mwera. Mapu pansipa umaonekera ku chikasu.

M'lifupi pazipita chishango Chiyukireniya ndi makilomita 250. Malo okwana pamwamba - za 135 zikwi makilomita lalikulu.

chishango Chiyukireniya wapangidwa umangokhala miyala igneous ndi metamorphic wa zaka Archean (izo gneisses, granites, amphibolites, migmatites ndi ena). M'madera ambiri, izi miyala crystalline ongoyendayenda, n'kupanga miyala yokongola, mathithi ndi cascades pa mitsinje ya zigwa.

Mchere wa chishango Chiyukireniya

Ndi zolosera maziko a nsanja wakale amadziwika kuti sachoka miyala mchere. Ndipo Chiyukireniya chishango pano - osati yekha.

Mwa dongosolo ili Geological kufufuza nkhokwe yaikulu ya zitsulo (Krivoi Rog beseni), ureniamu miyala (Zheltovodsky ndi Ternovskii kumunda), zirconium ores (Vol'nogorskoe gawo), wapatali ndi semiprecious miyala zomangira (makamaka mu Zhitomir ndi zina Ukraine ncho lubwe wapamwamba). Nkhani zonse mchere gwero angathe chishango Chiyukireniya pafupifupi chosayerekezeka ku Ulaya, ndi dziko.

Pa bolodi ili ndi mchere wa mtundu nyanja. madipoziti awo amangokhala mphamvu yaing'ono (zosaposa 50 meters) Ndime kuphimba. Choyamba, ndi lignite Dnieper beseni ndi Nikopol manganese miyala beseni.

Pomaliza

Kuphunzira dongosolo crustal ndi mbali ya osiyanasiyana ntchito chitsanzo cha nzeru za madera. Zishango - zikhalidwe structural a nsanja wakale Earth. Izi kawirikawiri sachoka madipoziti amphamvu mchere miyala ndi mwala semiprecious.

Aldan Chikopa, ndi Chiyukireniya - ndi yaikulu crystalline protrusions zapansi pa Africa la Europe ndi ku Asia. The woyamba ili mu Russia, mu nsanja Siberia, ndipo chachiwiri - mu Ukraine, pa nsanja East European.