11 kwambiri maganizo apapa mu mbiri

Kwa zaka zambiri, tchalitchi cha Katolika umasankha zabwino ndi woyenera atsogoleri, kuti chiwafikitse nkhosa multimillion. Komabe, pakati pa mapapa 266 sanali zitsanzo zonse za chikhulupiriro ndi kumvera. Ena mwa iwo anakumbukira chilango chankhanza, zoipa ozunguza ndi mdima mabizinesi ndalama oletsedwa.

Papa Stephen VI

pontifi Izi analamula kuti exhume thupi la kuloŵedwa m'malo ake Formosa ndi khalidwe wankhanza mayesero ake. thupi yapita papa, ndi mdani wa Stephen VI anavala zovala papa ndi anabzala mu mpando wa wozengedwayu. Mtembo mafunso Iye anayankha pontifi panopa. Kumapeto kwa bwalo thupi Formosa alamulidwa Chilango chaukali. Iye anadula zala zitatu dzanja limene anadalitsa wokhulupirika, ndiye kudula thupi mu zidutswa ndi m'ng'anjo Tiber. Chotero kuchita ndi Sanali sanakonde wa Aroma, mamembala ambiri a mpingo, ndipo Papa Stephen VI ananditumiza ku ndende, pamene anam'manga khosi. Dismembered thupi Formosa ndi kukupereka reburied m'manda papa.

John XII

papa Izi imatengedwa kwambiri chiwerewere papa osati nthawi yake, komanso mbiri ya Mpingo wa Katolika. Anakwera mpando papa pa zaka 18, Yohane anatembenuka nyumba yake mu mahule, ndi ankasewera pa zopereka wa okhulupirika. Ngakhale angakuthandizeni Papa Otto ine mu kukambirana munthu Yohane XII, mlandu wakupha, perjury, mwano ndi pachibale ndi alongo ake. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, Yohane XII anafa pa manja a mwamuna wake, amene mkazi wake zasintha ndi pontifi lapansi. Kugwira iwo mu bedi, mwamuna aukali kumenya bambo. Chifukwa cha kumenyedwa pontifi anamwalira patangopita masiku atatu.

Papa Benedict IX

papa uyu anakwera wachifumu katatu. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, malinga ndi lipoti zotsutsana, zinali 12 kwa zaka 20. Mulimonsemo, iye anali mmodzi wamng'ono ndipo ambiri wathuwu apapa mu mbiri ya mpingo. mbiri German, anati kwa Benedict monga chiwanda ku gehena, amene anakwera pa mpando wachifumu mu mawonekedwe a wansembe wa Katolika. Iye mlandu wa kupha, kuba komanso chigololo. Malinga ndi mbiri ya Aroma, mu nyumba yachifumu ya papa, Benedict IX anali kukhala ngati mfumu ina kalelo, wazunguliridwa ndi chuma ndi adzakazi.

Bonifesi VIII

papa uyu, pamene kunena kuti ochimwa kwambiri, ndipo si chitsanzo cha kumvera ndi chikhulupiriro. Atakwera pa mpando wachifumu, anamanga zipilala yekha mu Rome ndipo analengeza kuti kugonana ndi anyamata akaziwo anali ana aang'ono palibe ochimwa kwambiri kuposa akusisita manja.

Mu ulamuliro wake, iye anapitiriza mzinda wonsewo chifukwa cha kusiyana pandale ndi kupeza yekha mdani woopsa lalikulu Dante Alighieri. Ndi chidwi kuti Bonifesi ndi mu bwalo chitatu wa gehena ntchito Dante a, "The Divine Comedy."

Papayu IV

pontifi Izi mlandu zogona ana ndi sodomy, komanso mfundo yakuti mmodzi wa nephews wake anali mankhwala a pachibale pakati Papayu ndi mchemwali wake. Koma n'zovuta younikira zoti Yesu zinadziwika kuti zinthu chifukwa chakuti pontifi anali ndi adani ambiri amphamvu. Kodi Papayu IV ndithu akhoza mlandu ndi kukondera. Pafupifupi onse nephews wake anali makadinala, ndipo mmodzi wa iwo ngakhale anakhala Papa. Kuwonjezera pa amaonekera zoipa mu mbiri ya mpingo, Papayu anali woyang'anira woona wa luso, sayansi ndi zomangamanga. Iye analamula kuti ntchito yomanga wotchuka Sistine Chapel, ndi kubwezeretsedwa mipingo yambiri imawonongeka ku Rome.

Innocent VIII

Innocent anakwera mpando papa amatetezedwa ndi bizinesi Rover, amene anali kuloŵedwa m'malo ake. Ichi ndi pontifi yekha, avomereze ana awo wapathengo, amene anali eyiti. Komanso, Innocent anapita za Genriha Kramera, wolemba wa wathuwu "mfiti" ndipo anapereka ng'ombe akuyitanira chilango mfiti kulankhulana ndi mdierekezi, zimene zinachititsa kuti njira wotchuka inquisitorial umalimbana ndi akazi mu Europe.

Alexander VI

Pa Msonkhano wapadera wa Alexander anakuvoterani anthu 7 kokha, ndipo iye anapita pa ziphuphu, pafupifupi anagula wachifumu wa ofuna ena. Rodrigo Borgia mu dziko, anakhala papa mu 1492. ulamuliro wake anali yodziwika ndi pachibale, mapwando, ndi kuchuluka yaikulu ndalama. Pambuyo pa kupha mwana wake wokondedwa pontifi ndikusinthidwa malingaliro ake pa makhalidwe lotayirira ndi udatotobwa, koma sanakhale chiwawa ndi chochepa. Pa malamulo ake, Iye anapachikidwa wotchuka otchuka Girolamo Savonarola onena Alexander ndi abambo ena oipa. Pambuyo Alexander sanathe chiphuphu mmonke, anauzidwa kuti akagwire ndi kunena Savonarola, kenako analamulidwa kuti aphedwe anthu. Zimenezi ndi oyandikira Reformation.

Julius II

Julius II limatchedwa atate ambiri ankhanza. Iye anali wamphamvu, chiwawa ndi yogwira kwambiri, mpaka iye nawo nkhondo ku Italy, ndipo kutsogolo. ulamuliro wake kwachititsa kukula kwa papa States ndi kugwa kwa Venice. Ambiri a Julius II amadziwika ntchito zake zachifundo, anaposa ngakhale anthu amalume ake Papayu. Koma Julius anamwalira ndi matenda chindoko, amene anadwala chifukwa cha kulankhula ndi oimira ntchito yoyambilira. Pofika kumapeto kwa moyo wake stupas wake pontifi anali pafupi zophimbidwa ndi zilonda, kotero kuti okhulupirira osati kudzapembedza pamaso pa iwo ndi kumpsompsona iwo.

Leo X

Leo X a banja Medici ndipo anali woyang'anira wotchuka a zaluso ndi spender mfulu. Komanso, wakhala chuma lonse anatsala Julius II, ndalama zake kwambiri upambana ndalama upapa. Pofuna moyo wapamwamba, pontifi anayamba kugulitsa machimo ndi maudindo aakulu. Mtima umenewu kuchita tchimo ndi chikhululukiro patsogolo kwa chisokonezo pa gawo la atsogoleri achipembedzo komanso ngakhale anthu wamba. Kumuyalutsa limene makala kukhwima Zolinga za kayendedwe kusintha.

Paul IV

Paulo anakwera mpando wachifumu ali patsogolo, koma mu zaka zinayi za ulamuliro wake wobadwa autocracy mtheradi ndi kuchuluka mphamvu ya kusaka. Choopsa dongosolo lake - kutumiza Ayuda onse mu ghettos ndi manyazi umene anali pansi pamene akukhala kumeneko. Mwa dongosolo la pontifi lidawonongeka ndi masunagoge ochita Rome. Paul IV anali kudana ndi anthu amene pambuyo pa imfa yake anthu a Roma anawononga ziboliboli zake zonse ndi zithunzi.

Urban VIII

Komiti ya pontifi ndi Management chinali mayesero wotchuka wa Galileo. Wankhanza Papa Urban Sanayamikire wasayansi anafuna zokulitsa ntchito ake odzipatulira kwa dongosolo heliocentric a dziko, ndi panokha amalamulidwa bwalo. Iye akufuna Galileo kuti retract poyera mawu ake kapena kuyima pa moto, monga Giordano Bruno. Galileo anasankha kupulumutsa moyo, ndi mpingo anapepesa kwa mtima umenewo kokha patatha zaka zingapo.