"Zochitika za chiphunzitso cha nkhondo chikhalidwe" (Ralf Dahrendorf). Monga wolemba amayankha kuthekera kasamalidwe nkhondo?

"Anthu amene palibe nkhondo, silingayende kudzitsitsa." Umu ndi mmene anatengedwa Ralf Dahrendorf - amadziwika German-British Katswiri. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti kusapezeka kwa nkhondo - izo ziri zosiyana kwa chitukuko yachibadwa la dziko la anthu, ndipo analembera za Iye m "Zochitika za chiphunzitso cha nkhondo anthu." Monga wolemba amayankha kuthekera kasamalidwe nkhondo, n'kuyesayesa pompano.

mkangano

Malinga ndi ziphunzitso Dahrendorf, anthu - dongosolo kuti ali mu mkhalidwe kusintha nthawi zonse chifukwa cha ubale otsutsana a magulu chikhalidwe. Ntchito zake "Zochitika za chiphunzitso cha nkhondo chikhalidwe," wasayansi akutsimikiza chiphunzitso Marx kuti zikutsutsana onse akukangana makalasi. Ndi Kusintha chimodzi chokha: ngati mikangano kale zochokera postulates azachuma, tsopano ikukhudzana kudzanja lamanja la umwini ndi subordination.

Dahrendorf pa zikamera nkhondo chikhalidwe yoyamba magawo atatu:

1. Zikamera wa causal maziko. Kuti, pali zinthu zimene zimatsutsana. Iwo akadali olemba bwino, kotero iwo angatchedwe chobisika (zobisika), koma pa nthawi yomweyo, pali magulu ang'onoang'ono amene amakonda malo ena.
2. Kuzindikira. Pa nthawi imeneyi, anthu gulu akudziwa amene amathandiza zolinga zosiyana.
3. Nkhondo. A zipolowe mwachindunji pamagulu kumenyana.

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti mkangano nthawizonse yanthanda pa anthu, koma simungathe kukwera ndondomeko imeneyi. Lamulo nkhondo chikhalidwe ayenera kutenga malo uliwonse gawo a anthu.

mitundu ya nkhondo

Tikalibe kuphunzila mmene wolemba amayankha kuthekera kasamalidwe nkhondo, m'pofunika M'sitolo pa nkhani zimene ndipamene iwo angapeze.

Dahrendorf limanena kuti mkangano ayenera kutengedwa ngati lonse zachiwawa zomwe mbali imodzi kuteteza malo ake zingawononge moyo, ndi pa zina - nkhondo kumachitika mu mawonekedwe a nkhani, ndiye mogwirizana ndi mfundo abwino. Zapakati "mfundo" Tingaone mitundu osokonezeka nkhondo, monga kunyanyala, malamulo, mpikisano ndi zina zotero. D. The mwamphamvu nkhondo ndi mwachindunji njila kwa nkhani za kufunika kwa ophunzira.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati chibonga mpira posankha mutu ndi mavuto, pang'onopang'ono kutembenukira ndewu, ndiye iye sati amaona pachimake monga kutsitsa malipiro mu kumalo a ntchito.

Izi sizingakhoze kuchitidwa

Komabe, wolemba amayankha kuthekera kasamalidwe nkhondo? Akuyendera nkhaniyi, tisaiwale kuti Dahrendorf si amalangiza kuti agwiritse ntchito nkani yimitsira, poona kupanda ake.

Malinga ndi mmene mwachangu kuyesera kuti adzaletse mkangano, monga "zilonda" amapereka. Ndiyeno pakutchulidwa njira chiwawa chigamulochi otsutsa okha nkhani ya nthawi. Yimitsira nkhondo sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali. Apo ayi, zotsatira adzakhala sizimadziwika.

Mmodzi zosiyanasiyana za yimitsira wa mkangano - ndondomeko Kulipira. Ndiko kuti, pamene anayambitsa malamulo, malangizo mkati pa kampaniyo, ndi zina zotero. D. Ndizo basi nkhondo chikhalidwe sangathe kwathunthu kutheratu.

Lamulo ndi nkhondo kupewa

Lamulo akusonyeza ulamuliro pa mphamvu za nkhondo ndi kuchepa ake pang'onopang'ono. The likhale bwino lamulo ili:

• Kuzindikira. Aliyense wa zipani nkhondo, komanso ngati kunja amatsata ayenera kumvetsetsa muzu wa vuto.
• Phunziro. Pozindikira chifukwa cha kufunika kutsindika waukulu phunziro la mkangano ndi kuthetsa vutoli (mu Zikavuta, kuyesera pang'ono kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kutsutsa).
• Manifesto. Kuthana matupi wapadera ndi mabungwe zipani zotsutsana ndi pempho kwa armistice ndi.
• "The malamulo a masewerawo." M'pofunika yakusankha chipangano cha ophunzira pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa "malamulo a masewerawo", chimene iwo adzatha vutolo.

Malamulo ayenera kukhala ofanana onse. Choncho, ntchito "masewera malamulo", Dahrendorf amapereka njira zosiyanasiyana kuthetsa kusamvana:

1. Zokambirana. Zimatengera chilengedwe cha thupi wapadera kapena bungwe kumene zipani zotsutsana adzatha kukumana ndi njira kutukuka kuteteza malo awo. Kusankhira ndipo ndi kudzakhala ndi mavoti otchuka.
2. Mkhalapakati. Njira yosavuta: chimakopa disinterested gulu lina kuthandiza kuthetsa mkangano.
3. Chigamulo. Zilinso chimodzimodzi ndi cha nkhoswe, koma mu nkhani iyi, njira lachitatu chipani ndi kuvomerezedwa.

Kambirana mmene wolemba amayankha kuthekera malamulo mkangano, tingathe mfundo zotsatirazi: mkangano imatengedwa kuti ndi anakopa kusintha, omwe sayenera khalidwe la masoka achilengedwe, choncho pali kufunika mapeto ake.