Chimodzi mwa zinthu zatsopano kwambiri chodabwitsa: nyani mutu kumuika

Pa zaka zapitazi zana, zinthu zambiri mankhwala, panali kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuphatikizapo kupatsidwa zina ziwalo. Tsopano kuchotsa mtima, chiwindi kapena m'mapapo ndi weniweni ndi bwino ndondomeko. Koma kodi n'zotheka kuti ndikasendeza mutu wa munthu? Akatswiri a sayansi amanena kuti zimenezi zinatheka sali kutali, chifukwa ngakhale Thirani mutu nyani - anapitirira siteji. Kodi ndi liti pamene izo zikuchitika? Kodi zatsopano koyamba m'dera lino?

mutu kumuika mavuto

machitidwe onse a thupi n'zogwirizana. Iri yonse yochepetsetsa thupi ndipo angayerekezedwe ndi cogs ndi magiya ntchito mwa njira lonse. Ubongo waukulu akutumikira dongosolo lamavutoli. Ndi mfundo yaikulu ya kasamalidwe, udindo ntchito zofunika kwambiri ndi njira monga ganizo, kuzindikira, anachita ndi zina zotero D..

Brain ili mu chigaza ndi msana - mu nsana wake. ubwenzi wawo amatipatsa zoyendayenda, kuthandiza ntchito za matupi, transmits zikhumbo mitsempha. kuphwanya ake kumabweretsa kulephera kwa nthambi, ziwalo. Kupatsidwa zina mutu angathetse mavuto ambiri kwa anthu ndi matenda osachiritsika majini kapena kuvulala. Koma ngati n'zotheka?

Panopa, madokotala aphunzira kusoka Mitsempha, minofu, mafupa pagulu, koma zovuta ndi splicing misempha. Iwo ankaimira mazana a njira ndi matabwa, omwe ndi udindo Kukwanilitsa gulu lawo. Ngati inu kulumikiza zonse zolakwika "Kulumikizana" wa chizindikiro ubongo adzalandiridwa mu mbali zolakwika za thupi. Komanso, pali kuthekera kuti kuziika za thupi kuyamwa mutu monga thupi ena ndi adzayesa ulikolowole.

Zoyesayesa loyamba

Kuchita aakulu ndi kalavulagaga oterowo ntchito amafuna yeniyeni kwambiri ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa njira. Ngakhale zili chomwechi, lingaliro la kumuika inkachitika kalekale. Pa chiyambi cha XX m'ma kumuika atsogoleri a anyani, mbewa ndi agalu ankachiritsa mobwerezabwereza. Kwa nthawi yoyamba ndinaganiza kuyetsa American Charles Klod Gatri.

The mitu ya kuyesera anasankha agalu. ntchito unachitika mu May 1908, ndipo zotsatira zake zinatuluka mu buku la sayansi ya. Pakuti Guthrie kuyesera mutu nyama imodzi yokha, kusoka mutu wake thupi la galu lonse.

Choncho wasayansi analenga "chilombo mitu iwiri." Loyamba Kayendesedwe sanatenge kuposa mphindi makumi awiri. Sewn mutu pabwino nsagwada oposa. Makope inayamba mu thupi, anadutsa mutu Ufumuyo, kenako anabwerera pa mutu lonse galu. Chinyama anaonekera kayendedwe m'mphuno, lilime, amalembedwa chidule cha ana, koma posakhalitsa anafa.

Zimene Demikhova

Mu 50 ntchentche za mayesero ofanana adatengedwa ndi Vladimir Demihov. Woyamba mu dziko, kuziika chiwindi, m'mapapo, analenga mtima yokumba. Mu 1954 inali nthawi mutu. Kuti thupi lonse agalu wamkulu wasayansi akulowa ana agalu.

Ana agalu kumanzere, ndipo forelimbs. Animal euthanized mankhwala, kudula pachifuwa kuchotsa m'mapapo ndi mtima. Ndiye sutured kwa gawo wathanzi kwa agaru, kulumikiza Mitsempha.

Asayansi anapanga ntchito zolinga 20 kumuika. omumvera ake mayeso mogwirizana ndi sabata, ndi peyala imodzi anakwanitsa chotani kwa mwezi umodzi. Mosiyana Garty zatsopano ndi Demikhova galu amapereka chithandizo kukhala ntchito kwambiri. Iye amakhoza kumwa madzi, adzatani ena ngakhale kuluma wake "mnansi", pamene chinthu sanakhutire.

Monkey mutu kumuika

Demikhova bwino zosaneneka ouziridwa akatswiri ambiri. atate wake dzina kumuika, ndi ntchito yake ankagwira kunja. Tisatengere neurosurgeon awo American Robert Uayt. Mu 1970, pansi pa utsogoleri wake, panali ntchito kuti ndikasendeza nyani mutu.

Pakuti kuyesera, ife kusankha nyama, ofanana kulemera ndi kukula kwa thupi. thupi nyani pambuyo kumuika unaima, koma mphamvu ntchito mwangwiro. Iye anazindikira fungo, phokoso n'kuona kumeneko. Kudzuka, nyani growled ndipo anayesa kuluma. Pakuwonana koyamba, nyani mutu kumuika wopambana.

Posachedwa chitetezo cha m'thupi Anayamba kukana mutu wake. Animal unatenga masiku asanu ndi anayi okha. White anapitiriza kafukufuku mu ziyembekezo kusinthana kwa ntchito ndi anthu. Ngati bwino, kuti akhale mtima sayansi Stiven Hoking ndi wosewera Kristofer Riv. Anthu sanavomereze lingaliro la zatsopano pa anthu.

kusintha ndondomeko

Baton ndi anasamutsidwa intercepted yekha mu 2002, pang'ono kusintha ntchito. Izi zisanachitike, zatsopano anakonzedwa kuphunzira kupatsidwa zina mwa mfundo. Asayansi, kunali kofunika kudziyesa kuti muone ngati n'zotheka kulumikiza mutu osachepera wina kwa m'thupi.

Tsopano Komabe, panali cholinga china patsogolo pawo - mantha dongosolo. Kunali kofunika osati angagwirizanitse mutu, komanso kupanga izo kuthamanga thupi latsopano. Yankho anatenga Japanese. Pofuna kupewa imfa mofulumira molekezera mitsempha ndi kusunga galimoto ntchito ya nyama, iwo utakhazikika mutu kuyesedwa thupi.

Zatsopano ankachiritsa makoswe. Anamudula mutu, silikoni chubu zikugwirizana mutu ndi thupi ziwiya, Ndiyeno mitsempha. Kogwirizana ulusi kupita pansi maso pa ntchito polima ya ethylene glycol. Ndiye angongole msana mbale ndi sutured minofu minofu. Nyama amasamukira nthambi, koma iwo sanakhale moyo wautali.

Zatsopano anthu

Patapita zaka khumi, luso ntchito kuyesera ndi anyani. Pansi pa utsogoleri wa neurosurgeon Chinese Xiaoping Ren anatenga wina nyani mutu kumuika. Zisanachitike, kutentha wake, waponya ndi chizindikiro madigiri 15. Mantha minofu ya nyama kwathunthu kuonongeka, kupereka asayansi chiyembekezo chatsopano.

Iye anasonyeza kuti amasirira Chinese Sergio Kanavero. Mu 2013, iye analengeza poyera kuti adzachita opareshoni zimenezi, koma pa munthu. Chitaliyana chikhulupiriro kuti zimene zinachitikira posachedwapa ndi nyani inatsimikizira chivomerezocho wa mankhwala Chinthu chofunika kwambiri.

Kumene, zimenezi zimafuna yokonzekera yaitali. Ndondomeko palokha ndi ntchito ayenera kusintha ndi mchitidwe. Pambuyo bwino makoswe anali osokoneza. Ambiri woyamba "odwala" akhalabe ziwalo, pamene ena mofulumira kufa.

Thirani mapulogalamu mutu

Tsopano asayansi otanganidwa chifukwa othandizira ndi magulu. opaleshoni inyamuka kwa December 2017. Sergio Kanavero limanena kuti adzatenga pafupifupi 36 maola. Muyenera za zana madokotala ndi madola 12 miliyoni.

Muzikonza nawo ntchito kale wapezeka. Idzakhala Russian Valery Spiridonov - mapulogalamu ku mzinda wa Vladimir. Mnyamata akuvutika msana minofu ya manja. Ndi matenda chibadwa, zomwe zina ndi ntchito za mwendo minofu, mutu ndi khosi.

Valery Spiridonov zonse liaises ndi asayansi, kukambirana mfundo za ntchito ndi momwe ikuyendera polojekiti. matenda amadziwa, koma akhulupilira bwino kuyesera wosimidwa. Ndi matenda ake anthu amakhala wochepa kwambiri, koma Valery anakwanitsa moyo mpaka 30, amaliza sukulu ndipo yunivesite kupeza ntchito, mwina, sitepe yotsatira chingandithandize bwino.

Ethics ndi okaikira

Akuti Mutu kumuika 2017 chikwiyire titangokhalako m'deralo. Otsutsa za mfundo imeneyi anagawanika m'magulu ziwiri zazikulu. Choyamba yosemphana ndi mbali koyenela za nkhani ena kuti muchite tsenga ichi, mwatsoka, zosatheka.

Oimira m'zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana amakhulupirira kuti opaleshoni ndi mkangano ndi Mulungu. Zimenezi akhoza bwinobwino kuonedwa chilengedwe cha thupi latsopano, chifukwa uwu ndi mwayi wapadera kwa Mlengi. Komanso, ndondomeko imatengedwa zachibadwa. Ndi mosemphana ndi chilamulo zachilengedwe ndi zina ndi dongosolo lalikulu.

Okayikira chabe kukhulupirira kuti anthu sanabadwe kukhwima. Ambiri sindikukana kuti n'zotheka ngati opareshoni m'tsogolo, koma osati tsopano. Mtsutso waukulu okayika za osakwanira chitukuko cha luso, komanso zambiri mavuto maganizo a wodwala likhoza bwino zimenezo.