Zipewa ndi zisoti asilikali kuti: maonekedwe, mitundu ndi makhalidwe

Ngakhale Kale, ankhondo ntchito yapadera zitsulo chisoti chimene chimateteza mutu. Iwo m'chinyumba ichi ndi mabungwe Yuliya Tsezarya, Asikuti, Ankhondo akale mu Europe. tanthauzo lake lonse ndi chisoti zitsulo ali mu Kievan Yairo, limene anali kuimiriridwa ndi lalikulu zosiyanasiyana mitundu.

Mu nthawi yathu, kuteteza pa nkhondo zipewa ndi salinso amatchedwa chisoti zitsulo. Masiku ano, dzinali si ntchito. zipewa Current kudziwika kwa anthu ogula ngati zisoti. Ankhondo ndiwo anthu akuluakulu a onse ogwiritsa a mtundu wa mipango. Kupatula izi, zipewa ndi Anthuwa, ntchito ya zomangamanga, apolisi, firefighters ndi mamembala a masewera kwambiri.

Kodi mfundo "chisoti"?

Special chipewa n'cholinga chofuna kuteteza mutu wa wankhondo pa nkhondo, unali kutchedwa zisoti. Popeza kupitiriza zida linapangidwa wa chitsulo, asilikali anali m'gulu la muyezo ya nkhondowo pansi dzina lovomerezeka "zitsulo chisoti" ndi chimatengedwa ngati njira wothandiza kuteteza msilikali aliyense.

Mkubwela zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya asilikali ndi kusintha kwa luso asilikali akhala modernized ndi zisoti. Zamgululi ndi mzikiti mawonekedwe. Zitsulo ntchito popanga iwo. Koma mbiri amadziwa zitsanzo zopangidwa katundu mwake ndi lamba zoteteza kuti kupereka ambiri kuwakonda zitsulo zinthu. Chifukwa kukhalapo ndi zitsulo zigawo zikuluzikulu headpiece kugwirizana ndi chitsulo. Patapita nthawi, tsiku ndi tsiku panali yabwino mawu "chisoti", umene Latin amatanthauza "chitsulo chisoti."

zipewa chipangizo

zaka zipewa nkhondo wakhala mutu wa cofufuzila mbiri yakale komanso ofukula amene bwino anaphunzira mbali zonse za kapangidwe ndi maonekedwe a chitetezo munthu wa msilikali, ankagwiritsa ntchito kwa zaka. Zofufuza za asayansi zimasonyeza kuti mbali yaikulu ya yomanga chisoti zoteteza kwa zaka zambiri sichinasinthe. kusintha bwanji kokha mitundu. Iwo ankadalira pa zomwe zankhondo ndi zida kuukira amene anayenera kuteteza.

Monga kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zisoti zitsulo. Iwo anali woonda mkuwa kapena mkuwa pepala, zomwe pamapeto pake m'malo ndi zitsulo kapena zitsulo. Kuti chisoti cha malata ntchito mwa onse ankhondo a dziko ndi zaka 80 zaka mazana makumi awiri. Kenako zipewa asilikali ndi zisoti zitsulo chopangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zapamwamba monga titaniyamu, moto wambiri, nsalu ma polima, titaniyamu pawiri ndi aluminum.

Chisoti mkati ukufanizidwa ndi wapadera chipangizo chikopa chidutswa, idaluma mwa rivets circumferentially mu m'munsi gawo lamkati la nkhaniyi. Mbali imeneyi ya chisoti limatchedwa "tuleyka". Ndi mphanda kudzera mipata pa angapo m'pamene pamakhala zingwe. Ntchito yaikulu kuti achite tuleyka ndipo pamakhala:

• Kusamala woyenera chisoti pa mutu wake;
• kupewa mutu kukhudzana ndi pepala zitsulo za chisotichi;
• ganizo lothetselatu mmene mphamvu zinyalala ndi miyala kunja kwa chisoti cha.

zipewa Modern asilikali wabwino ndiponso achitetezo kwa msilikali, chifukwa pamakhala muli kuwakonda zina utithandize softness cha ziyangoyango thovu kapena chikopa.

chikoka mafashoni

Mu nyengo kuyambira legionaries Yuliya Tsezarya kuti Ankhondo European wa asilikali Middle Ages anali mwakhama ntchito zisoti. nkhondo ya zaka amenewo anagwira mwamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo kufunika kwa mipango zoteteza anali wamkulu kwambiri. Koma pa nthawi, nayamba kunyamula zipewa ndi ntchito zokongoletsa. Panali mafashoni kwa zipewa okongola. chitetezo nkhani anaphwa mu maziko. Zipewa anathamangitsidwa zipewa ndi nthenga, shakos ndi zipewa ndi visors wokongola lacquered.

French chisoti

nkhondo ku First World nkhondo ngalande ankavala khalidwe. Mipherezero akhala asilikali mosadziteteza mutu. Osasamalira gulu limodzi ngalande pa chiopsezo kuvulala kwambiri kapena imfa. Wamaliseche mutu anali malo ofooka kwa kuwombera mfuti kapena mfuti, chifukwa shrapnel ndi Landmines. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu zaka izi zinandikumbutsa zipewa mkulu ntchito. Ndi nthawi iyi, mafashoni kwa zipewa okongola ndi phodo zapita, ndipo pa utumiki wa chisotichi kachiwiri.

Asilikali France anali woyamba okonzeka ndi watsopano zitsanzo, patsogolo kwambiri. mankhwala French ali ndi zinthu zitatu izi: nyumba, siketi ndi chisa. "Adriana" - ndi dzina lovomerezeka anapatsidwa chisotichi. French asilikali 1915 m'chinyumba ichi mankhwala deta chitetezo, amene kwambiri yafupika imfa ya kapangidwe munthu wa asilikali. 13% ndi omwalira yafupika kuchepetsa 30% chiwerengero cha wovulalayo. Pa First World nkhondo, ndi zipewa French ntchito ndi asilikali England, Russia, Italy, Romania ndi Portugal.

chisoti English

Utsogoleri lankhondo la England sanakhutire ndi French chisoti "Adrian". Anaganiza kuti akonze Baibulo yakeyake zipewa asilikali. The mapulogalamu umenewu mankhwala chitetezo anali John Leopold Brodie, amene anatenga monga maziko akale chipewa Cappellini, ankagwiritsa ntchito ndi asilikali mu nthawi ya ku khumi m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi. Chisoti amatchedwa "kusinthidwa woyamba zitsulo chisoti" ndipo ankaimira tselnoshtampovannyh mankhwala ndi Mlomo lonse.

mawonekedwe chisoti anali wofunika kwambiri kwa ngalande kumenyana monga msilikali wa kumunda analenga zotsatira za ambulera ndi, wobisa asagwe miyala pamwamba. Koma chitsanzo ichi zinkandivuta pamene kunali koyenera kwa adani, chifukwa ankafika ake pa mutu ake anamunyamula kwambiri ndi chiyani sateteza mbali kanthawi ndi occipital mutu. Koma ngakhale vuto ili, chisoti English Brodie Analeredwa ndi makamu a Canada, United States ndi Australia.

The German buku la chisotichi

Mosiyana ndi mayiko ena, Germany mpaka 1916 si ntchito pa ulimi, malinga ndi akatswiri ake, otsika kalasi zipewa otsika kwambiri. gunsmiths ake mu Hannover chinkhoswe mu mamangidwe kwenikweni mankhwala khalidwe. Mu 1916, Germany anaona wotchuka chisoti Stahihelm, amene anadzakhala chizindikiro cha msilikali German, monga ntchito ziwiri zapadziko lonse.

German chisoti kwambiri kuposa mawu a mayiko ndi makhalidwe kuteteza zitsanzo French ndi English. A khalidwe kapangidwe mbali mu Stahihelm chisoti anali pamaso pa nyanga zitsulo m'madera mwakanthawi. Iwo ndi ntchito zingapo:

• anapereka chivundikirocho mpweya mabowo chisotichi;
• ikuchitika fasteners wapadera oti muli nazo zida chishango chimateteza mutu wa msilikali German ku kugunda mwachindunji wa mfuti ndi mfuti zipolopolo.

Ngakhale sitili a zolakwika kapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe, Baibulo German wa chisotichi sizitanthauza chitetezo mtheradi wa anthu a pa. Ngakhale zipewa ndi unachitikira mwachindunji chipolopolo kugunda, koma sanali kupereka chitetezo cha khomo lachiberekero vertebrae msilikali. Nkhonya pamene anagunda mu chisoti anali ngati mkulu mphamvu kuti anavulala vertebrae khomo lachiberekero. Ndipo uyu, nayenso, ayenera imfa. Kusintha zinthu izi sikumangotikhudza chakuti zimakhudza mphamvu pa kukumenya mwachindunji bwinobwino kupirira chisoti yokha.

Asilikali Soviet lachitsanzo

zida zitsulo aloyi ntchito yopanga zipewa mu USSR. Lachitsanzo Soviet anawatcha NL 39 ndipo ndi chipatso cha yolemera makilogalamu 1,25. makoma anali ndi makulidwe a 1,9 mm. Zipewa mayesero inkachitikira panokha S. M. Budennym ndipo anapereka zotsatira zabwino. Lachitsanzo Soviet anatha kupirira kukumenya mwachindunji kuchokera pa mtunda wa mamita khumi kuchoka mfuti chipolopolo, "mfuti."

Mu 1940, NL 39 kakusintha wamakono. Tuleyka mans zomangira zina, ziyangoyango ndipo makoka. NL 40 - ndi dzina lovomerezeka analipereka kwa chisoti patsogolo. kusintha wotsatira ndi zaluso anapangidwa 1954 ndi 1960. Zotsatira zake zakhala zikamera wa zipewa latsopano NL 54 ndi NL 60, kusintha kuti anakhudzidwa tuleyki yekha. Kapangidwe yokha sichinasinthe kuyambira 1939.

Bwino chitsanzo sukulu

Yokulirapo kumalizidwa kwa NL 39 analengedwa mu 1968. Wamakono ankavutika mawonekedwe amene anali zisoti. Asilikali Russian chitsanzo tsopano wogwidwa kochulukira otsetsereka a linga mazunzo a m'tchalitchi ndi mbali wamfupi yokhota kumapeto kunja. Pakuti kupanga ake ntchito zida aloyi ndi mphamvu kwambiri. The otsetsereka a linga mazunzo analimbitsa zipewa kukana ndi kumenya shrapnel.

A ofanana chisoti kumanga ntchito malembedwe aantchito ogwira ake China, Korea North, Russia, India ndi Vietnam.

Mmodzi wa zipewa yabwino kwambiri asilikali ntchito ndi magulu a Russian chitetezo amaonedwa:

• NL 68 M lakonzedwa kuti asilikali mkati;
• NL 68 N ntchito ndi asilikali a boma latsopano la Russia.

Zosintha onse ali tuleyki ano. Ngakhale kuti kulemera kwa zipewa awa kuzungulira makilogalamu awiri, anakumana ndi kalasi yoyamba ya kukana, chifukwa iwo amatha kupirira kugunda mwachindunji ndi zipolopolo kwa mfuti Makarov ndi zinyalala zouluka pa liwiro la 400 m / s, kulemera kwa zomwe si upambana galamu imodzi.

Modern Russian chisoti

Chisoti TSS 81 "dera", kuyambira 1981, ndipo komabe ntchito ndi asilikali a mkati mwa la Russia.

Kwa kupanga nyumba titaniyamu ake mbale makulidwe 0,3 masentimita analandidwa. Chisoti akulemera makilogalamu 2.3, ndipo ankangomva kuti adziteteze kuvulala makina. Amachita m'kalasi yachiwiri, chifukwa sanalonjeze zoteteza ku zida zankhondo. mzikiti kapangidwe ndi atatu oti muli nazo zida amafotokozera ali chimakwirira wapadera.

Chisoti "dera" ndi kusinthidwa wa "dera-II", umene m'malo titaniyamu oti muli nazo zida zitsulo mbale, amene kwambiri chinawonjezeka kulemera kwa lachitsanzo (3.5 kg). The sangathe ndi kupanda dongosolo mu uthunthu wake. N'zotheka craniocerebral zoopsa. Nthawi yapadera ndi titaniyamu kapena zitsulo zinthu oti muli nazo zida zisathe mwamsanga. Zimenezi zimabweretsa kusamutsidwa awo ndi kutsikira zoteteza makhalidwe zisoti.

Kodi kupanga zisoti nkhondo?

Choyamba m'pofunika kuti tikhale popanga zipangizo. Chinthu chachiwiri - kupanga zojambula, imene zipewa asilikali adzakhala analenga. manja awo kuti n'kosavuta. Ndi bwino ngati chisoti adzakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Izi kuchepetsa mphamvu zowononga pa amadza. Kuyamwa kapena kuchepetsa thandizo komanso PAD lapansi.

Maziko zipewa akhoza matabwa kapena slug mpira ana ankachitira gypsum binders ndi epoxy utomoni ndi hardener. Pambuyo kuumitsa pulasitala chimango imatengedwa kukhala okonzeka, ndipo mukhoza kuchotsa chimbale cha.

Imodzi mwa ntchito anachita ndi chisoti, ndi kusokonekera kwa mmene iye m'dera lonse. Choncho, mfundo chipolopolo kunja ayenera kukhala mkulu index mphamvu ndi kulimba. Abwino polyurethane thovu. kwamakokedwe ake mphamvu anali 5 makilogalamu / masentimita ^2, zomwe zimachititsa yabwino kwambiri mayamwidwe mmene. Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito fiberglass, imene zigawo zingapo phala padziko chisoti ndi odula ndi epoxy utomoni. Pambuyo kuumitsa, ndi utomoni owonjezera ndi spatula achotsedwa ndipo yotsala galasi tadulidwa ndi mpeni.

The gawo lamkati la chisoti ayenera muli zidutswa za thovu, amene kumawonjezera chitetezo tokhala. Iwo amagwira ndi zomatira ndi. Ndi bwino kutero pambuyo kusintha mosamala. Nkofunika kuti panali mkati mwa voids chisoti, thovu midadada simusowa kuti amaumiriza m'dera mwakanthawi.

Midadada mu occipital ndi mazunzo Mbali glued ku otsiriza. Iwo kuteteza kusamutsidwa zotheka kwa chisoti ndi mmene. Ngati pali voids mu chisoti, iwo anadzazidwa ndi zidutswa za thovu. Musanayambe pasting mkati, ali wokwera ndi zomangira ndi washers wapadera chikukonzekera zomangira.

Inandithandiza adzakhala penti amamwa zisoti. Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito aerosol kapena nitro nitroenamels. Koma zisanachitike, pamwamba pa mankhwala kukonzedwa nitrogruntovkoy magalimoto.

The kuipa zipewa kudzikonda anapanga amaonedwa kusowa kutentha ndi osauka permeability lamayimbidwe.

Musanayambe, muyenera kudziwa kuti chisoti sizitanthauza chitetezo cha mutu, icho Kumafeŵetsa nkhonya. Komanso chapadera kwambiri ndi mphamvu amadza. Mmene mphamvu kwaiye pafupifupi 25 J. Ichi ndi malire a kupirira anthu, imfa yake owonjezera chikumbumtima ndipo mavuto aakulu kwambiri.