Amene anamanga Cathedral wa Annunciation lapansi. Annunciation Cathedral wa boma la Russia: kufotokoza

Mbiri yaitali ya boma Russian kumaonekera zipilala la zojambulajambula, zomangamanga ndi mabuku. Likulu la dziko lalikulu - Moscow ndi malo ake - boma la Russia, amene lero si mpando wa boma ndiponso mtsogoleri, komanso kowonera zakale yomwe imasonyeza zikuluzikulu zonse kukhala wamphamvu. Wapadera zomangamanga ndiponso mbiri yake ya zovuta ndi ungadziwire alendo zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa. Aliyense nyumba ali mbali ya athu akale: nsanja, mabwalo, minda, mipingo ya Moscow Kremlin. Cathedral wa Annunciation wa nyumba yakale kwambiri, tiakachisi, kusungidwa mu izo, kunayamba nthawi ya mapangidwe Christianity mu Russia.

malo

Pakatikati mapulani wa Moscow Kremlin ndi Cathedral Square. Ziwiri zazikulu zipilala mbiri zili pamodzi wozungulira ake. South-kumadzulo mbali ya lalikulu ndi Cathedral wa Annunciation, amene limatchedwa golide-ozungulira, iye anali opatulidwira ku dzina la Annunciation wa Virgin. kachisiyo woimira wapadera wa zomangamanga akale, ngale ya boma la Russia. Pa mbiri yaitali linakhalapo, linadzamangidwanso nthawi zambiri, chokongoletsedwa ndi aliyense woimira lotsatira ufumu wa mfumu, koma sanataye cholinga chachikulu ndi mitundu poyamba anaoneratu. Pofuna kudziwa amene anamanga Annunciation Cathedral wa Moscow Kremlin, usatongwa ulang'ane mbiri ya chilengedwe chake. Imathamanga pa Nkhani ya magwero kumapeto kwa XIV Cathedral izo kale.

nkhani

Mpingo matabwa a Annunciation deta mosadziwika inamangidwa 1290. Malinga ndi nthano, ndi kuti kumanga chidapatsidwa mwa Prince Andrew, amene anali mwana Aleksandra Nevskogo. Amene anamanga Cathedral wa Annunciation mu Baibulo choyambirira matabwa silikudziwika, koma kumapeto kwa zaka za zana XIV izo zinakhala ofunikira. Kufunika kulimbikitsa ndi kubwezeretsa kwa mpingo anawuka pambuyo adaperekedwa Byzantine mafano "Khristu sacristy white." Iwo amagwirizana ndi izi mwambo woyamba wolembedwa akutchula za tchalitchi m'tsogolo. Kwa nthaŵi Baibulo la zomangamanga choyambirira sichinali mfundo iliyonse. Kukula, wolemba wa nyumba, mkati ndi kunja ulemerero wa mpingo kukhala chinsinsi chimene sangathe kumasuliridwa. Chiyambireni cha m'ma XIV akuyamba kumanga mpingo mwala chomwe pambuyo amadziŵika monga Cathedral wa Annunciation lapansi. Mbiri ya kusintha zina za kachisi inextricably zogwirizana ndi kalonga, ndiyeno mabanja achifumu akulamulira Russia.

m'ma XV

umunthu wake mu mpingo mwala anayenera Basil I (mwana wa wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy), iye ndiye analamula kuyala yopemphereramo kwa banja kalonga. The chikhalidwe ndicho yomanga moyandikana ndi zipinda za malawi, kotero Cathedral mu Moscow Kremlin Annunciation m'tauni anatcha kachisiyo 'pa khonde. " Mu 1405 iye anajambula ulemerero mkati anapangidwa otchuka Russian amisiri (F. Greek, A. Rublev). Mbali mapulani a dongosolo analenga, mapulani ake amasonyeza chikoka cha kalembedwe Byzantine, amene anali kwambiri chifukwa mapangidwe Chikhristu mu nthawi imeneyo. Kwa zaka 70 kachisi anatumikira mu zikutsatiridwa ndi 1483 anawonongedwa pa malamulo a Ivan III.

Yomanga tchalitchi

Full pomwe Kremlin nyumba akuyamba ndi 1480. Duke wa Moscow, Ivan III anaitanidwa ambuye Italy ntchito, koma ndi mkhalidwe wa kukonzanso cha zovuta lonse la nyumba kalembedwe wakale Russian. Amene anamanga Cathedral wa Annunciation chiyani? Kuchokera m'mbiri ya nthawi amamudziwa ponena kuti kachisi anamangidwa ndi mapulani Russian. Ntchito izi anachita nawo Pskov mapulani, amene ndi thandizo la ambuye Moscow ayamba kumanga kacisi mu 1984. Maziko a chapansi akale anali naye kwambiri. E. tchalitchi inamangidwa wa mawonekedwe ofanana ndi chimodzi.

yovuta anaima pamaso mabwana Russian, anali mogwirizana oyenera kachisi zovuta za nyumba ya boma la Russia. Kuyambira Mbiri cha m'ma XIV, mungathe kuphunzira mayina a anthu amene anamanga Cathedral wa Annunciation mu Moscow izi mapulani ku Pskov Myshkin ndi Krivtsov. Tikumbukenso ndalama za anthu awa, chifukwa cha khama lawo, boma la Russia ali dongosolo wina wapadera ndi kuwaphunzira mbiri ya boma pa zaka za moyo wake.

zomangamanga

Mu 1489 ntchito yomanga tchalitchi itatha, iye anayatsa Metropolitan Gerontius. mbali Chitsanzo cha miyambo mapulani wa Moscow ndipo Pskov ambuye agona mu chipinda chino. Monga kachisi analipo, iye anali ndi mawonekedwe lalikulu ndipo anakwatiwa ndi mitu itatu. M'chigawo chapakati linaikidwa mwala wachikumbutso umene ankasiyana aliyense mpanda wa Chipilala otsika. Cross-ozungulira nyumba unazunguliridwa ndi tambirimbiri anaphimba. kusintha dongosolo womangidwa kachisi ndi nyumba ya boma la Russia zovuta. Apses (anatseka yaing'ono guwa recess) unali mbali ya kum'mawa. Main (yachipembedzo) akuti alibe akuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito, zomwe anasenza Annunciation Cathedral wa boma la Russia. Kufotokozera za guwa limachititsa kuganiza kuti chapansi akhoza kusungidwa chuma cha boma.

kusankhidwa

atsogoleri Grand, ndiyeno tsars onse Russian ntchito Annunciation Cathedral wa boma la Russia monga mpingo oimbira. Lothandiza masakalamenti onse banja (ubatizo, ukwati). The tchalitchi anabereka wauzimu wa mkulu wa Russia ankati izo, anathandiza kukonza ndi chifuniro chotsimikizika, akanakhoza kupereka mfumu malangizo kukambirana. Mpingo Annunciation anali kufunika kwa kalonga (mfumu) banja (zotsalira, zithunzi, zotsalira za oyera mtima). Akalonga woyamba wa Moscow kusungidwa mu kachitidwe chuma. Aliyense nthumwi ya mafumu lotsatira, anakwera wachifumu, kuyesera kusintha mkati mwa tchalitchi, kuti maonekedwe ake chinthu zawo, kusiya chikumbutso kwa ana.

XVI m'ma

Amene anamanga Cathedral wa Annunciation, amene ife masiku ano? Funso si kwapafupi, nyumbayo kusinthidwa kawirikawiri mogwirizana ndi moto Moscow ndi chifukwa cha nkhondo kapena kusintha. Kusintha kwambiri mu maonekedwe a kachisi zinachitika m'zaka za m'ma XVI. Vasily III muulamuliro wake analamula kujambula kachisi "mwini." ntchito kukopa amisiri bwino mu Russia (Theodosius, Fedor Edikeev). Zolinga zikuluzikulu za frescoes zinasungidwa, koma ulemerero wa tchalitchi kumeneko ndi kumalizitsa miyala yamtengo wapatali. Chiwerengero cha domes kuchuluka kwa 9 (chizindikiro Woyera Virgin mu Chikhristu akale), omwe TACHIMATA ndi golide, choncho amakhala Zlatoverkh tchalitchi. Pakhomo kum'mwera kwa dongosolo lake cholinga okha wachifumu ulendo (Kalonga) banja, kumene iwo anaperekedwa zachifundo ndi zina msonkhano.

Ivan Grozny

Mu 1547 Moscow ndi boma la Russia nyumba kwambiri anakhudzidwa ndi moto waukulu. Cathedral wa Annunciation anali nazonso, kotero Ivan Grozny anamulamula kuti achire bwinobwino (kapena nyumba). Mu 1564, kachisi anamangidwa, utoto, chokongoletsedwa kochulukira kuposa pansi atate wake (Vasily III), ndipo magetsi. Khumbi chokongoletsedwa ndi chosema woyera mwala makonde, amene cholinga ndi ambuye Italy. Mwapadera nthawi zitseko zitsulo zamkuwa, chokongoletsedwa ndi golide. Ndi pang'ono ankamangidwanso iconostasis ndi utoto m'chipinda chotetezeka, malinga ndi mizati m'kachisi. Analamulidwa ndi Ivana Groznogo kwa Annunciation Cathedral amamangiriridwa khonde (Grozny), pa kupereka izo, anali malo nfumu aona kuti nyengo yachisanu ikupita imfa yake.

mbiri ya makono

Iye anatenga mpandowachifumu wa Romanov mafumu, amenenso anali ndi chokongoletsedwa Cathedral wa Annunciation lapansi. Mbiri yake wotsatira ndi chitsanzo cha maganizo mosamala kwambiri Old tiakachisi Russian. The kuwonongeka kwambiri kwa mpingo unali mu 1917, likule kugunda khonde anawonongedwa Grozny, omwe si wabwezeretsedwa. The Bolsheviks anasamukira likulu kuti Moscow ndipo anaikidwa boma la Russia utsogoleri wa dziko. Wapadera mbiri, chipembedzo ndi mapulani malo anakhala kuwerengedwa anthu wamba. Boma latsopano patapita nthawi yaitali watsegula khomo la mbiri mzinda, polenga Moscow Kremlin osungirako zakale. Annunciation Cathedral ntchito m'njira imeneyi mpaka mu 1993. Lero ndi imodzi mwa amakezana Orthodox malo woyera ukugwira ntchito pa dera la mkhalidwe wathu.

zomangamanga zamakono

Cathedral wa Annunciation unamangidwapo zaka mazana angapo. Kwenikweni imakhala nyumba zingapo panyengo zosiyanasiyana kuti Chili mogwirizana zokwanira kupanga kuoneka bwino wa munthu zamakono kachisi. Mu XVI m'ma ku tchalitchi amagwira m'matchalitchi zinayi, mutu korona, ndi atatu mwa mitu inayi kukongoletsa. Danga mkati ndi wamfupi, T. Kwa. Tchalitchi The ankaufulula okha chachikulu (mfumu) banja. Kalembedwe mapulani a zomangamanga akhoza ngati Old Russia, miyambo Byzantine anafotokoza. Kapangidwe mzikiti likuvutika kuyatsa amalenga zotsatira za kayendedwe umodzi, monga mwa unsembe wa ulemerero unkagwiritsidwa Pskov mapulani sukulu (zipilala lalikulu, arches kusiya). Moscow ambuye ndi mu nkhope ya tchalitchi makoma ndi makonde mawonekedwe unatengera lamba. Annunciation Cathedral ndi wapadera mbiri yake zomangamanga ndi nyumba.

iconostasis

The zikuchokera wapadera ndi zaka zopereka, lili tiers angapo (mizere). Zizindikiro XIV, XV, zaka XVI, zotsalira wapadera wa Chikhristu wakale anapereka m'kachisi. Ena mwa iwo ndi ntchito Andreya Rubleva ndi Feofana Greka, amene anapulumuka mpaka masiku athu. Zizindikiro zosonyeza zochitika m'moyo wa Kristu, olengedwa m'zaka XVI, malipilo awo zimapangidwa ndi kuti wapadera mu 1896. N'zosadabwitsa iconostasis Annunciation Cathedral ndi chifukwa anachoka mu malo fano mfumu kuti amalamulira mu nthawi inayake imeneyi. Pambuyo pa imfa ya mfumu mafano ndi chithunzi wake unasamutsidwa kwa Angelo Cathedral ndipo anaikidwa pa tombstone a.

kupenta

The wamkulu zitsanzo ovomerezeka a frescoes anataya moto ndi zojambulidwa a tchalitchi. kupenta masiku ano makope awo, chopangidwa ndi amisiri wa XVI atumwi, amene anayesa kusonyeza mitundu, mawonekedwe ndi nkhani phindu. Kodi sizodabwitsa n'chakuti pamodzi ndi amajambulapo maluwa okongola miyambo m'Baibulo pa makoma, zitsime zosambiramo, kuphatikizaponso mizati akamachita nkhope za akalonga Russian ndi afilosofi wakale, limapereka ngati chipilala wapadera monga Annunciation Cathedral wa boma la Russia. Moscow, Russia ziribenso wakale zitsanzo mural akachisi. owonetsera zakale izi m'nyumba zosemasema achipembedzo, amene alibe analogues. Chifaniziro cha Annunciation wa amakezana komanso yosowa mtundu iconography.