Dzheykob Shiff - mbiri, mbiri ya kupambana, zikayenda bwino ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

. J. Schiff (anenedwanso: Yakobo Genri Shiff) ndi American Ayuda banki, wofuna kuthandiza ndi womenyera ufulu chikhalidwe. M'madera ambiri a moyo mu US, ndi dziko lachiwiri Schiff yokutidwa ntchito chake chosaneneka zachifundo. ubale wake kwa Tsarist mbiri yakale Russian kupereka tanthauzo la "nkhondo ya munthu". Moyo wa Ayuda mu Russian Dzheykob Shiff poyerekeza ndi masoka a makolo awo baibulo mu Iguputo pa eksodo kwambiri.

yonena

Yakobo Henry Schiff anabadwa mu 1847 m'banja wotchuka kugwirizana ndi dzina Rothschild. Atate wa banki anali rabbi. Mnyamatayu analandira zabwino maphunziro ndiponso achipembedzo. Mu 1865 iye anasamuka ku United States, pamene anayamba ntchito ku banki. Mu 1875, Dzheykob Shiff anakwatira mwana mmodzi wa Ngopambana wa banki Kuhn, Loeb & Co, gawo la mlanduwo-lamulo, ndipo mu 1885 anakhala woyang'anira banki. Pansi pa utsogoleri wa bungwe Schiff chitukuko ukuwonjezeka, izo zimakhala zotheka nawo ndalama za ntchito yambiri kumabungwe osiyanasiyana chuma. Shiff Dzheykob Henry moyo wake zimayesetsa ntchito zachifundo.

Iye anali wokwatira kwa Tereze Leb (mwana wamkazi wa mwini wa banki, imene mnyamata wamanga ntchito). ana wokwatiwa munabadwanso mwana Frieda ndi mwana Mortimer. Dzheykob Shiff anamwalira ali ndi zaka 73 mu 1920. Iye anaikidwa mu New York.

Dzheykob Shiff - chithunzi pagulu

Mumadziwika banki anali mmodzi wa atsogoleri a Ayuda mu United States. Iwo ndalama zolipirira angapo ntchito: chilengedwe cha gawo la Ayuda ndi laibulale ku New York, "Hibri College Union" Ayuda Theological Seminary, ndi ena.

Yakobo Genri Shiff chifundo chake anawalozera kwa chiwerengero cha ntchito ndi mabungwe omwe sanali Ayuda. Motero, iye anapereka limanena kwambiri kuti sukulu American, ndi Anyamata of America, gulu la Red Cross ndi zina zotero. D.

Schiff yapangitsa maudindo osiyanasiyana aulemu, makamaka, iye anali wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti wa Komiti ya Zamalonda mu United States, kunali New York Council City pa Education.

Dzheykob Shiff: nawo ndale

Mu 1904, Schiff anali kupereka omvera ndi Mfumu ya Great Britain Edward VII. Japan amagwiritsa ntchito kuthandiza Chirasha Japanese nkhondo, banki analandira mphoto boma Japanese: dongosolo la Wopatulika Treasure, ndipo dzuwa likutuluka. Pa chisankho cha Pulezident mu United States (1909 TH) Schiff William Taft anathandiza phungu.

Mu 1914, Dzheykob Shiff monga mmodzi wa ndiAmene wa "olowa" (American Ayuda Kufalitsa Committee). wandale anali mdani wa Zionism, akuitana mfundo yoti enaake.

"The Balfour Declaration"

Sanaleke Schiff mu 1917 kuti abwere ndi thandizo la "Balfour Declaration". Mu 1917, Mlembi okhonda British Arthur Balfour kwa Ambuye Rothschild analankhula kuimira dera British Ayuda ndi kalata lotseguka kwa Federation Zionist. kalata anati chisoni ndi Ayuda Zionist zolinga boma. Mwa zolinga ananena buku mbiri yakale kuona bukuli:

• Kupanga kukakamiza boma US ya dera Ayuda American ndi cholinga kulimbikitsa kulowa ake mu yoyamba ya padziko lonse monga membala wa Entente.
• Kupanga kukakamiza Ayuda Russian cholinga yopewera kufala kwa malingaliro a Bolshevism pakati pawo ndi kuteteza kuchoka pa dziko ku nkhondo.
• Kuonetsetsa ufulu wochita ulamuliro pa gawo Palestina ku UK.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku maganizo a anthu amachitika 2004 pakati oposa 20 zikwi. Oyimira a luntha Arab dziko m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, "Balfour Declaration" imatengedwa kuti mu Zakachikwi zapitazi, "chikalata kowopsya."

Russia

Mutu "Schiff ndi Russia" mwathera ntchito zawo azambiriyakale ambiri. Ambiri a iwo Dzheykob Shiff anafotokoza monga mdani woopsa wa autocracy Russian. Ichi chinali chifukwa yaikulu ndi ndondomeko ya yotsalidwa anathamangitsa ndi boma tsarist kwa Ayuda.

Schiff anali mwakhama ntchito udindo wake ndi chikoka mu banki ndi gawo ndalama ya US woyesetsa kukakamiza boma la Russia. Pofuna kukakamiza boma la Russia kuletsa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ndi wachibadwidwe wa Ayuda Schiff overlaps mwayi dziko ngongole yachilendo ku US, Japan ndalama zolipirira asilikali mu Chirasha Japanese nkhondo, anali woyambitsa angapo njira mfundo yachilendo imene zingathandize kuti kuwonongeka timakhala zamtendere pakati pa US ndi Russia. Biographers mfundo otchedwa zochita zake kwa Russia "nkhondo ya munthu" kusintha "mu chilakolako yotopetsa." Udindo wa anthu achiyuda ku dziko Schiff anayerekezera tsoka makolo baibulo mu Iguputo kuyambira eksodo kwambiri. Yekha kuoneka ngati Mose latsopano. Iwo anali kulengeza Schiff nkhondo zomenyera munthu ndi Russia, mbiri yakale amakhulupirira, chinathandiza okwera wake, zachilendo kwa mtsogoleri wa Chiyuda.

Pambuyo chigonjetso wa February utasintha Schiff anasintha maganizo kwa Russia. Analandira malamulo wogwirizira boma, omwe zimafika zikhulupiriro zoletsa ndi chithandizo cha ngongole zake nkhondo.

Kukwera Russian

chiwerengero A magwero zimasonyeza nkhani ayenera ya Schiff ndalama ulimi mu Russia m'zaka za m'ma XX. mutu Izi makamaka ambiri takambirana pa nthawi pravomonarhicheskimi emigre mabwalo. Komabe, magwero kuti akhoza momveka kutsimikizira kapena kutsutsa zinadziwika kuti zinthu amapereka ndi izo sizinali. Ndiponso, olemba mbiri zikalata zabodza okonzeka kupaka Schiff anapezeka, kutsimikizira nawo zake ndalama Russia utasintha.

Amadziwika kuti mu 1919 mmodzi wa mabuku monarchist ku Rostov pa-Don chikalata linapanga inaletsedwa, kunena kuti Bolsheviks Mipikisano miliyoni-dola ikuyendera analandiridwa ku banki Schiff, chomwe chinawathandiza kuti apambane ulimi.

Pomenyera ufulu wa Ayuda

tcheru Schiff kwa moyo wa Ayuda Russian anabweretsanso m'kupita kwa zipolowe mu 1881. Mu zaka za m'ma 20. mu nkhokwe ya zida, anakamba m'dera US Ayuda kulimbana ake dipolo ufulu wa Ayuda m'mayiko ena zothandiza kwambiri ndi mapangidwe maganizo a anthu ndi kukakamiza boma United States. Kumayambiriro 20 m'ma nkhokwe kudzadza. Schiff iye chinachake latsopano Chinawonjezeka - kuthamanga chuma padziko lonse kwa zamtendere kudzipatula Russia.

Mu 1890s oyambirira, Schiff amachita chithandizo ake ndalama buku la mwezi "Free Russia" imene ili bungwe landale umene ukugwira kufalitsidwa kwa chinsinsi "ubwino zolimbitsa" SRs. Ndi nthawi iyi zimakwana anakhala mabwenzi John. Kennan, ndi mtolankhani American, ankadziwika kuti yake yogwira boma ku Russia. kukhudzana Public Kennan zinthu zolemera amene ali m'ndende ku akaidi Siberia ukapolo ndale, anali kutsogolera uzigawidwa mu United States tione yovuta pa ulamuliro alipo mu Russian Ufumu.

Pa cholinga cha vuto kwakukulu koposa kuwongolera moyo wa Ayuda Russian chinakhazikitsidwa. ntchito imeneyi inali - Russian democratization kudzera kulandidwa kwa Romanov mafumu.

Chirasha Japanese nkhondo

Mu 1890, akuchezeredwa ku New York Port Russian sitima, Schiff unapangidwa bungwe ndawala Kunyanyala chochitika ndi anthu achiyuda. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi Russia ndi tiganizira aliyense makhalidwe Musamangocheza yekha Yakobo Genri Shiff.

Cyrus Adler, mbiri, analemba m'buku lake za womenyera ufulu izi: mu February 1904 ndi Schiff woyamba anasonkhana m'nyumba wake wa oimira mabungwe Ayuda ndipo anawauza kuti palibe masiku opitirira awiri pakati Japan ndi Russia kuyamba nkhondo. The banki ananenanso kuti anakumana ndi pempho kwa ngongole kwa boma Japanese. Schiff ankafuna kumva maganizo a anthu pano, monga izi zingakhudze malo awo co-achipembedzo Russian. Zikuoneka mbiri yakale amati lingaliro zabwino chinapangidwa pa msonkhano. Ndakumana nazo nthawi Schiff chisoni chifukwa cha kuwonongeka yaikulu chifukwa cha zochita zake Russia? mbiri Izi silidziŵika.

ngongole

Pa chiyambi cha nkhondo anapeza Schiff American syndicate (banki nyumba "Kuhn, Loeb ndi K ° mabanki», mayiko ndi malonda) anali ochokera ku Anglo-American ngongole kwa boma Japanese (kuchuluka anali pafupifupi mamiliyoni 110. Madola. Iwo unachita kwambiri mu ndalama za waukali Japan ndi kuonetsetsa chigonjetso chake. komanso Schiff mwachangu ndiponso bwinobwino ukugwira kutsekeka kwa kuwayika ngongole Russian mu msika US. Amagwirana zina zambiri mabanki US ku akukongoza boma Russian.

Schiff anali ndalama ntchito J. Kennan kwa kufalitsa a mabuku apadera chosintha m'misasa Russian POW ku Japan. ntchito yomanga bwino asadziwike. M'chaka cha 1917, Kennan panokha tauzidwa za iwo ku atolankhani. Malinga ndi iye, mu msasa, mothandizidwa ndi Schiff kunakhala kotheka kupulumutsa matani mabuku chosintha, motero anabwerera kwawo zikwi 50. Olimbikira boma.

zoyesayesa Russian kukwaniritsa pangano ndi Schiff

zoyesayesa Russian boma zinalengedwa kukwaniritsa pangano ndi Schiff, "kukoka" ku mbali yake, kapena zopanda. No malangizo analephera kukopa Schiff kuthandiza pa Russian chosintha kuyenda. Dziko la Romanovs sangathe Ndizachidziwikire, Schiff anati.

pogroms

Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti malo chojambulidwa banki pa Chirasha Japanese nkhondo, mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi zinthu kuwonongeka kwa Ayuda Russia. Schiff, mbiri yakale amakhulupirira, anachita kuposa wina aliyense kuti mavuto akuchuluka a co-achipembedzo Chirasha, chifukwa iwo alibe kubisa chakuti nkhondo Japan ndi Russia chaonekera zikomo zotheka kwa ndalama ya osunga ndalama Ayuda.

Mu August ndi September wa 1904, mu October 1905 mu mizinda ndi midzi ya Ukraine, Belarus, kenako ku dera lonse la Russia, ndi funde la pogroms zoopsa chifukwa cha atamunamizira zotenga Ayuda nkhondo ndi yokonza zinthu zisinthe. Pa zachiwawa anapha oposa 800 Ayuda (nambala iyi sakhala ndi akufa kuvulala). The kuwonongeka zinthu anachititsa kuti anthu Achiyuda, pafupifupi kuposa mln 70. Pakani. Malinga ndi zina, zachiwawa anapha kuposa 4 zikwi. Ndipo anavulazidwa 10 chikwi. Ayuda. Schiff wakhala akuchita thandizo la ndalama la Ayuda mayunitsi adziteteze.

Chifukwa, Schiff ndi anamuperekeza wake boma la Russia kuthamanga malo zamtendere wa Ayuda Russian lafika poipa ngakhale kuti: mu nthawi kuchokera 1912 mpaka 1913th malamulo a dziko nkhanza anatengedwa, Ayuda Ankawaphwanyira zatsalira ufulu chikhalidwe ndi ufulu.

The World loyamba

Chiyambireni cha nkhondo, boma la Russia kachiwiri ankafuna chithandizo ku US msika chuma. Schiff sanasinthe udindo wake. Kupereka ngongole Russian, iye ankaganiza zotheka pansi pa chikhalidwe cha kusintha ndi malamulo a Ayuda a boma la Russia.

February zisinthe

Chigonjetso wa February utasintha Schiff lofunika. Watsimikiza 06.04.1917 kwa Ayuda zinapatsidwa ufulu wofanana ndi nzika zina za dziko. Kukwera, iye anakhulupirira Schiff - chozizwitsa chenicheni, ngakhale kuposa kumasulidwa kwa makolo m'Baibulo la Ayuda ku ukapolo ku Iguputo. chithandizo boma chosintha kasonyeza kukhala yofunika kwambiri.

"Kusayanjananawo okha ku wofiira ..."

Mu 1918, Schiff mlandu chakuti, chifukwa ndalama zake mu Russia, ndi Bolsheviks anapambana. Schiff anatumiza kalata kwa US Department of State, imene banki m'gulu lisamamvekenso yekha kwa Maonekedwe.

Olemba mbiri ena Komabe, mothandizidwa ndi mfundo za yogwira ndalama Schiff Lva Trotskogo. Komanso, amadziwika kuti pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu pambuyo chigonjetso cha zisinthe, US oimira ndi alonda nzeru aziwapatsa ndalama Schiff syndicate.

Buku Adler Cyrus

The kuthandizira chachikulu cha zonse kusintha Russian Dzheykob Shiff, mbiri ndi mbiri ya kupambana omwe akupezeka m'buku la mbiri komanso mtolankhani Cyrus Adler, ndi lero ndi chidwi. bukhu lofalitsidwa mu 2017 mu Moscow yofalitsa "Tsentrpoligraf". 575 masamba muli mfundo chidwi ndi moyo wa wotchuka American banki, wofuna kuthandiza ndi maonekedwe anthu, kuwulula osiyanasiyana umunthu wake. Buku lilipo monga makalata Schiff ndi zipangizo zina kusonyeza kuti ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana za zofuna zake.