Anthu kupuma ziwalo. Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya dongosolo kupuma

Kodi angatchedwe chizindikiro chachikulu cha umoyo wa anthu? Kumene, ndi mphepo. Munthu akhoza kuchita popanda chakudya ndi madzi kwa nthawi yaitali. Popanda mpweya ntchito yofunika sizingatheke konse.

mwachidule

Kodi kupuma? Ndi kugwirizana pakati pa chilengedwe ndi anthu. Ngati mpweya wambiri chifukwa chilichonse zovuta mtima ndi ziwalo kupuma wa munthu ayamba kugwira ntchito mode mwadzidzidzi. Ichi ndi chifukwa kufunika kupereka mpweya okwanira. Ziwalo dongosolo kupuma amatha atengere masiyanidwe zachilengedwe.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Asayansi akwanitsa kukhazikitsa kuti mpweya kulowa dongosolo kupuma anthu, ndipamene awiri otaya (inaimitsidwa). Mmodzi wa iwo likulowerera mu kumanzere kwa mphuno. Kupuma Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti chiphaso chachiwiri kumanja. Akatswiri amasonyezanso kuti ubongo mitsempha ndi unagawika mitundu iwiri kulandira mpweya. Choncho, ndondomeko kupuma ayenera kukhala zolondola. Nkofunika kuti akhalebe ndi moyo wabwino wa anthu. Taganizirani kapangidwe ka kupuma anthu.

zinthu zofunika kwambiri

Pamene anthu kulankhula za kupuma, ndi ya njira umalimbana kuonetsetsa ndi zizipezeka mpweya kuti zimakhala ndi ziwalo. Pamene thupi ili atachotsedwa zinthu zimene anapanga pa kuwombola mpweya. Kupuma ndi ndondomeko zovuta. Iye udzadutsa magawo angapo. mpweya polowera ndi kubwereketsa mu thupi zotsatirazi sitepe:

1. Mpweya wabwino. Tikuyankhula zokhudza kuwombola mpweya pakati pa mlengalenga yozungulira ndi alveoli. imeneyi imatengedwa kunja kupuma.
2. Kusinthana kwa mpweya, anatengedwa ku mapapo. Kumachitika pakati pa magazi ndi mpweya alveolar.
3. njira ziwiri: yobereka mpweya wochokera m'mapapo kuti zimakhala, komanso ngati zoyendera mpweya woipa yotsirizira ku zakale. Tikuyankhula zokhudza kayendedwe ka mpweya kudzera m'magazi.
4. Siteji yotsatira kuwombola mpweya. Kumafuna maselo minofu ndi capillaries magazi.
5. Pomaliza, kupuma lamkati. Amenewa amanena za makutidwe ndi okosijeni zamoyo amene amapezeka mu mitochondria maselo.

ntchito yaikulu

Anthu kupuma kupereka kuchotsa mpweya woipa magazi. Ntchito yawo ndi oxygenation ake. Ngati mndandanda zimaonetsa dongosolo kupuma, ichi - zofunika kwambiri.

Sankhula ntchito

Pali anthu ena kupuma ntchito pakati pawo tingaone motere:

1. Kutenga mbali mu ndondomeko thermoregulation. chakuti Mpweya mpweya kutentha amakhudza chizindikiro chomwecho cha thupi. Pa mpweya, thupi limataya kutentha kwa malo akunja. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo utakhazikika, ngati nkotheka.
2. Kutenga mbali mu njira secretory. Pa atapita, pamodzi ndi mpweya ndi thupi (kupatula mpweya woipa) amachotsedwa nthunzi. Imakhudzanso ena zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, ethyl mowa pamene woledzera.
3. Kutenga mbali mu zochita m'thupi. Zikomo Mbali imeneyi, anthu ziwalo kupuma imatheka kutaya ena zinthu pathologically oopsa. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka, monga tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo, tizilombo tizilombo tina. Luso limeneli wapatsidwa maselo ena a m'mapapo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iwo akhoza zimachitika miyambo ya chitetezo cha m'thupi.

ntchito yeniyeni

Pali pang'ono kwambiri lolunjika ntchito ya dongosolo kupuma. Makamaka ntchito yeniyeni zimagwiridwa bronchi, trachea, kholingo nasopharynx. Mwa ntchitozo compartmentalized izi:

1. Yozizira kutentha mpweya umene ukubwerawo. ntchito imeneyi imagwiridwa malinga ndi kutentha yozungulira.
2. Humidification (Mpweya) amene kumathandiza kuyanika kunja kwa mapapo.
3. Kuyeretsedwa kwa polowera mpweya. Makamaka zimenezi zikugwira ntchito nkhani yachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, fumbi ukubwera kuchokera mlengalenga.

Kapangidwe ka ziwalo kupuma anthu

zinthu zonse ogwirizana ndi njira yapadera. Malinga ndi iye nkumapita ndi kutuluka mlengalenga. Komanso mu dongosolo monga mapapo - ziwalo, kumene mpweya kuwombola amapezeka. Unit cha zovuta ndi momwe ntchito ndi zovuta ndithu. Taonani anthu dongosolo kupuma (zithunzi pansipa) mwatsatanetsatane.

Information za M'mimbamo m'mphuno

thirakiti kupuma akuyamba ndi izo. The m'mphuno ndi wosiyana pakamwa. Front - ichi ndi m'kamwa molimbika ndipo kumbuyo - zofewa. Mu M'mimbamo m'mphuno ali chichereŵechereŵe ndi fupa mafupa. Iwo agawidwa kumanzere ndi kumanja mbali kuyamika khoma lolimba. Komanso, pali atatu turbinate. Chifukwa cha iwo, M'mimbamo lagawidwa ndime:

1. M'munsi.
2. Avereji.
3. Upper.

Malinga ndi iye akudutsa wotuluka tikamapuma ndi Mpweya mpweya.

Features mucous

Ali osiyanasiyana zipangizo kuti tinapangidwa zochizira Mpweya mpweya. Choyamba, izo chimakwirira epithelium ciliated. cilia wake kupanga pamphasa mosalekeza. Chifukwa kukulowa cilia, fumbi atachotsedwa mosavuta ku m'mphuno. Tsitsi amene ali pa m'mbali kunja kwa m'maenje zachititsanso kuti amangidwe zinthu zakunja. Nembanemba mucous lili zopangitsa wapadera. chinsinsi chawo unakhala fumbi ndi facilitates Kupha ake. Komanso, humidification amapezeka.

Ntchofu kuti lili M'mimbamo m'mphuno, ali katundu bactericidal. Lili lysozyme. Zinthu zimenezi kumathandiza kuchepetsa mphamvu ya tizilombo kubereka. Komanso wakupha iwo. The mucosa ndi kuchuluka kwa mitsempha. M'mikhalidwe yosiyana, iwo akhoza pathupi. Ngati iwo kuonongeka, ndiye kuyamba nosebleeds. Cholinga mabungwe awa Kutentha mpweya kudutsa mphuno a ndege ya. maselo oyera kusiya ziwiya magazi ndipo amaoneka padziko mucosal. Iwo chigwire ntchito ndi zoteteza. Mu ndondomeko ya phagocytosis wa leukocytes akuphedwa. Motero, ntchofu amene anamasulidwa mphuno, muli zambiri akufa "amateteza". Kenako, mpweya akudutsa mu nasopharynx, ndiyeno - mu ziwalo zina za dongosolo kupuma.

m'phuno

Ndi patsogolo hypopharynx lapansi. Izi mlingo wa 4-6-TH vertebrae khomo lachiberekero. M'phuno anapanga chichereŵechereŵe. Recent ogaŵikana awiriawiri (mphero, rozhkovidnye, arytenoid) ndi unpaired (cricoid, chithokomiro). Pankhaniyi, epiglottis amamangiriridwa ku mphepete chapamwamba omaliza chichereŵechereŵe lapansi. Pa Pomeza, limafotokoza khomo m'mphako ya. Choncho, ndi kupewedwa ndisapalamule chakudya chake.

Awiri timinofu kuthamanga kwa mabele kwa cartilages arytenoid. Glottis ndi malo amene anapanga pakati pawo.

General zokhudza trachea ndi

Ndi kupitiriza m'mphako ya. Iwo agawidwa bronchi awiri: lamanzere ndi lamanja. Bifurcation - ndi malo nthambi trachea. Iwo amakhala ndi utali zotsatirazi: 9-12 cm. Wapakati yopingasa awiri ndi khumi millimeters.

The trachea zingaphatikizepo mpaka makumi awiri chosakwanira cartilaginous mphete. N'zokhudza ndi mitsempha fibrous. Chifukwa cha theka mphete cartilaginous Airways kukhala zotanuka. Komanso, iwo anapangidwa chotero loyenda mosavuta imakhala yosadutsika kwa mpweya.

Membranous zapambuyo tracheal khoma ndi flattened. Lili minofu yosalala minofu (matabwa uja lengthwise ndi crosswise). Izi zipangitsa kuti kayendedwe yogwira trachea pamene kutsokomola, kupuma ndi zina zotero. Pankhani nembanemba mucous, izo chimakwirira epithelium ciliated. Pankhaniyi, kupatulapo ndi gawo la epiglottis ndi timinofu. alinso ndi zopangitsa mucous ndi minofu lymphoid.

bronchi

Izi amafotokozera awiri. bronchi awiri, anawagawa trachea, kodi m'gulu lamanzere ndi lamanja mapapo. Pali mtengo-ngati nthambi mu zinthu zing'onozing'ono, amene ali m'gulu mu lobes m'mapapo mwanga. Choncho, anapanga bronchioles. Tikuyankhula zokhudza nthambi zambiri yaing'ono airway. Awiri kupuma bronchioles kungakhale 0.5 mm. Nawonso, kupanga ducts alveolar. Recent itha zikwama ziwalo.

ndi alveoli chiyani? protrusion izi, ndi mawonekedwe a thovu, zomwe zili pa makoma a zikwama ziwalo ndi kusuntha. awiri awo ndi 0,3 mm, ndipo chiwerengero n'kutheka kuti 400 Mill. Izi amatipatsa kuthekera kukhazikitsa lalikulu kupuma pamwamba. Chinthu ichi kwambiri zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa kuwala. Yotsirizira akhoza zochuluka.

Zofunika kwambiri anthu dongosolo kupuma

Amaonedwa m'mapapo. matenda aakulu nawo, akhoza kukhala moyo pachiswe. Kuwala (chithunzi anapereka m'nkhani) zili pamtima M'mimbamo, amene hermetically losindikizidwa. mpanda wake kumbuyo anapanga msana lolingana ndi nthiti amene movably Ufumuyo. Pakati pawo pali minofu mkati ndi kunja.

M'mimbamo thoracic ndi wosiyana pansi m'mimba. Izi midriff mtsikana kapena zakulera. m'mapapo thunthu si yosavuta. Anthu, pali awiri. The m'mapapo ufulu lobes atatu. Pa nthawi yomweyo kumanzere ali awiri. Pamwamba pa mapapo - ndi chapamwamba awo mwapang'ono mbali m'munsi anawonjezera malo ankaona. Pazipata zosiyanasiyana. Iwo ukufanizidwa ndi grooves padziko lamkati la mapapo. Kudzera mwa iwo ndi mitsempha, bronchi, mitsempha ndiponso ziwiya lymphatic. Muzu uli kuchotsedwa mabungwe pamwambapa.

Kuwala (chithunzi limasonyeza malo awo), kapena m'malo minofu awo, lopangidwa ndi nyumba yaing'ono. Iwo akutchedwa magawo. Awa ndi madera aang'onoang'ono amene ali mawonekedwe pyramidal. Bronchi, zomwe zina mwa zigawo chogwirizana, ogaŵikana bronchioles kupuma. Alveolar kusuntha uko kumapeto kwa aliyense wa iwo. dongosolo lonse ndi zinchito unit wa m'mapapo. Iyo imatchedwa acini.

Opepuka lokutidwa pleura. m'chimake tichipeza zinthu ziwiri. Tikuyankhula zokhudza akunja (parietal) ndipo mkati (choipidwa) pamakhala (dera kuwala zaikidwa m'munsimu). Last zakutidwa ndi pa nthawi yomweyo ndi chipolopolo akunja. Zimapangitsa kusintha mu akunja pamwamba chinsalu cha pleura ndi chipolopolo ndi chipupa lamkati la M'mimbamo thoracic. Izi zimachititsa geometrically anatseka zing'onozing'ono danga capillary. Tikuyankhula zokhudza M'mimbamo pleural. Lili pang'ono madzi abwino. Iye wets ndi pleura. Izi facilitates kutsetsereka awo pamodzi. kusintha kwa mpweya m'mapapo chifukwa chachilengedwe. Mmodzi wa chachikulu ndi kusintha kukula kwa cavities pleural ndi thoracic. Izi ndi thunthu la mapapo.

Katundu athandizira limagwirira ndi kubwereketsa mpweya

Monga kale uja, pakati mafuta limene lili mu alveoli, ndipo mumlengalenga anasinthanitsa. Iwo amayamba ndi rhythmic mpweya alternating. Kuwala alibe minofu minofu. Pachifukwa ichi, kuchepetsa awo tima n'zosatheka. Pankhaniyi, mbali achangu analipereka kwa minofu kupuma. Pamene iwo kupuma ziwalo sikutheka. Pankhaniyi, dongosolo kupuma si anakhudzidwa.

Kudzoza ndi zinthu inhalation. Ndi ndondomeko yogwira ntchito, zomwe anaonetsetsa kuwonjezeka mu chifuwa. Zidzathe ndi zinthu mpweya. Zimenezi ndi kungokhala chete. Iye ndi chifukwa chakuti M'mimbamo thoracic amachepetsa.

Kupuma mkombero limaoneka mbali ina ya inhalation ndi mpweya. Mu ndondomeko ya mpweya kulowa kabowo ndi kulandira kunja oblique minofu nawo. Pamene kuchepetsa m'mbali awo anayamba adzauka. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali kuwonjezeka mu M'mimbamo thoracic. chifundamtima yafupika. Komatu, pamafunika zambiri kuposa malo athyathyathya.

Koma ziwalo incompressible wa zonse m'mimba, ndiye iwo akankhidwira mbali ndi pansi pa ndondomeko. The mzikiti wa zakulera pamene chete kupuma ndi adatchithisira ndi pafupifupi theka centimeter. Motero, pali kuwonjezeka mu ofukula kukula kwa chifuwa patsekeke. Pankhani ya mpweya mwakuya kwambiri mu kuchita inspiratory wa nawo akatumba wothandiza, lomwe ndi zotsatirazi:

1. Rhomboid (zomwe kukweza tsamba).
2. Trapezius.
3. Small ndi lalikulu m'mawere.
4. The serratus zapambuyo.

Mpanda wa M'mimbamo thoracic ndi mapapo chimakwirira serosa. Pleural M'mimbamo akuimira kudula yopapatiza pakati pa mapepala a. Lili madzimadzi serous. Kuwala nthawi zonse boma anatambasula. Ichi ndi chifukwa kuthamanga mu M'mimbamo pleural ndi negative. Ndi ndodo zotanuka. chakuti kuchuluka kwa kuwala nthawi zonse amayesetsa ndichepe. yotsiriza osefukira The pafupifupi minofu kupuma pansi. Kuthamanga mu M'mimbamo pleural pansipa kuthamanga mumlengalenga. anthu osiyana nawo mbali yaikulu mu inspiratory kuchita masewero zakulera kapena minofu intercostal. Choncho, tikhoza kulankhula za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kupuma:

1. Raeburn.
2. Diaphragmatic.
3. Typhoid.
4. M'mawere.

Tsopano amadziwika kuti akazi chogwidwa mtundu otsiriza kupuma. Amuna nthawi zambiri pali m'mimba. Pa chete kupuma mpweya kumachitika chifukwa mphamvu zotanuka. Iwo amasonkhana pa mpweya m'mbuyomu. Pamene minofu kumasuka, nthiti kungakhale ankangokhala kubwerera ku malo poyambira. Ngati kuchepetsa kabowo adzakhala ndichepe, kudzatenga ozungulira wanu wakale malo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ziwalo m'mimba kanthu. Choncho, kuthamanga mu izo amachepetsa.

Onse njira pamwamba kuyambitsa psinjika a m'mapapo. Awa, mpweya lisanatuluke (chabe). Analimbitsa kutulutsa - ndi ndondomeko yake yogwira ntchito. Iwo ankapita ndi mkati minofu intercostal. Choncho ulusi awo anathamangira ku Nineve ngati kufanana ndi kunja. Iwo yafupika, ndi nthiti kugwa. Komanso pali kuchepetsa wa M'mimbamo thoracic.