Art. 159 Gawo 4 :. Katangale. kachidindo chigawenga

kusintha kulikonse mowirikiza ikuchitikira Russian Wachifwamba Code. Izi ndi zofunika kuti kupereka kokwanira kwambiri, mabuku review milandu malinga ndi mfundo za lamulo, kuyanjana ndi anthu.

Mu 2012, kusintha zagwira ambiri a zinthu, ku nkhani 159. Poyambirira makonzedwe amapereka chilango cha chinyengo mu mtundu uliwonse. upandu zambiri m'gulu la milandu yokhudza chinyengo ndi kuwakhulupirira.

Chinyengo, kaya mawonekedwe, zikutanthauza lokha ndi watilakwira akufuna kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wokhulupirirana ndi woberedwa, kaya munthu kapena bungwe. Komanso, wopalamulayo Osangopereka kulankhulana ndi woberedwa, zimapangitsa zochita dala kuti amatithandiza kudziwa woberedwa, wopalamulayo ali ndi makhalidwe abwino okha, ngakhale zilibe zizigwirizana zenizeni.

Chifukwa cha mosamala mozama dongosolo wolakwayo, chifukwa chakuti wovulalayo Wokhulupilira iye, kuzindikira cholinga zigawenga.

Isanafike kusinthidwa munali Article 159, chomwe chili ndi magulu onse, popanda kusiyana pa maofesi a upandu, monga:

- mwa anthu;

- gulu la mizere Ngongole;

- mabungwe a boma kuti kulipira ubwino ndi kupereka zolimbikitsa ndi ena.

Yotsirizira maofesi awiri chinyengo ndi kupereka mfundo zabodza kapena zikalata zabodza kupeza ndalama.

zosintha

Mu November 2012, Article 159 zasintha kwambiri. Kusintha ndi kuwonjezapo zokhudzana chakuti sangathe zimachitika gulu limodzi la milandu yokhudza anthu ndi upandu poyerekezera ndi mabungwe, komanso dera la umisiri mkulu.

Nkhani imeneyi kuwonjezera riziki 159,1 - 159,6. Tsopano, aliyense chinthu amagwira ntchito nkhani, ndi chokhumudwitsa mu ulemu wa zinthu izi ndi ziletso zina.

kusintha bwanji matanthauzo a chachikulu ndi lalikulu kwambiri za chinyengo (kupatula Article 159). Ngati zisanafike za Uwerenge rubles 250 zikwi. ndipo miliyoni 1 rubles. motero, koma tsopano ndi 1 miliyoni 6 rubles.

Izi ndalama ali advantageously zimachitika pa mlingo wosiyana, mosiyana, mwachitsanzo, mlandu monga chinyengo yofunika kwambiri (v. 159 h. 4), ochiritsira wangwiro payekha.

Komanso, mwambo wa Kuthi pansi Article 159 - 159,6 zimatheka ngati pali mawu akeake a wovulalayo. yazamalamulo mabungwe mulibe ufulu wawo monga zifukwa zawo, kufika mlandu chinyengo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti nthawi sanangopeka nkhani m'munda wa entrepreneurship. The initiators angathe kutumikira mpikisano, kapena apolisi ena ambiri ndi amalonda. Ngakhale mfundo chinyengo, kuti ndi kuba ndi chinyengo cha makina kapena osasunthika katundu, pali chifukwa kanthu malamulo chofunika mawu.

Zakuba mu malonda

Nthawi yovuta kwambiri chifukwa umboni ndi kuzindikira - chokhumudwitsa pansi Article 159,4, mwachitsanzo zinthu zophwanya malamulo mu dera la bizinesi ... Pakati pa mabungwe alamulo kapena amalonda akhoza kuona ubale, amene makamaka ikukhudzana ku munda wa zachuma ndi zoletsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe munthu analipira kutumiza wina wa katundu. phindu la ndalama mwadala osati kuika katundu ndi sanafune kutero.

Pankhani ya akuwakayikira vinyo anatsimikizira, khoti akhoza zoika chabwino kwa miliyoni imodzi ndi theka rubles, ntchito yokakamiza kapena kumangidwa kwa zaka zisanu, ndi ake okha (kapena popanda) kwa nthawi yomweyi.

Mu 2014, kuti ndi zaka ziwiri pambuyo Kusintha kwa mutu 21 Code Wachifwamba, Constitutional Court chikalata zochita pa kusintha ziletso pa nkhani 159 - 159,6 kwa kuthetsa funso Kugwirizana.

Kugwiritsa Act

khoti ananena kuti chilango m'munda wa bizinesi walola kuti ayenerere mchitidwe ngati manda. Ziletso mtundu wa upandu kale zidalembedwa nkhani. 159 h. 4, ndi wopanga malamulo asalole kuti wodzipatula m'nkhani osiyana za kuba amalonda a. Komanso, maonekedwe a m'nkhaniyi, kusiyana kulikonse. Makamaka, ndi kulemekeza mfundo iyi: Ngati mmodzi wa zipani ndi munthu wachibadwa, kapena kulozera kwa mlingo uwu upandu?

Poyamba nkhani imeneyi kusankha pa mwambo milandu mlandu mabwana popanda malo okwanira. Komabe, mphatso imeneyi si inakwaniritsidwa, khoti ambiri a milandu anali oyenerera pansi Art. 159 h. 4 Code Wachifwamba, lomwe kale predumotreny chilango zimenezi.

Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa nkhani 151 - 159,6 si chosavuta ndi kobvuta ntchito ya dongosolo milandu. Mwachitsanzo, malinga Art. 159,1, pali mtundu wa upandu monga chinyengo m'munda wa ntchito ndalama. Pakali pano, ngongole akhoza kuwapeza osati mabanki akuluakulu komanso mabungwe microfinance, ndiwo mtundu wa ntchito entrepreneurial. Zikatero, ngati mchitidwe adayikiza m'munda wa zachuma, pali funso: "Ndani Nkhani amataya upandu - kuti 159,1, 159,4 kapena Part 4 Article 159 ..?"

Khalani makhoti limasonyeza kuti Choyenereza zimadalira chinthucho ndi nkhani za umbanda.

Ngati ife nkhani 159,4 monga riziki zofunika udindo pa wachifwamba malonda, ndiye wopanga malamulo ayenera mwachindunji kuti magulu mu nkhani iyi ndi mabungwe okha malamulo, SP kapena boma. Pakuti zina zonse chinyengo alipo kale Article 159 - 159,6.

Komanso, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti aliyense upandu pali nthawi malire, kenako munthu si udindo mchitidwewo anachita.

Mu Art. 159, mu gawo loyamba, malinga ndi chochitika yokoka zazing'ono, chifukwa chenicheni akuti m'ndende kwa osapitirira 3 zaka. Choncho, malamulo a zofooka mu nkhani iyi - zaka 2.

Pankhani gawo lachiwiri la malamulo a zofooka ndi zaka 6, malinga ndi khalidwe la upandu wochepa kwambiri.

Wachitatu ndi wachinayi mbali ya Article 159 amapereka zolakwa manda, nthawi malire imene Article 15 a Code Wachifwamba kupeza zaka 10.

review cha chigamulochi

Mogwirizana ndi ntchito za kusinthidwa Wachifwamba Code, amene poyamba analandira pa h. 4 Art. 159 wa Code Wachifwamba wa Russian Federation akuti chilango chenicheni cha zinthu wachifwamba malonda (mpaka November 2012), anamasulidwa pansi pa Amnesty chiongo chake zingawonongeka anali kulipidwa.

Malinga Article 10 a Code la Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba, chilamulo ndi retroactive. Ndiko kuti, ngati watilakwira kale kutumikira chiweruzo pachinthu chilichonse, koma patapita kanthawi ziletso anasintha kuti lililonse limatisokoneza amamangidwa ndi ufulu kufunsa Court District kuti abwereze chigamulochi.

Pali njira akaidi mlandu pansi Art. 159 h. 4 Code Wachifwamba, chilango chimene chiri kwa zaka 10 m'ndende, akhoza kukwaniritsa kuchepetsa chiweruzo, ngati mchitidwe anachita ali ndi zizindikiro zonse za zochita oletsedwa mu kagawo kakang'ono entrepreneurial.

Mogwirizana ndi Kulipira nkhani 159,4 milandu adzakhala oyenerera pa malamulo onse. Zikatero, ngakhale lobadwa m'ndende, ndipo malingana ndi malamulo atsopano applicable h. 4 tbsp. 159 lomalizira m'njira wokulirapo, chilango si ndikusinthidwa, monga kuwonongeka kwa zinthu za munthu mlandu sikuloledwa.

Komabe, zilibe kanthu, munthu anamasulidwa atatumikira abereke la parole kapena Amnesty anali. Art. 159 h. 4 amapereka ulamuliro wa utsogoleri, amene ayenera anaika mu njira iliyonse. Wosamasula ku chilango leni pazochitika zilizonse sizikhudza kwa polojekiti wa nzika ukapolo. M'pamenenso upandu, kwambiri nthawi imeneyi. Mwachinyengo makamaka lalikulu (v. 159 h. 4) kuyang'aniridwa wotsatira zikhoza kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyengo pazipita.

zizindikiro Kvalifitsiruschie

Kuwonjezera zolakwa awa, amene wopanga malamulo anapanga, tisaiwale kuti chilango pansi Article 159,4, ngati kulakwa chaperekedwa mu mwaunyinji, zidzakhala lililonse limatisokoneza kwambiri kuposa mchitidwe womwewo kuti ayenerere pansi Art. 159 h. 4 Code Wachifwamba. Pankhaniyi, wopalamulayo zinali zosavuta kuti atsimikizire kuti kulakwa chidaperekedwa mu ntchito za bizinesi, osati kutumikira sentensi nkhani wamba, amene amathandiza zaka 10 ku malo otetezeka.

Pakali pano, ntchito 159 yakuti "wamba" zambiri wolungamitsidwa chifukwa kwenikweni wolakwa kusokoneza chachikulu kapena lalikulu kwambiri - rubles 250 zikwi ndi miliyoni 1 ankalemekeza mwachindunji imeneyi.

Komanso, ngati ife kuganizira mfundo za ogwira ntchito ndi pafupifupi nthawi zonse zotheka kuti motsimikiza kuti upandu chidaperekedwa ndi gulu la anthu ndi dongosolo makamaka.

Mu malingaliro a Art. 159 h. 4 chilango chifukwa cha mlandu anapereka kawiri kuposa kwa mulandu ofanana pansi Part 3 Article 159,4. Komanso, yotumidwa null ndi opanda Nkhani Khalani yekha wambirimbiri chinyengo, koma udindo wa gawo lotsiriza zikutanthauza osati ndi wambirimbiri kuba, komanso kuwamana anthu ufulu chuma cha nyumba.

zimayambira njira imeneyi chakuti chinyengo chikuchitika makamaka m'munda wa malo, komanso mtengo wa nyumba sungathe kukhala pa ndalama n'chochepa kuposa kukula yaikulu ya chilango mu Code Wachifwamba, ndi wopanga malamulo waphatikizapo chinyengo m'dera m'nkhani. 159 h. 4 Code Wachifwamba.

kugwiritsa positi

The Tchimo ndi ntchito zinthu zimene watipatsa zokhudza ntchito boma tanenera m'ndime 3 Article 159. Kugawilidwa kwanthaka siyana za munthu yemwe akugwira kale ntchito za mu gulu kapena bungwe zokhudzana ndi mphamvu za anthu ndi udindo.

Monga ulamuliro, nzika maudindo mkulu, ndi zochita zawo zimakhudza miyoyo ya anthu. N'chifukwa chake, mogwirizana ndi ngozi anthu, chinyengo mu nkhani iyi, ndi mlandu waukulu ndi chilango yoyenera.

Chinyengo ndi kuwakhulupirira ali, monga ulamuliro, kuti munthu akhoza mwadala kubisa mfundo za kusowa kwa udindo mu ntchito mchitidwe uliwonse ndi tricking akuvutika mu mwaunyinji kapena makamaka lalikulu. Pankhaniyi, maphunziro luso. 159 maola. 3, 4 Code Wachifwamba amafuna kuti munthu winayo sanali poyamba sakukwaniritsa udindo.

Choncho ngati nzika alibe ufulu kanthu, koma iye akuchita oyambirira anakonza dongosolo malinga ndi pangano wapakamwa, mosiyana chifukwa cha ufulu ndi zofuna za anthu kapena boma, ntchito Article 201 (nkhanza za ulamuliro) kapena Article 288 (misappropriation ulamuliro nduna) .

Zizindikiro za chinyengo

Ngakhale kukwaniritsa kumva za khalidwe la Art. 159 h. 4, komanso mbali zina zonse za izo, m'pofunika kusankha mfundo kusiyanitsa achinyengo mitundu ina ya kuba.

Makamaka ngati mlandu chidaperekedwa ndi anthu olumala, izo amaonedwa monga kuba. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ziyeneretso pansi Article 159 angayambe pokhapokha ngati wovulalayo anadziwa ndipo anamvetsa kuti anasamutsidwa katundu kapena ufulu wa gulu lina. Izi ziyenera malowa kupereka mwaufulu zinthu monga chinyengo ndi kuwakhulupirira.

Pankhani ya kudwala a wovulalayo sitinganene kuti kuba zoonekeratu, chifukwa munthu sazindikira, chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo kapena matenda, umatulutsa kanthu.

upandu anamaliza

Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti kulakwa aliyense kuti ziyeneretso zoyenera kulembedwa. Yosatha kuchita analankhula pansi nkhani zina, kuphatikizapo upandu ankafuna.

Pankhani chinyengo, amaona ngati kutha nthawi imene katundu ufulu chuma kale wokwatibwa ndi wolakwayo, ndipo iye akhoza kutaya iwo.

N'chimodzimodzinso ndi ndalama ndi zinthu zina, ndi zinthu zimene palibe kulembetsa chikuchitidwa. Pankhaniyi, mwamsanga pamene chinthucho chinali m'manja mwa fraudster ndi, upandu imatengedwa inatha. Ndi kokha mtengo zofunika gulu, yemwe ali mmodzi wa zinthu kuona akamuweruze.

Choncho, mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi chinyengo amasamaliridwa zogwirizana ndi ntchito yopitilira malonda, komanso mbali ayenerere mankhwala ena, makamaka nkhani pansi Art. 159 h. 4, chiganizo chimene kawirikawiri woyikidwa mwa ulemu kwa eni malonda. N'chifukwa chake palibe kufunika kuonetsetsa anthu malamulo monga gulu lapadera, ngati iwo ali kulemekeza kulakwa Mulibenso mwayi.

The mbali zotengera malingaliridwe

Kwambiri chinyengo ayenerere ndi cholinga. Ngati tikambirana zinthu komwe nzika ali ndi kukhulupirira ubale ndi wina, ndi pankhaniyi anali umwini wa katundu aliyense kukhazikitsa ndi, kusamutsa kwa aliyense, kapena pa zolinga zina, si mlandu.

Zikatero, ngati munthu sakukwaniritsa udindo umene imakhudzana ndi zinthu ulimi pa chuma, ndi cholinga kuti zimenezi utapezeka kwa anthu kuti kulanda chinthu kapena wa ufulu, nkhani upandu chiyeneretso pansi Article 159.

mchitidwe

The jurisprudence pa nkhani ya ntchito ya Code mu ulemu wa chinyengo ndi mlandu chinyengo, imene Article 159 anali reclassified udindo wina chifukwa cha kusowa umboni. Pankhaniyi, upandu akhoza anapereka Nkhani 159,1 - 159,6, komanso zinthu zina za Code Wachifwamba.

Pankhani chinyengo, palinso malamulo a ulamuliro. Ngati gawo loyamba la Nkhani 159 tinganene angagwiritse tikambirana Court woweruzayo ndi maudindo chigawo cha Chilungamo kugwira ulimi wa luso. 159 h. 4, 3 ndi 2.

Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mbali yoyamba amapereka wamkulu milandu payekha, pamene ena pankhani ya chikhalidwe paokha anthu.

Comments pa nkhani yakuti

Pali kuthekera kwa wosamasula chilango ndi zotsatira zake, ngati pakhala zolakwa amatchulidwa mu ndime 1 ndi 2 a Article 159. Ngati lobadwa anachita chinthu kwa nthawi yoyamba ndipo motero indemnify ndi kuyanjanitsidwa ndi woberedwa, ndi mlandu ndi kutsazikana malinga ndi Article 25 a Code la Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba.

Sikutheka kumasula munthu udindo ngati chokhumudwitsa anachita pansi Art. .. 159 Part maola 4 kapena 3. choncho kumene nzika - munthu wosakwatira - kunyengedwa munthu anachita izo nthawi yoyamba, koma sitingathe ankaganiza kuti cholinga cha anauka zokha. Ndi za kwa akuluakulu kapena magulu bungwe chiphunzitso cha randomness si ntchito, kotero gulu deta zigawenga ali ndi udindo pansi pa lamulo.

Mobwerezabwereza zochita zokhudza chinyengo mwadala wovulalayo kumafuna chilango weniweni, ngakhale kuwonongeka wakhala kulipidwa. Apa ife tikhoza kulankhula za zisadzachitikenso khalidwe chigawenga. Mu kupanga akuti mfundo imeneyi adzatengedwa nkhani mu malo oyamba.

Choncho, malinga ndi nkhani. 159 h. Comments wopanga malamulo 4 kuulula makamaka zochita chigawenga kupeza chuma kudutsa.