Bhopal tsoka: zimayambitsa, okhudzidwa, zotsatira

The mzaka zana makumi awiri anali panasinthira kwa anthu, monga liwiro la zaumisiri chawonjezeka nthawi dazeni angapo. Koma pamodzi ndi zochitika zomwe anasintha mbiri bwino, akhalapo anthu angapo, ndipo anakhala cholakwa chachikulu. Yaikulu opangidwa masoka zasintha nkhope ya dziko ndi kuyambitsa mavuto aakulu. Lalikulu wa iwo ankaona kuti ngozi pa mankhwala zomera Bhopal. Mzinda Indian mu Madhya adzagwa, ndipo safuna imani December 3, 1984. tsiku limeneli zinasintha kwa anthu a Bhopal zonse.

History of kumanga chomera

Mu 1970 ndi boma Indian waganiza kukweza chuma chake ndi likulu lina. Choncho, msonkhano wapadera kunachitika umalimbana kukopa ndalama zakunja kuti aganyali makampani ena. yomanga chomera kwavomelezedwa, imene inali mankhwala ulimi. Poyamba mbali ya mankhwala anakonza zoitanitsa ochokera m'mayiko ena. Koma kunapezeka kuti wopanda pake, monga mpikisano mu gawo lino la msika anali amphamvu kwambiri. Choncho, kupanga adagwidwa pa mlingo wosiyana, zovuta ndi zoopsa. Mu 80s mzinda wa Bhopal (India) ndi malo ake zinapanga kukolola osauka kwambiri, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kuchepa kufunika kwa mankhwala a mbewu. Choncho, anaganiza kugulitsa kampaniyo, koma wogula sizinapezekebe.

Bzalani pamaso ngozi

Izi oipa wotchuka fakitale anali akumeneku Union Carbide India Limited - American kampani, amene apadera kupanga feteleza ndi mankhwala (mankhwala). Bhopal chomera anali zapamwamba zinthu zakupha kwambiri - isocyanate methyl, kapena MIKA. Ndi zakupha chakupha mankhwala, umene uli m'chigawo cha gasi pokhudzana ndi Kakhungu mucous yomweyo umapwetekanso, kumene mapapo asamatupe. Ngati izo ziri mu mkhalidwe madzi, makhalidwe awo ofanana ndi asidi sulfuric.

ulinso ndi zenizeni kwambiri thupi katundu. otentha kutentha - madigiri 40 Celsius, amene ali mwachizolowezi ndithu kwa kutentha India masana. Ngati anawonjezera kuti chisakanizo cha ngakhale pang'ono madzi, iwo amayamba usavutike mwachangu, amene akapsa unyolo anachita, chifukwa cha zomwe thunthu amaola ndipo anamasulidwa cyanide wa hydrogen, oxides asafe, mpweya monoxide. omwera Izi wokhoza kuononga aliyense amene ali ndi zinkakhala m'dera. Pa fakitale walenga machitidwe angapo amene anayenera kupewa zotani zofanana, koma iwo sizinayende chifukwa zifukwa zingapo, pansipa.

Prerequisites kwa kuwonongeka

Kusanakhale Bhopal tsoka, pali zifukwa zingapo zimene odana ndi pakuwonekera kwake. Choyamba mwa zinthuzi ndi chilakolako cha mwini chomera ndalama malipiro. Kotero iwo anamanga malonda awo mu India, pamene malipiro ndi kakhumi poyerekeza ndi mayiko olemera. antchito oterowo luso mlingo sanali mkulu okwanira, koma zopempha zawo. Zimenezi n'zothandiza kwambiri mawu ndalama.

Chinthu chachiwiri - kuphwanya mfundo lonse, malamulo kusungiramo poizoni. M'mafakitale analola kusunga palibe matani oposa 1 MIKA, ndipo anali kale ku Bhopal nthawi 42, kuti ndi matani 42.

Chinthu chachitatu - ndi chosasamala a m'deralo machenjezo, zimene zinasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala. kasamalidwe mbewu anachenjeza kuti muyenera kukhala wosamala ndi ngati mukumva phokoso lipenga, kuchoka nthawi yomweyo.

Chotsatira ndi kuti mzinda wa Bhopal pa nthawi ndi boma kuti kosalekeza anasintha maso akhungu kulephera kutsatira malamulo chitetezo, ndi chifukwa, pakhala angapo ngozi pa mbewu.

Chinthu china chofunika ndi kuwonongeka kwa zipangizo, m'malo a chomwe mtengo ndalama zambiri. N'chifukwa chake machitidwe onse amene anayenera kupewa ngozi, anali kaya kukonza, kapena mwadzidzidzi.

Zimayambitsa ngoziyi

Chifukwa boma la ngozi anali konse zotsimikizika. Amadziwika yekha kuti amasulidwe gasi wakupha mu mlengalenga chifukwa cha kulowa thanki madzi ndi methyl isocyanate. Zimenezi zinachititsa madzi otentha ndipo evaporation pansi kuthamanga vavu chitetezo akusokoneza. Kodi madzi ali mu zinthu zimene zolankhulirana ndi zoopsa kwambiri, sizikudziwika mpaka pano. Pa nthawi imeneyi, pali awiri Mabaibulo.

Ngati inu mukukhulupirira woyamba, ziri basi ngozi yoopsa. Linapangidwa madzulo a kusamba kwa madera ozungulira, monga mapaipi ndi mavavu anali olakwika, madzi ali mu chidebe ndi MIKA lapansi.

Wachiwiri anena kuti Bhopal tsoka anali rigged. Mmodzi wa antchito mwachinyengo nazo zifukwa akhoza kugwirizana ndi payipi madzi thanki, ndipo anayamba anachita. Koma Mabaibulo izi ndi zoona, palibe aliyense akudziwa. Zikuonekeratu yekha kuti chilakolako zonse ndalama anali chimayambitsa tsoka munthu.

Dongosolo la zochitika

Bhopal tsoka zinachitika usiku wa 2 3 December 1984. Mphamvu ya E610, zomwe zili matani 42 a methyl isocyanate, pa zifukwa zosadziwika, ndiri nawo pafupi matani a madzi. Zimenezi zinachititsa madzi usavutike madigiri 200 Celsius. Wogwila aona zizindikiro choyamba cha mavuto ndi thanki MIKA pa mphindi 15 zapitazi usiku, mu kamphindi kanjedza onse kawiri. Kuwonjezera masensa mosalephera anatumikila amphamvu rasp, amene lofalitsidwa mu chidebe maziko losweka. Ntchito anathamangira monga machitidwe alamu, koma kunapezeka kuti chabe kwina. Choncho anaganiza m'manja kuti kuziziritsa thanki ndi kuyamba utsi madzi kuchokera kunja, koma yankho wakhala wosaletseka. 00,30 The valavu chitetezo izi sitingazipeze pena anapirira mavuto aakulu ndi kuphulika. Muolu lotsatira, matani 30 a mpweya woipa anaonekera mu mlengalenga. Popeza MIKA yolemera kuposa mpweya, ndi chiyambi cha mtambo koopsa kuyenda limodzi pansi ndi kukwawira pang'onopang'ono gawo yapafupi ya mbewu.

kutulo

Zochitika zonsezi zinachitika pa usiku, kotero anthu onse anali m'tulo mwamtendere. Komabe, anthu yomweyo zotsatira za poizoni. Iwo tikhale chifuwa, maso awo gehena, kupuma zinali sangathe. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti imfa misa mu maola choyamba pambuyo ngozi. The mantha kuwuka monga sizinathandize. Onse anachita mantha ndipo sanamvetse zimene zinali kuchitika. Madokotala anayesetsa kuthandiza anthu, koma sankadziwa mmene. Ndipotu, kasamalidwe mbewu za sanafune kuulula zikuchokera mpweya chifukwa chinsinsi malonda.

Ndi m'mawa mtambo ankakhala moyo wotayirira, koma anasiya nambala yaikulu mitembo. Zinali chiyambi chabe. Kwa masiku angapo otsatira, anthu ambiri anafa, kupatula uwu, m'chilengedwe mwamphamvu kwambiri anakhudzidwa: mitengo waponya masamba, nyama zikufa paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi.

zotsatira za ngozi

Chakuti ngoziyo ichi chimatengedwa ngati woopsa kwambiri mu mbiri, nkhani za mmene ake. Mu maola oyambirira a mpweya woipa anapha anthu 3787 pa masabata awiri pambuyo kuti zochitika zopanda anapha anthu 8,000 mu zaka zotsatirazi, 8000.

Research mu 2006 anasonyeza ziwerengero zoopsa: 558 125 milandu kupita kwa madokotala chifukwa matenda aakulu pambuyo kumaliseche pa nthawi imene analembedwa, omwe chifukwa cha chiphe MIKA. Komanso, Bhopal tsoka kukhala weniweni zachilengedwe tsoka. Poizoni poizoni chilengedwe chonse m'tsogolo. The kampani kukhala chomera analipira ndalama zambiri kuti akuvutika, koma osati kukonza chilichonse.

Chomera pambuyo ngozi,

Ngakhale izi zitachitika, ndi kampani chinatsekedwa yomweyo. Iwo anapitiriza ntchito mpaka zikutha m'mayiko m'matangadza wa MIKA. Mu 1986, panali fakitale otsekedwa ndi zida anagulitsa. Koma palibe amene anayesa kwathunthu kuthetsa angozi. Izo basi inasanduka dambo mankhwala zinyalala kuti poizoni moyo wa mzinda wonsewo. Mpaka lero, mbewu ndi matani oposa 400 poizoni, amene umalowa mu nthaka ndi kusachita oyenera madzi ndi zakudya zolimidwa mozungulira kumwa. Mu 2012, akuluakulu a Indian asankha kutaya zinyalala, koma mpaka izo akukonzekera yekha.

Choncho, choopsa munthu anachititsa tsoka Bhopal tsoka (India) wakhala mbiri ya anthu. 1984 dziko lino wakhala chizindikiro cha imfa. Ngakhale zaka zitatu zitadutsa zotsatira za ngozi zogwirizana anthu onse m'deralo.