Zolemba malire mfundo chovomerezeka umuna ndi awo

Kuugwira lonse la chilengedwe pali njira imodzi yokha - kumayambiriro MPE (pazipita chovomerezeka umuna) kuti magwero a kuipitsidwa ndi ziyang'aniridwe pa kukhazikitsa malamulo amenewa. Malinga ndi zikhalidwe luso ndi sayansi MPE akonzedwa umene zili mu wosanjikiza pamwamba pa zoipitsa mpweya kuchokera kuchuluka magwero sayenera abwino khalidwe ndi zofunika anthu, komanso nyama ndi zomera za m'deralo.

Khazikitsa MPE ndi ulamuliro

Mwachindunji, aliyense gwero, akhoza kusokoneza m'mlengalenga, anapereka pazipita kololeka umuna. Zinthu monga kuti amasule zoipa zopezeka polingalira kupezeka ndi mogwirizana ndi zigawo zina kulenga woipa zokhudza khalidwe mpweya ndi idamva anakhazikitsa ponseponse. Izi imakhudzanso makampani munthu ndi kuika lonse la magwero a kuwononga mpweya Pamudzi. Komanso, onetsetsani kuti tikambirane malingaliro onse a chitukuko cha makampani.

chimango zolimbana Russia ndi nthambi kupereka ulamuliro boma pa m'njira iliyonse, kupenda khalidwe mpweya ndi kulamulira njira ndi kuyeretsedwa miyezo yake MPE. ndi pazipita chovomerezeka mpweya chiyani? Izi ndi zimene tinena nkhaniyi.

zikalata

Mu dziko lathu lero ntchito normative chikalata - "pazipita chovomerezeka ndende (MPC) wa zoipitsa chifukwa ndi kumene anthu", limene limatchula 628 zoipa zinthu, pazipita, ndipo pafupifupi tsiku limodzi nthawi MPC, aliyense zinthu ngozi kalasi, ngozi malire chizindikiro. Palinso gawo chifukwa choonetsa Kuopa amasulidwe zinthu "B" chifukwa cha zochita zawo zapadera kwachilengedwenso. zinthu zina zoletsedwa ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu.

Pa kutentha okwera pazipita chovomerezeka umuna zinthu zoipa mu mlengalenga kuchokera ku gwero limodzi, zopezeka mu ndende pamwamba pa mlengalenga, koma amene alibe olumpha Mac masamu ndi mitunduyi wapadera. Nthawi khalidwe la chilengedwe ndi m'manja mwa MPE, lomwe ndi umisiri ndondomeko zimene mwasayansi m'Malemba. Zolemba malire kololeka umuna (MPE) zinthu zoipa mu mlengalenga ku magwero mafakitale atsimikiziridwa zochokera atakhala ndi kuphunzira magawo osiyanasiyana ndi katundu wa zinthu zoipa zimene anamasulidwa m'mlengalenga ndi zinthu mumlengalenga ya mphindi.

Mawerengedwe a woipa chovomerezeka

Kugwira njira kuyang'aniridwa ukhondo yake kugonjera zonena zomveka zinthu zonse zosangalatsa kuti molondola kudziwa pazipita chovomerezeka mpweya (MPE) zokhudzana zomera mafakitale ntchito deta enieni kuwerengetsa ndende ya zinthu zachilendo mlengalenga.

Ikani mtengo muyezo wake kuteteza chilengedwe mpweya ku zinthu zachilengedwe zoipa ejected mu mlengalenga - ndi pazipita chovomerezeka umuna: buku la zoipa zopezeka pa nthawi Unit (umodzi uliwonse kuipitsidwa gwero). The muyeso wa mtengo chotsogolera ndi owonjezera MPC chilengedwe lozungulira gwero la kuipitsako, imbaenda zotsatira kwambiri chokhwima kwa madera ozungulira, komanso thanzi la anthu, kumeneko.

malamulo

Voliyumu ya "Protection ya mpweya" zalembedwa ntchito ikugwiridwa ndi mutu departmental bungwe, palinso wapangidwa mfundo zimene ayenera kukhala pazipita chovomerezeka umuna wa zoipitsa mu mlengalenga (MPE) ndi NE - mongoyembekezera anavomera mpweya - chifukwa kumalo a ntchito. Mu "Nthawi normalization ndondomeko 'akusonyeza Kapangidwe ka buku ili.

m'mayiko onse otukuka ndi malamulo zachilengedwe, n'cholinga a Kuchepetsa kuipitsa mpweya ndi chilengedwe. Mu Russia, Chilamulo "Pa Air Protection" imene wapereka zolimbana MPE zizindikiro, MPC ndi Ene (provisionally anavomera) zinthu zoipa. Development zolingalira kanthu, kuteteza mpweya beseni zochokera zotsatira za miyezo.

Ndiye, nthawi yomaliza imene malipoti zowerengera (Fomu №2-tp - mpweya), ntchito kuwerengetsa magawanidwe, omwe amasonyeza pazipita kololeka mpweya zinthu zoipa. Ndi mbali ya kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito ya ulimi ndipo amaonetsetsa ndi Kudziwa za ziletso zachuma - malipiro mpweya. Komanso zofunika zokwanira ndi zomveka ndalama ndalama kutsatira mfundo zachilengedwe m'tsogolo, chifukwa amachita zinthu ndi ndalama kupanga.

miyeso alipo kutetezela mpweya chiyero

Pakuti aliyense ogwira opaleshoni ntchito anayamba pazipita kololeka mpweya zoipitsa. Izi zimafuna miyezo kuonetsetsa kutaya zinyalala mafuta, akuchita zachilengedwe chitsimikizo amakampani, komanso zovuta Geo-zachilengedwe kafukufuku m'dera la mafuta kupanga ndi madera onse a mphamvu ya mabizinezi kupanga mafuta.

Pamene angagwiritse latsopano ndi ankamangidwanso alipo mabizinezi, aliyense wa iwo, asilikali a pazipita mpweya chovomerezeka zinthu zoipa. MPC lingaliro mfundo izi chimaonetsera pafupifupi woipa chovomerezeka (SDK), amene akhoza kulungamitsa buku pazipita kololeka mpweya isotopes nyukiliya, mwachitsanzo, mu chilengedwe.

MPC mu dothi

Zolemba malire kololeka mpweya zoipitsa m'nthaka ndi zovuta kukhazikitsa. nthaka pakati pa mafoni zosakwana pamwamba pa madzi ndi mpweya, kotero kudzikundikira wa mankhwala kulowa nthaka, pali nthawi yaitali.

Pachifukwa ichi, chinthu chachikulu kudziŵa MPE kwa ogwira ntchito kapena gulu amakampani, nkhawa ntchito nthawi wofunikila kudzikundikira mpweya mlingo Mac. Komabe, nthaka zonse yogwira microbiological ndondomeko, pali zimachitika njira thupi ndi mankhwala kuti kusintha zinthu zachilendo kulowa nthaka, ndi kuzama ndi malangizo si mwapadera zotsimikizika.

njira ina

Pankhani asilikali pazipita chovomerezeka umuna (MPE), okha bungwe mpweya zoipa zopezeka zikhoza kusiya ndi izo, ndipo anapanga mogwirizana ndi m'deralo. Umuna magawano mu bungwe ndipo osati wa bungwe amafuna njira ina ku mlandu ndi ulamuliro.

Mwachitsanzo, ophatikizidwa latsopano mpweya Kutentha dongosolo ndipo ngakhale m'malo a kachitidwe alipo ukugwira ntchito pa madzi otentha kapena nthunzi, ndi zachilengedwe otetezeka. Kuyaka kwa gasi amapereka oxides asafe ndi carbon monoxide. Ngakhale mu gaseous mafuta woyaka kulibe mu mpweya pazipita chovomerezeka.

Ndipo Mwachitsanzo, zomera mankhwala ambiri amalephela kusunga ndende ya mpweya zoipa zopezeka. Ndiye anayambitsa magawo kuchepetsa umuna, aliyense kwenikweni anaika yochepa mgwirizano (UTC). mpweya awa ayenera kutsatira zizindikiro muyezo anatengera malonda m'njira yomweyo.

Kasamalidwe zotsatira aliyense lipoti miyezi itatu iliyonse ndipo pachaka. Amene anapereka pazipita chovomerezeka mpweya? Pali gulu lotero - Goskomgidromet, ndilo zithunzi mfundo zonse zili zinthu zoipa mpweya mafakitale.

Kusamala zaumoyo

zinthu Normal ukhondo mu maofesi kupanga M'dera lonse la kumalo a ntchito, komanso midzi kulola zili zinthu zoipa, zomwe si olumpha specifications malasha pazipita chovomerezeka. Pakuti kugwilizana chopanda malire ndi MPC ndipo ndi ntchito ya pazipita mpweya chovomerezeka kwa aliyense kampani ndipo aliyense mankhwala.

Pali lamulo la Chitaganya cha Russia: "Chitetezo Environmental", "AIDS ndi matenda umoyo wa anthu" ndi "chitetezo Air", chimene mpweya ndi kukha wa mankhwala zoipa, zinyalala ikuchitika kokha pamaziko a chilolezo, amene wosindikiza matupi wapadera udindo boma. Maonekedwe amaganizira onse MPE ndi MPD (mpweya ndi kukha), komanso zinthu zina zambiri chifukwa maganizo kusamala chilengedwe ndi thanzi la munthu.

Terms of drafting

kampani iliyonse imene ngakhale ndiyekhayo malasha zoipa akhale drafts MPE. Ngati fakitale yaing'ono ali mmodzi ofooka kusuta chimneys chikalata Izi ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa machitidwe a mbewu. The malamulo chilengedwe la Russia nthawi kufunika ntchito choterocho.

Pazipita chovomerezeka umuna ndi kuwunikira pa zaka 5, ndi ntchito umagwira mosamalitsa mu nthawi ino. zinthu Special mwina ulembedwe ndi kuzilembanso poyamba MPE lapansi. Mwachitsanzo:

• zinthu zachilengedwe m'gawo zasintha;
• chiwerengero cha magwero a mpweya zasintha: pali latsopano kapena alipo kuchotsedwa;
• kusintha kwa pulogalamu ulimi wa ogwira ntchito ndi kuziyika izo pa luso zasintha.

Ngati si anamvera miyezo yabwino, kampani kulipira chilichonse kuposa pazipita kololeka mpweya. Kukula kwa malire kusodza umuna, lamavutoli ndi zovuta ntchito, nthawi zonse anachita ndi akatswiri.

Development wa MPE

mbali yofunika ya zotsatirazi:

• Zonse zilipo monga mbali ya chinthu poyera kuti magwero umuna kulingalira. Analemba mndandanda wa zinthu zonse zimene zoipitsa panamveka.
• Anagwirizana mtengo ndi kutembenuza nthawi. A pangano kapangidwe ndi mgwirizano MPE.
• MPE ntchito kukhala ovomerezeka m'makhoti boma.
• Kukonzekera tsopano amalola kuti pazipita mpweya kololeka.

chochitika si zovuta, komanso udindo waukulu kwambiri. Pankhani ya si ntchito kapena ntchito molakwika chitukuko cha buku la MPE, kampani umamumvera utsogoleri udindo wosamalitsa: izo akufuna ndalama kwambiri, ndi ngakhale kuyimitsidwa wa masiku anayi.

Mndandanda wa magwero umuna (woyamba lofunika mfundo) ali ndi zolinga izi:

• kudziwika ndi odalirika mbiri m'mabuku onse a kuipitsa m'dera ogwira ntchito malo;
• Kupeza magwero, voliyumu ndi zikuchokera mpweya;
• ndalama mlandu zoipa zinthu (zoipitsa) chilengedwe.

The zili MPE ntchito

Ayamikira za chiphunzitso cha MPE pulani mabizinezi kudziwa Kapangidwe ka kumanga ntchito. Izi zinaphatikizapo m'zigawo kuvomerezedwa zotsatirazi.

1. Mkota.
2. Chiyambi.
3. Information za kumalo a ntchito.
4. Zochita za ogwira ntchito mu mawu a gwero mumlengalenga.
5. The mankhwala a mawerengedwe ndi mtima wa MPE chachikulu.
6. Mndandanda wa njira zonse mpweya, ngati nyengo ndi zovuta.
7. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro pa kukhazikitsa mfundo mu kumalo a ntchito.

Kumasulira wofunikila chitukuko cha VAP ntchito:

• Anatumikira mwachidule zokhudza kupanga dongosolo ndi ndodo ya kumalo a ntchito, limafotokoza ntchito ndi makhalidwe a zinthu zonse (yopanga ndi malonda magawano, m'madipatimenti, zigawo, magulu, m'madipatimenti, maofesi, maofesi, nyumba, ndi zina zotero).
• Kuti mudziwe zambiri za kampaniyo. The makampani dera khadi, komanso situational dera khadi dongosolo.
• Kalata ya kalembera wa boma wa bungwe lalamulo.
• Umboni umwini wa dzikolo, malo, nyumba, nyumba, kapena pangano pakuti onse.
• Tikaganizira kalata ya zipangizo pa chaka.
• Mndandanda wa zida ndondomeko.
• nkhani za ndondomeko lonse.
• Information za kukhalapo kwa PSU (Zosefera fumbi), buku pasipoti pa CCP, ntchito zake, ndi zina zotero.
• Chiwembu HVAC dongosolo ndi deta yolondola za kumwamba ndi diameters a mipope, mafani sitampu ndi zokolola zawo, chiwerengero cha maola ogwilira ntchito patsiku ndi zina zotero.
• FAQ za magalimoto pa muyezo pepala la kampaniyo, kutchula nambalayi, kalasi, komanso malo awo ndi malo a magalimoto kapena kusunga yokonza ndi kukonza awo.
• zikalata Zomuyenereza wa maphunziro zachilengedwe ali ndi udindo chilengedwe cha kumalo a ntchito.
• Isanafike mpweya ntchito (ngati kampani si utangoyamba).

Mawerengedwe a MPE

Kuwerengetsa MPE ali yoyenera mitunduyi ochiritsira. Kumvetsa mmene MPE anaika, muyenera kudziwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe kupezeka kwa mpweya:

• Nyengo ndi mbali mumlengalenga;
• malo magwero zoipa zopezeka umuna;
• malo ndi mbali zake;
• makhalidwe Physico-mankhwala mpweya;
• m'mimba mwake wa pakamwa mipope;
• Mtunda pakamwa mipope kuchokera pansi.

malamulo ulamuliro

Kuwunika mogwirizana ndi deta tsopano zonse MPE - wina mbali zofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha polojekiti. Chigawo chino angathe kugawidwa mmagawo awiri: kulamulira magwero kuipitsa mwachindunji pa MPE ndi kulamulira kwa malire ndi malo pafupi zogona.

Zimapanga MPE ntchito kwambiri oyenerera akatswiri wodziwa mabizinezi zosiyanasiyana, chomwe chidzachitike mu nkhani malamulo onse anakhazikitsa ndi kupanga zigawo zonse za polojekiti molondola.

Choncho, ulamuliro imagwiridwa mavuto ntchito - zachuma kapena ayi - anthu ndi mabungwe alamulo pa gawo pafupi ndi kumalo a ntchito, komanso mpweya ndi madzi katundu, kuphatikizapo pansi. Ndipo polojekiti amaganizira pazipita ili mfundo chovomerezeka umuna, indedi, sizili zofanana.

Kuunikira ndi zithandize kukwaniritsa asilikali pazipita mpweya chovomerezeka angathe kuchitidwa ndi ogwira palokha ndipo ndi ulamuliro yake kupanga, koma nthawi zambiri otetezeka kupatsa ku Dipatimenti ya Rosprirodnadzor, amene akuchita ulamuliro boma.

mgwirizano polojekiti

Agwirire ntchito kuti wasenza mu Rospotrebnadzor ndipo nthawi zina zambiri. Njira motere ali motere:

• kuvomerezedwa katswiri maganizo pa ntchito MPE mu mabungwe boma ziwalo;
• Kubweretsa mwaukhondo ndi AIDS mapeto Rospotrebnadzor;
• kuona ndi kukondweretsa kusodza umuna malire Rosprirodnadzor.

Choncho iwo anakumana miyezo ya pazipita mpweya kololeka zinthu zoipa mu nthaka, madzi ndi mpweya. Aliyense kampani - n'kupuma gwero la kuipitsidwa amenewa. MPE ntchito ntchito molondola pokhapokha ngati kuganizira onse mfundo luso, komanso kuipitsa maziko, iwo sati kuposa mfundo chilengedwe komanso ukhondo, sadzayanjidwa katundu yovuta kwa dongosolo lonse zachilengedwe za m'deralo.